Iceland - India - Indonesia - Iran - Iraq - Ireland - Isle of Man - Israel - Italy |
1380 Danish rule
26 Jun 1809 - 22 Aug 1809 independence proclaimed by Danish adventurer
1 Dec 1918 independence (kingdom in personal union with Denmark)
10 May 1940 - 1944 Allied occupation
17 Jun 1944 Republic of Iceland
Governors (to 1770 in Copenhagen)
1682 - 8 Dec 1719 Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve,
greve af Samsø (b. 1678 - d. 1719)
1719 - 29 Sep 1727 Peter Raben (b. 1661 - d. 1727)
1728 - 1730 Christian Gyldencrone (b. 1676 - d. 1746)
1730 - 9 Sep 1750 Henrik Ocksen (b. 1660 - d. 1750)
1750 - 2 Oct 1768 Otto Manderup, greve Rantzau (b. 1719 - d. 1768)
1768 - 1769 Christian Lebrecht, baron von
Prøck (b. 1718 - d. 1780)
1770 - 1785 Lauritz Andreas Thodal (b. 1718? - d. 1808)
1785 - 1789 Hans Christoph Diederich Victor
von Levetzow (b. 1754 - d. 1829)
1790 - 1806 Ólafur Stefánsson (b. 1731 - d. 1812)
1806 - 1810 Fredrik Christopher, greve af
Trampe (b. 1779 - d. 1832)
26 Jun 1809 - 22 Aug 1809 Jürgen Jürgensen (b. 1780 - d. 1841)
(de facto ruler; from 12 Jul 1809 styled "Protector")
1813 - 1819 Johan Carl Thuerecht Castenschiold (b. 1787 - d. 1844)
1819 - 1823 Ehrenreich Christopher Ludvig,
greve Moltke (b. 1790 - d. 1864)
1824 - 1829 Peter Fjeldsted Hoppe (b. 1794 - d. 1848)
1829 - 1836 Lorentz Angel Krieger (b. 1797 - d. 1837)
1837 - 1841 Carl Emil Bardenfleth (b. 1807 - d. 1857)
1841 - 1847 Torkild Abraham Hoppe (b. 1801 - d. 1871)
1847 - 1849 Mathias Hans Rosenørn (b. 1814 - d. 1902)
1850 - 1860 Jørgen Ditlev, greve Trampe (b. 1807 - d. 1868)
1860 - 8 May 1865 Thórdur Jónassen (b. 1800 - d. 1880)
8 May 1865 - 1883 Hilmar Finsen (b. 1824 - d. 1886)
1883 - 1886 Bergur Ólafsson Thorberg (b. 1829 - d. 1886)
1886 - 1 Feb 1904 Magnús Stephensen (b. 1836 - d. 1917)
Ministers
1 Feb 1904 - 31 Mar 1909 Hannes Hafstein (1st time) (b. 1861 - d. 1922)
31 Mar 1909 - 14 Mar 1911 Björn Jónsson (b. 1846 - d. 1912)
14 Mar 1911 - 24 Jul 1912 Kristján Jónsson (b. 1852 - d. 1926)
25 Jul 1912 - 21 Jul 1914 Hannes Hafstein (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Jul 1914 - 4 May 1915 Sigurdur Eggerz (b. 1875 - d. 1945)
4 May 1915 - 4 Jan 1917 Einar Arnórsson (b. 1880 - d. 1955)
King
1 Dec 1918 - 16 Jun 1944 Christian X (b. 1870 - d. 1947)
9 Apr 1940 - 17 Jun 1941 Regency
- Hermann Jónasson (b. 1896 - d. 1976)
- Jakob Möller (b. 1880 - d. 1955)
- Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson (b. 1894 - d. 1980)
17 Jun 1941 - 16 Jun 1944 Sveinn Björnsson (regent) (b. 1881 - d. 1952)
Commanders of the Allied occupation forces
10 May 1940 - Apr 1942 Henry O. Curtis (U.K.) (b. 1888 - d. 1964)
Apr 1942 - Jun 1943 Charles H. Bonesteel (U.S.) (b. 1885 - d. 1964)
Jun 1943 - Dec 1944 William S. Key (U.S.) (b. 1889 - d. 1959)
Presidents
17 Jun 1944 - 25 Jan 1952 Sveinn Björnsson (s.a.)
25 Jan 1952 - 31 Jul 1952 Interim triumvirate
- Steingrímur Steinthórsson (b. 1893 - d. 1966)
- Jón Pálmason (b. 1888 - d. 1973)
- Jón Ásbjörnsson (b. 1890 - d. 1966)
1 Aug 1952 - 31 Jul 1968 Ásgeir Ásgeirsson (b. 1894 - d. 1972)
1 Aug 1968 - 31 Jul 1980 Kristján Eldjárn (b. 1916 - d. 1982)
1 Aug 1980 - 31 Jul 1996 Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (f) (b. 1930)
1 Aug 1996 - 31 Jul 2016 Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (b. 1943)
1 Aug 2016 - Gudni Jóhannesson (b. 1968)
Prime ministers
4 Jan 1917 - 7 Mar 1922 Jón Magnússon (1st time) (b. 1859 - d. 1926)
7 Mar 1922 - 22 Mar 1924 Sigurdur Eggerz (s.a.)
22 Mar 1924 - 23 Jun 1926 Jón Magnússon (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Jun 1926 - 8 Jul 1926 Magnús Gudmundsson (b. 1879 - d. 1937)
8 Jul 1926 - 28 Aug 1927 Jón Thorláksson (b. 1877 - d. 1935)
28 Aug 1927 - 3 Jun 1932 Tryggvi Thórhallsson (b. 1889 - d. 1935)
3 Jun 1932 - 29 Jul 1934 Ásgeir Ásgeirsson (s.a.)
29 Jul 1934 - 16 May 1942 Hermann Jónasson (1st time) (s.a.)
16 May 1942 - 16 Dec 1942 Ólafur Thors (1st time) (b. 1892 - d. 1964)
16 Dec 1942 - 21 Oct 1944 Björn Thórdarson (b. 1879 - d. 1963)
21 Oct 1944 - 4 Feb 1947 Ólafur Thors (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Feb 1947 - 6 Dec 1949 Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson (s.a.)
6 Dec 1949 - 14 Mar 1950 Ólafur Thors (3rd time) (s.a.)
14 Mar 1950 - 11 Sep 1953 Steingrímur Steinthórsson (s.a.)
11 Sep 1953 - 24 Jul 1956 Ólafur Thors (4th time) (s.a.)
24 Jul 1956 - 23 Dec 1958 Hermann Jónasson (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1958 - 20 Nov 1959 Emil Jónsson (b. 1902 - d. 1986)
20 Nov 1959 - 14 Nov 1963 Ólafur Thors (5th time) (s.a.)
14 Sep 1961 - 31 Dec 1961 Bjarni Benediktsson (b. 1908 - d. 1970)
(acting for Thors)
14 Nov 1963 - 10 Jul 1970 Bjarni Benediktsson (s.a.)
10 Jul 1970 - 14 Jul 1971 Jóhann Hafstein (b. 1915 - d. 1980)
14 Jul 1971 - 28 Aug 1974 Ólafur Jóhannesson (1st time) (b. 1913 - d. 1984)
28 Aug 1974 - 1 Sep 1978 Geir Hallgrímsson (b. 1925 - d. 1990)
1 Sep 1978 - 15 Oct 1979 Ólafur Jóhannesson (2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Oct 1979 - 8 Feb 1980 Benedikt Gröndal (b. 1924 - d. 2010)
8 Feb 1980 - 26 May 1983 Gunnar Thoroddsen (b. 1910 - d. 1983)
26 May 1983 - 8 Jul 1987 Steingrímur Hermannsson (1st time) (b. 1928 - d. 2010)
8 Jul 1987 - 28 Sep 1988 Thorsteinn Pálsson (b. 1947)
28 Sep 1988 - 30 Apr 1991 Steingrímur Hermannsson (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Apr 1991 - 15 Sep 2004 Davíd Oddsson (b. 1948)
15 Sep 2004 - 15 Jun 2006 Halldór Ásgrímsson (b. 1947 - d. 2015)
15 Jun 2006 - 1 Feb 2009 Geir H. Haarde (b. 1951)
1 Feb 2009 - 23 May 2013 Jóhanna Sigurdardóttir (f) (b. 1942)
23 May 2013 - 7 Apr 2016 Sigmundur Davíd Gunnlaugsson (b. 1975)
7 Apr 2016 - 11 Jan 2017 Sigurdur Ingi Jóhannsson (b. 1962)
11 Jan 2017 - 30 Nov 2017 Bjarni Benediktsson (1st time) (b. 1970)
30 Nov 2017 - 9 Apr 2024 Katrín Jakobsdóttir (f) (b. 1976)
9 Apr 2024 - Bjarni Benediktsson (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 May 1526 Babur founds the Empire of Hind (usually referred to by
historians as the Mughal Empire)
17 May 1540 the Mughal rulers are expelled and superseded by the
Afghan Suri dynasty
23 Jul 1555 Empire of Hind under the Mughal rulers restored
29 Mar 1858 the last Mughal ruler is deposed
2 Aug 1858 U.K. Act of Parliament annexes the Empire, creating
British India (effective 1 Nov 1858)
28 Apr 1876 by U.K. proclamation, the Queen takes the style "Empress
of India" (proclaimed in India 1 Jan 1877)
15 Aug 1947 British India, together with acceded states, is partitioned
into Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan; style
"Emperor of India" is abandoned (retroactive proclamation
dated 22 Jun 1948)
26 Jan 1950 India becomes a republic, styled "India, that is Bharat"
Emperors (title Padshah, sometimes Padshah-e Hind - emperor of India)
- Mughal dynasty -
31 Jul 1658 - 2 Mar 1707 Mohyi ad-Din Abu´l Mozaffar
Mohammad Awrangzib Bahadur
`Alamgir Padshah-e Ghazi (b. 1618 - d. 1707)
14 Mar 1707 - 27 Apr 1707 Qotb ad-Din Abu´l Fayaz Mohammad
A`zam Shah Padshah-e Ghazi (b. 1653 - d. 1707)
(continues in rebellion to 18 Jun 1707)
27 Apr 1707 - 27 Feb 1712 Qotb ad-Din Abu´n Nasr Sayyed
Mohammad Shah `Alam Bahadur Shah
Padshah-e Ghazi (b. 1643 - d. 1712)
(retroactive to 23 Mar 1707)
27 Apr 1707 - 13 Jan 1709 Mohammad Kam Bakhsh-e Dinpanah
ebn Awrangzib `Alamgir Padshah (b. 1666 - d. 1709)
(in rebellion)
29 Feb 1712 - 17 Mar 1712 Mohammad `Azim ash-Shan ebn
Bahadur Shah Padshah (b. 16... - d. 1712)
29 Feb 1712 - 28 Mar 1712 Mohammad Rafi` ash-Shan ebn
Bahadur Shah Padshah (b. 16... - d. 1712)
(in rebellion)
29 Feb 1712 - 27 Mar 1712 Jahan Shah ebn Bahadur Shah
Padshah "Khojestan Akhtar" (b. 16... - d. 1712)
(in rebellion)
30 Mar 1712 - 11 Jan 1713 Mo`ezz ad-Din Abu´l Fath Mohammad
Jahandar Shah Padshah (b. 1661 - d. 1713)
11 Jan 1713 - 1 Mar 1719 Mo`in ad-Din (or Jalal ad-Din)
Abu´l Mozaffar Mohammad
Farrokhsiyar Padshah (b. 1687 - d. 1719)
1 Mar 1719 - 7 Jun 1719 Shams ad-Din Abu´l Barakat Soltan
Mohammad Rafi` ad-Darjat Padshah-e
Ghazi (b. c.1699 - d. 1719)
30 Mar 1719 - 13 Aug 1719 Mohammad Shah Nikusiyar
(in rebellion)
8 Jun 1719 - 6 Sep 1719 Mohammad Shah Jahan Sani Padshah (b. c.1700 - d. 1719)
28 Sep 1719 - 26 Apr 1748 Naser ad-Din Abu´l Fath (from 1722
Abu´l-Mozaffar) Mohammad Shah
Padshah-e Ghazi "Rawshan Akhtar" (b. 1702 - d. 1748)
12 Oct 1720 - 19 Nov 1720 Zahir ad-Din Abu´l Fath Mohammad
Ebrahim Shah Padshah (b. ... - d. 1720)
(in rebellion)
29 Apr 1748 - 3 Jun 1754 Mojahed ad-Din Abu´n Nasr Ahmad
Shah Bahadur Padshah-e Ghazi (b. 1725 - d. 1773)
3 Jun 1754 - 29 Nov 1759 `Aziz ad-Din Abu´l-`Adl Mohammad
`Alamgir Padshah-e Ghazi (b. 1699 - d. 1759)
11 Dec 1759 - 25 Dec 1759 Mohyi-e Millat (or Mohyi ad-Din)
Shah Jahan Sani ebn Mohyi-e Sannat
Mohammad
25 Dec 1759 - 1 Aug 1788 Jalal ad-Din Abu´l Mozaffar
Mohammad Shah `Alam Padshah
"Ham-e Din" (1st time) (b. 1728 - d. 1806)
1 Aug 1788 - 9 Oct 1788 Mohammad Bidarbakht ebn Ahmad Shah
16 Oct 1788 - 10 Nov 1806 Jalal ad-Din Abu´l Mozaffar
Mohammad Shah `Alam Padshah
"Ham-e Din" (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Nov 1806 - 28 Sep 1837 Mo`in ad-Din Abu´n Nasr Mohammad
Akbar Padshah Saheb Qiran-e Sani (b. 1759 - d. 1837)
29 Sep 1837 - 29 Mar 1858 Seraj ad-Din Abu´l Mozaffar
Mohammad Bahadur Shah Padshah (b. 1775 - d. 1862)
Governors-general (of the British East India Company)
20 Oct 1774 - 1 Feb 1785 Warren Hastings (b. 1732 - d. 1818)
1 Feb 1785 - 12 Sep 1786 John Macpherson (acting) (b. 1745 - d. 1821)
12 Sep 1786 - 28 Oct 1793 Charles Cornwallis, Earl
Cornwallis (from 8 Oct 1792,
Charles Cornwallis, Marquess
Cornwallis) (1st time) (b. 1738 - d. 1805)
28 Oct 1793 - Mar 1798 Sir John Shore (b. 1751 - d. 1834)
Mar 1798 - 18 May 1798 Sir Alured Clarke (acting) (b. 1745 - d. 1832)
18 May 1798 - 30 Jul 1805 Richard Colley Wellesley, Baron
Wellesley (from 2 Dec 1799,
Richard Colley Wellesley, Marquess
Wellesley) (b. 1760 - d. 1842)
30 Jul 1805 - 5 Oct 1805 Charles Cornwallis, Marquess
Cornwallis (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Oct 1805 - 31 Jul 1807 Sir George Hilario Barlow (acting) (b. 1762 - d. 1846)
31 Jul 1807 - 4 Oct 1813 Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,
Baron Minto (b. 1751 - d. 1814)
4 Oct 1813 - 9 Jan 1823 Francis Rawdon-Hastings, Earl of
Moira (from 13 Feb 1817, Francis
Rawdon-Hastings, Marquess of
Hastings) (b. 1754 - d. 1826)
9 Jan 1823 - 1 Aug 1823 John Adam (acting) (b. 1779 - d. 1825)
1 Aug 1823 - 13 Mar 1828 William Pitt Amherst, Baron
Amherst (from 19 Dec 1826, William
Pitt Amherst, Earl Amherst) (b. 1773 - d. 1857)
13 Mar 1828 - 4 Jul 1828 William Butterworth Bayley (b. 1782 - d. 1860)
(acting)
4 Jul 1828 - 20 Mar 1835 William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck (b. 1774 - d. 1839)
20 Mar 1835 - 4 Mar 1836 Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe
(acting) (b. 1785 - d. 1846)
4 Mar 1836 - 28 Feb 1842 George Eden, Baron Auckland
(from 21 Dec 1839, George Eden,
Earl of Auckland) (b. 1784 - d. 1849)
28 Feb 1842 - Jun 1844 Edward Law, Baron Ellenborough (b. 1790 - d. 1871)
Jun 1844 - 23 Jul 1844 William Wilberforce Bird (acting) (b. 1784 - d. 1857)
23 Jul 1844 - 12 Jan 1848 Henry Hardinge, (from 2 May 1846)
Viscount Hardinge (b. 1785 - d. 1856)
12 Jan 1848 - 28 Feb 1856 James Andrew Broun Ramsay, (from
25 Aug 1849, Marquess and) Earl of
Dalhousie (b. 1812 - d. 1860)
28 Feb 1856 - 1 Nov 1858 Charles John Canning, Viscount
Canning (b. 1812 - d. 1862)
Viceroys and governors-general
1 Nov 1858 - 21 Mar 1862 Charles John Canning, Viscount
Canning (from 21 May 1859, Charles
John Canning, Earl Canning) (s.a.)
21 Mar 1862 - 20 Nov 1863 James Bruce, Earl of Elgin (b. 1811 - d. 1863)
21 Nov 1863 - 2 Dec 1863 Sir Robert Cornelis Napier (b. 1810 - d. 1890)
(acting)
2 Dec 1863 - 12 Jan 1864 Sir William Thomas Denison (b. 1804 - d. 1871)
(acting)
12 Jan 1864 - 12 Jan 1869 Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence (b. 1811 - d. 1879)
12 Jan 1869 - 8 Feb 1872 Richard Southwell Bourke, Earl of
Mayo (b. 1822 - d. 1872)
9 Feb 1872 - 23 Feb 1872 John Strachey (acting) (b. 1823 - d. 1907)
24 Feb 1872 - 3 May 1872 Francis Napier, Baron Napier of
Merchistoun (acting) (b. 1819 - d. 1898)
3 May 1872 - 12 Apr 1876 Thomas George Baring, Baron
Northbrook (b. 1826 - d. 1904)
12 Apr 1876 - 8 Jun 1880 Robert Bulwer-Lytton, Baron Lytton (b. 1831 - d. 1891)
8 Jun 1880 - 13 Dec 1884 George Robinson, Marquess of Ripon (b. 1827 - d. 1909)
13 Dec 1884 - 10 Dec 1888 Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-
Blackwood, Earl of Dufferin (b. 1826 - d. 1902)
10 Dec 1888 - 11 Oct 1894 Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice,
Marquess of Lansdowne (b. 1845 - d. 1927)
11 Oct 1894 - 6 Jan 1899 Victor Alexander Bruce, Earl of
Elgin (b. 1849 - d. 1917)
6 Jan 1899 - 18 Nov 1905 George Nathaniel Curzon, Baron
Curzon of Kedleston (b. 1859 - d. 1925)
18 Nov 1905 - 23 Nov 1910 Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-
Kynynmound, Earl of Minto (b. 1845 - d. 1914)
23 Nov 1910 - 4 Apr 1916 Charles Hardinge, Baron Hardinge
of Penshurst (b. 1858 - d. 1944)
4 Apr 1916 - 2 Apr 1921 Frederic John Napier Thesiger,
Baron Chelmsford (b. 1868 - d. 1933)
2 Apr 1921 - 3 Apr 1926 Rufus Daniel Isaacs, Earl of
Reading (b. 1860 - d. 1935)
10 Apr 1925 - 8 Aug 1925 Victor Alexander George Robert
Bulwer-Lytton, Earl of Lytton (b. 1876 - d. 1947)
(viceroy and acting governor-general)
3 Apr 1926 - 18 Apr 1931 Edward Wood, Baron Irwin (b. 1881 - d. 1959)
30 Jun 1929 - 25 Oct 1929 George Joachim Goschen, Viscount
Goschen (b. 1866 - d. 1952)
(viceroy and acting governor-general)
18 Apr 1931 - 18 Apr 1936 Freeman Freeman-Thomas, Earl of
Willingdon (b. 1866 - d. 1941)
18 Apr 1936 - 1 Oct 1943 Victor Alexander John Hope,
Marquess of Linlithgow (b. 1887 - d. 1952)
1 Oct 1943 - 23 Mar 1947 Archibald Percival Wavell,
Viscount Wavell (b. 1883 - d. 1950)
21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945 Subhas Chandra Bose (b. 1897 - d. 1945)
(Head of State of Provisional Government of Free
India proclaimed at Singapore, recognized by Axis
powers)
24 Mar 1947 - 15 Aug 1947 Louis Mountbatten, Viscount
Mountbatten of Burma (b. 1900 - d. 1979)
Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
15 Aug 1947 - 21 Jun 1948 Louis Mountbatten, Earl
Mountbatten of Burma (s.a.)
21 Jun 1948 - 26 Jan 1950 Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (b. 1878 - d. 1972)
Presidents
26 Jan 1950 - 13 May 1962 Rajendra Prasad (b. 1884 - d. 1963)
13 May 1962 - 13 May 1967 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (b. 1888 - d. 1975)
13 May 1967 - 3 May 1969 Zakir Husain (b. 1897 - d. 1969)
3 May 1969 - 20 Jul 1969 Varahagiri Venkata Giri
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1894 - d. 1980)
20 Jul 1969 - 24 Aug 1969 Mohammad Hidayatullah (acting) (b. 1905 - d. 1992)
24 Aug 1969 - 24 Aug 1974 Varahagiri Venkata Giri
(2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Aug 1974 - 11 Feb 1977 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (b. 1905 - d. 1977)
11 Feb 1977 - 25 Jul 1977 Basappa Danappa Jatti (acting) (b. 1912 - d. 2002)
25 Jul 1977 - 25 Jul 1982 N. Sanjiva Reddy (b. 1913 - d. 1996)
25 Jul 1982 - 25 Jul 1987 Zail Singh (b. 1916 - d. 1994)
25 Jul 1987 - 25 Jul 1992 Ramaswamy Venkataraman (b. 1910 - d. 2009)
25 Jul 1992 - 25 Jul 1997 Shankar Dayal Sharma (b. 1918 - d. 1999)
25 Jul 1997 - 25 Jul 2002 K.R. Narayanan (b. 1920 - d. 2005)
25 Jul 2002 - 25 Jul 2007 A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (b. 1931 - d. 2015)
25 Jul 2007 - 25 Jul 2012 Pratibha Patil (f) (b. 1934)
25 Jul 2012 - 25 Jul 2017 Pranab Mukherjee (b. 1935 - d. 2020)
25 Jul 2017 - 25 Jul 2022 Ram Nath Kovind (b. 1945)
25 Jul 2022 - Draupadi Murmu (f) (b. 1958)
Prime ministers
15 Aug 1947 - 27 May 1964 Jawaharlal Nehru (b. 1889 - d. 1964)
27 May 1964 - 9 Jun 1964 Gulzarilal Nanda (1st time) (b. 1898 - d. 1998)
9 Jun 1964 - 11 Jan 1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri (b. 1904 - d. 1966)
11 Jan 1966 - 24 Jan 1966 Gulzarilal Nanda (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Jan 1966 - 24 Mar 1977 Indira Gandhi (f) (1st time) (b. 1917 - d. 1984)
24 Mar 1977 - 28 Jul 1979 Morarji Desai (b. 1896 - d. 1995)
28 Jul 1979 - 14 Jan 1980 Charan Singh (b. 1902 - d. 1987)
14 Jan 1980 - 31 Oct 1984 Indira Gandhi (f) (2nd time) (s.a.)
31 Oct 1984 - 2 Dec 1989 Rajiv Gandhi (b. 1944 - d. 1991)
2 Dec 1989 - 10 Nov 1990 Vishwanath Pratap Singh (b. 1931 - d. 2008)
10 Nov 1990 - 21 Jun 1991 Chandra Shekhar (b. 1927 - d. 2007)
21 Jun 1991 - 16 May 1996 P.V. Narasimha Rao (b. 1921 - d. 2004)
16 May 1996 - 1 Jun 1996 Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1st time) (b. 1924 - d. 2018)
1 Jun 1996 - 21 Apr 1997 H.D. Deve Gowda (b. 1933)
21 Apr 1997 - 19 Mar 1998 Inder Kumar Gujral (b. 1919 - d. 2012)
19 Mar 1998 - 22 May 2004 Atal Bihari Vajpayee (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 May 2004 - 26 May 2014 Manmohan Singh (b. 1932)
26 May 2014 - Narendra Modi (b. 1950)
... Kingdom of Kashmir established in remote (legendary)
antiquity; State of Jammu established in early Middle Ages
28 Jul 1589 Kashmir incorporated into (Mughal) Empire of Hind
May 1752 Kashmir conquered by the newly founded Afghan kingdom
1816 Jammu annexed to the Punjab
5 Jul 1819 Kashmir annexed to the Punjab
1820 independence of Jammu restored
15 Mar 1846 U.K. government cedes Kashmir to the ruler of Jammu, thus
creating the state of Jammu and Kashmir
27 Oct 1947 the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir declares the accession of
the state to India
26 Jan 1957 the incorporation of Jammu and Kashmir into India is
declared to be complete
31 Oct 2019 state divided into Jammu and Kashmir union territory and
Ladakh union territory
Jammu
Rajas
- Durgar dynasty -
1686 - 1703 Gujai Dev (b. ... - d. 1703)
1703 - 1725 Dhruv Dev (b. ... - d. 1725)
1725 - 4 Apr 1782 Ranjit Dev (b. ... - d. 1782)
4 Apr 1782 - 1787 Brij Raj Dev (b. ... - d. 1787)
1787 - Jun 1797 Sampuran Singh (b. 1786 - d. 1797)
Jun 1797 - 1816 Jit Singh
1820 - 1822 Kishore Singh (b. ... - d. 1822)
4 May 1822 - 15 Mar 1846 Gulab Singh (b. 1792 - d. 1857)
Jammu and Kashmir
Raja
- Durgar dynasty -
15 Mar 1846 - 9 Nov 1846 Gulab Singh (s.a.)
Maharajas
- Durgar dynasty -
9 Nov 1846 - 20 Feb 1856 Gulab Singh (s.a.)
20 Feb 1856 - 12 Sep 1885 Ranbir Singh (b. 1830 - d. 1885)
12 Sep 1885 - 18 Apr 1889 Pratap Singh (1st time) (b. 1848 - d. 1925)
18 Apr 1889 - 1890 Amar Singh (b. 1864 - d. 1909)
(chairman regency council)
1890 - 7 Sep 1925 Pratap Singh (2nd time) (s.a.)
(chairman regency council to Oct 1905)
7 Sep 1925 - 17 Nov 1952 Hari Singh (b. 1895 - d. 1961)
20 Jun 1949 - 17 Nov 1952 Karan Singh (regent) (b. 1931)
Sadr-e Riyasat (roughly, "head of state")
17 Nov 1952 - 30 Mar 1965 Karan Singh (s.a.)
Governors
30 Mar 1965 - 15 May 1967 Karan Singh (s.a.)
15 May 1967 - 3 Jul 1973 Bhagwan Sahay (b. 1905 - d. 1986)
3 Jul 1973 - 22 Feb 1981 Lakshmi Kant Jha (b. 1913 - d. 1988)
22 Feb 1981 - 26 Apr 1984 Braj Kumar Nehru (b. 1909 - d. 2001)
26 Apr 1984 - Jul 1989 Jagmohan (1st time) (b. 1927 - d. 2021)
Jul 1989 - 19 Jan 1990 K.V. Krishna Rao (1st time) (b. 1923 - d. 2016)
19 Jan 1990 - 26 May 1990 Jagmohan (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 May 1990 - 12 Mar 1993 Girish Chandra Saxena (1st time) (b. 1928 - d. 2017)
12 Mar 1993 - 2 May 1998 K.V. Krishna Rao (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 May 1998 - 4 Jun 2003 Girish Chandra Saxena (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Jun 2003 - 25 Jun 2008 S.K. Sinha (b. 1926 - d. 2016)
25 Jun 2008 - 23 Aug 2018 Narinder Nath Vohra (b. 1936)
23 Aug 2018 - 31 Oct 2019 Satya Pal Malik (b. 1946)
Lieutenant governors
31 Oct 2019 - 7 Aug 2020 Girish Chandra Murmu (b. 1959)
7 Aug 2020 - Manoj Sinha (b. 1959)
Prime ministers
1932 - 1937 Elliot James Dowell Colvin (b. 1885 - d. 1950)
1937 - Apr 1943 N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar (from 1
Jan 1941, Sir N. Gopalaswami
Ayyangar) (b. 1882 - d. 1953)
Apr 1943 - Jul 1943 Raja Maharaj Singh (b. 1878 - d. 1959)
Jul 1943 - Feb 1944 Kailas Narain Haksar (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
Feb 1944 - 28 Jun 1945 Sir Benegal Narsing Rau (b. 1887 - d. 1953)
28 Jun 1945 - 11 Aug 1947 Ram Chandra Kak (b. 1893 - d. 1983)
11 Aug 1947 - 15 Oct 1947 Janak Singh (acting)
15 Oct 1947 - 5 Mar 1948 Mehr Chand Mahajan (b. 1889 - d. 1967)
5 Mar 1948 - 9 Aug 1953 Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah (b. 1905 - d. 1982)
9 Aug 1953 - 12 Oct 1963 Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad (b. 1907 - d. 1972)
12 Oct 1963 - 29 Feb 1964 Khwaja Shams-ud-Din (b. 1922 - d. 1999)
29 Feb 1964 - 30 Mar 1965 Ghulam Mohammad Sadiq (b. 1912 - d. 1971)
Chief ministers
30 Mar 1965 - 12 Dec 1971 Ghulam Mohammad Sadiq (s.a.)
12 Dec 1971 - 25 Feb 1975 Syed Mir Qasim (b. 1921 - d. 2004)
25 Feb 1975 - 26 Mar 1977 Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah
(1st time) (s.a.)
9 Jul 1977 - 8 Sep 1982 Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah
(2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Sep 1982 - 2 Jul 1984 Farooq Abdullah (1st time) (b. 1936)
2 Jul 1984 - 6 Mar 1986 Ghulam Mohammad Shah (b. 1920 - d. 2009)
7 Nov 1986 - 19 Jan 1990 Farooq Abdullah (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Oct 1996 - 18 Oct 2002 Farooq Abdullah (3rd time) (s.a.)
2 Nov 2002 - 2 Nov 2005 Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (1st time) (b. 1936 - d. 2016)
2 Nov 2005 - 10 Jul 2008 Ghulam Nabi Azad (b. 1949)
5 Jan 2009 - 9 Jan 2015 Omar Abdullah (b. 1970)
1 Mar 2015 - 7 Jan 2016 Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Apr 2016 - 20 Jun 2018 Mehbooba Mufti (f) (b. 1959)
British residents
1883 - 1886 Sir Oliver Beauchamp Coventry
St. John (b. 1837 - d. 1891)
1886 - 1889 Trevor John Chichele
Chichele-Plowden (b. 1846 - d. 1905)
1889 - 1892 Robert Parry Nisbet (b. 1839 - d. 1916)
1892 - 1894 David William Keith Barr (b. 1846 - d. 1916)
1894 - 1896 Hugh Shakespear Barnes (b. 1853 - d. 1940)
1896 - 1900 Sir Adelbert Talbot (b. 1845 - d. 1920)
1900 - 1901 Harold Arthur Deane (b. 1854 - d. 1908)
1901 - 1903 Louis William Dane (b. 1856 - d. 1946)
1903 - 1905 Elliot Graham Colvin (b. 1861 - d. 1940)
1906 - 1909 Sir Francis Younghusband (b. 1863 - d. 1942)
1910 - 1911 John Ramsay (b. 1862 - d. 1942)
1911 - 1914 Stuart Fraser (b. 1864 - d. 1963)
1914 - 1915 Henry Venn Cobb (b. 1864 - d. 1949)
1916 - 1917 John Manners Smith (b. 1864 - d. 1920)
1917 - 1921 Arthur D'Arcy Gordon Bannerman (b. 1866 - d. 1955)
1921 - 1923 Charles Joseph Windham (b. 1867 - d. 1941)
1923 - 1927 Sir John Barry Wood (b. 1870 - d. 1933)
1927 - 1929 Evelyn Berkeley Howell (b. 1877 - d. 1971)
1929 - 1931 George Drummond Ogilvie (b. 1882 - d. 1966)
1931 - 1932 Courtenay Latimer (b. 1880 - d. 1944)
Jul 1932 - 1935 Frederick Marshman Bailey (b. 1882 - d. 1967)
1935 - 1938 Lionel Edward Lang (b. 1885 - d. 1956)
1938 - 1941 Denholm Fraser (b. 1889 - d. 1956)
1941 - 1943 Leslie Eric Barton (b. 1889 - d. 1952)
1943 - 1945 James Glasgow Acheson (from 14 Jun
1945, Sir James Glasgow Acheson) (b. 1889 - d. 1973)
1945 - 1947 Wilfred Francis Webb (b. 1897 - d. 1973)
Ladakh
c.900 Mnga'-ris-skor-gsum (Ladakh) established by a
West-Tibetan branch of the Yar-lung dynasty
17 Sep 1842 Ladakh incorporated into the Jammu state, succeeded
by Jammu and Kashmir (with some nominal autonomy)
31 Oct 2019 union territory
Kings (title Chos-rgyal-chen-po)¹
- rNam-rgyal dynasty -
1694 - 1729 Nyi-ma rNam-rgyal
1729 - 20 Mar 1739 bDe-skyong rNam-rgyal
1739 - 1753 Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal
1753 - 1782 Tshe-dbang rNam-rgyal II
1782 - 1802 Mi-jigs-tshe-brtan rNam-rgyal
1802 - 1837 Tshe-dpal-mi-'gyur-don-grub
rNam-rgyal (1st time)
1837 - 1839 dNgos-grub-bstan-'dzin (regent)
1839 - 1840 Tshe-dpal-mi-'gyur-don-grub
rNam-rgyal (2nd time)
Jun 1840 - Jul 1840 'Jigs-med rNam-rgyal (1st time)
1840 - 1842 Kun-dga' rNam-rgyal
1842 - 17 Sep 1842 'Jigs-med rNam-rgyal (2nd time)
Lieutenant governors
31 Oct 2019 - 19 Feb 2023 Radha Krishna Mathur (b. 1953)
19 Feb 2023 - B.D. Mishra (b. 1939)
¹From 1683 every ruler also used the name Aqibat Mahmud Khan.
1674 French territory
Jan 1760 - 1765 British occupation
1778 - 1783 British occupation
1793 - 1816 British occupation
2 May 1950 Chandernagor transferred to India
13 Jun 1954 Yanaon taken by Indian military police
15 Jul 1954 Mahé taken by pro-Indian groups
1 Nov 1954 remaining territories (Pondichéry and Karikal) transferred
to India de facto (see under Indian states M-W)
16 Aug 1962 de jure transfer of French India to India
Governors (from 20 Aug 1947, commissioners)
1699 - 31 Dec 1706 François Martin (b. 1634 - d. 1706)
Jan 1707 - Jul 1708 Pierre Dulivier (1st time)
1708 - 1712 Guillaume André d'Hébert
(1st time)
1712 - 1717 Pierre Dulivier (2nd time)
1717 - 1718 Guillaume André d'Hébert
(2nd time)
Aug 1718 - 11 Oct 1721 Pierre André Prévost de La
Prévostière (b. ... - d. 1721)
1721 - 1723 Pierre Christoph Le Noir
(1st time) (acting)
1723 - 1726 Joseph Beauvollier de Courchant
1726 - 1734 Pierre Christoph Le Noir
(2nd time)
18 Sep 1735 - 1741 Pierre Benoît Dumas (b. 1668 - d. 1745)
14 Jan 1742 - 15 Oct 1754 Joseph François Dupleix (b. 1697 - d. 1763)
15 Oct 1754 - 1754 Charles Godeheu (acting)
1754 - 1758 Georges Duval de Leyrit
1758 - Jan 1760 Thomas Arthur, comte de
Lally-Tollendal (b. 1702 - d. 1766)
1765 - 1766 Jean Law de Lauriston (1st time) (b. 1719 - d. 1797)
1766 - 1767 Antoine Boyellau
1767 - Jan 1777 Jean Law de Lauriston (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jan 1777 - 1782 Guillaume de Bellecombe,
seigneur de Teirac (b. 1728 - d. 1792)
1783 - 1785 Charles Joseph Pâtissier,
marquis de Bussy-Castelnau (b. 1718 - d. 1785)
1785 François, vicomte de Souillac (b. 1732 - d. 1803)
Oct 1785 - 1787 David Charpentier de Cossigny (b. 1740 - d. 1801)
Oct 1787 - 1789 Thomas, comte de Conway (b. 1733 - d. c.1800)
Oct 1789 - 1792 Camille Charles Leclerc,
chevalier de Fresne
Nov 1792 - 1793 Prosper de Chermont (b. 1741 - d. 1798)
Sep 1816 - Oct 1825 André Julien, comte Dupuy (b. 1753? - d. 18...)
Oct 1825 - 19 Jun 1826 Joseph Cordier (1st time) (acting) (b. 1773 - d. 18...)
19 Jun 1826 - 2 Aug 1828 Eugène Panon, comte
Desbassayns de Richemont (b. 1800 - d. 1859)
2 Aug 1828 - 11 Apr 1829 Joseph Cordier (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
11 Apr 1829 - 3 May 1835 Auguste Jacques Nicolas Peureux
de Mélay
3 May 1835 - Apr 1840 Henri Jean Victor, marquis de
Saint-Simon (b. 1782 - d. 1865)
Apr 1840 - 1844 Paul de Nourquer du Camper
1844 - 1849 Louis Pujol
1849 Hyacinth Marie de Lalande de Calan (b. ... - d. 1849)
1851 - 1852 Achille Bédier (b. 1791 - d. 1865)
Aug 1852 - Apr 1857 Raymond de Verninac de Saint-Maur (b. 1794 - d. 1873)
Apr 1857 - Jan 1863 Alexandre Jean Baptiste de
Verninac Durand d'Ubraye
Jan 1863 - Jun 1871 Louis Bontemps (b. 1813 - d. 1872)
Jun 1871 - Nov 1871 Michaux
Nov 1871 - 1875 Pierre Aristide Faron (b. 1814 - d. 1879)
1875 - 1878 Adolphe Joseph Antoine Trillard (b. 1826 - d. ...)
Feb 1879 - Apr 1881 Léonce Laugier (b. 1829 - d. ...)
1881 - Oct 1884 Théodore Drouhet (b. 1817 - d. 1904)
Oct 1884 - 1886 Étienne Richaud (b. 1841 - d. 1889)
1886 - 1888 Édouard Manès (b. 1835 - d. 1898)
1888 - 1889 Jules Georges Piquet (b. 1839 - d. 1923)
1889 - 1891 Louis Hippolyte Marie Nouet (b. 1844 - d. 1933)
1891 - 1896 Léon Émile Clément-Thomas
1896 - Feb 1898 Louis Jean Girod
Feb 1898 - 11 Jan 1902 François Pierre Rodier (b. 1854 - d. 1913)
11 Jan 1902 - 1902 Pelletan (acting)
1902 - 1904 Victor Lanrezac (b. 1854 - d. 19...)
Aug 1904 - Apr 1905 Jean-Baptiste Philémon Lemaire (b. 1856 - d. 1932)
22 Apr 1905 - 6 Oct 1906 Joseph François (b. 1853 - d. 19...)
6 Oct 1906 - 3 Dec 1907 Gabriel Angoulvant (b. 1872 - d. 1932)
3 Dec 1907 - 13 Jun 1908 Charles Amédée Rognon (b. 1861 - d. 1911)
13 Jun 1908 - Feb 1909 Adrien Bonhoure (b. 1860 - d. 1929)
1909 - 9 Jul 1910 Fernand Levecque (b. 1852 - d. 1947)
9 Jul 1910 - Jul 1911 Alfred Martineau (1st time) (b. 1859 - d. 1945)
Jul 1911 - Nov 1913 Pierre Louis Alfred Duprat
Nov 1913 - 29 Jun 1918 Alfred Martineau (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Feb 1919 - 11 Feb 1926 Louis Gerbinis (b. 1871 - d. 1954)
1926 - 1928 Pierre Jean Henri Didelot (b. 1870 - d. 1941)
1928 - 1931 Robert de Guise (b. 1872 - d. 1940)
1931 - 1934 Adrien Juvanon (b. 1875 - d. 1950)
Aug 1934 - 1936 Léon Solomiac (b. 1884 - d. 1960)
1936 - 1938 Horace Valentin Crocicchia (b. 1888 - d. 1976)
26 Sep 1938 - 1945 Louis Bonvin (b. 1886 - d. 1946)
1945 - 1946 Nicolas Ernest Marie Maurice
Jeandin (b. 1886 - d. 19...)
20 Mar 1946 - 1949 Charles François Henri Baron (b. 1900 - d. 1980)
May 1949 - 1950 Jean Chambon (b. 1896 - d. 1965)
31 Jul 1950 - Oct 1954 André Ménard (b. 1907 - d. 1988)
Oct 1954 - 1 Nov 1954 Georges Escargueil (acting) (b. 1907 - d. 1990)
1510 Portuguese colony
Dec 1946 overseas province
19 Dec 1961 occupied by India
16 Mar 1962 annexed by India (recognized by Portugal in 1974)
Viceroys
20 Sep 1698 - 1701 António Luís Gonçalves da Câmara
Coutinho (b. 1638 - d. 1702)
1701 - 2 Oct 1703 Governing Commission
- Fray Agostinho da Annuncião
- Vasco Luís Coutinho
2 Oct 1703 - 28 Oct 1707 Caetano de Mello e Castro (b. c.1680 - d. 1718)
28 Oct 1707 - 21 Sep 1712 Rodrigo da Costa (b. 1657 - d. 1722)
21 Sep 1712 - 13 Jan 1717 Vasco Fernandes César de Meneses (b. 1673 - d. 1741)
13 Jan 1717 - 16 Oct 1717 Sebastião de Andrade Pessanha (b. c.1670 - d. 1737)
(governor)
16 Oct 1717 - 14 Sep 1720 Luís de Meneses, conde de Ericeira
(1st time) (b. 1689 - d. 1742)
14 Sep 1720 - 13 Jul 1723 Francisco José de Sampaio e Castro (b. c.1675 - d. 1723)
13 Jul 1723 - 3 Sep 1723 Cristóvão de Melo (b. c.1650 - d. 1737)
3 Sep 1723 - 28 Oct 1725 Governing Commission
- Cristóvão de Melo (1st time) (s.a.)
- Fray Ignacio de Santa Thereza
(1st time)
- Cristóvão Luís de Andrade
28 Oct 1725 - 1732 João de Saldanha da Gama (b. 1674 - d. 1752)
1732 - 7 Oct 1732 Governing Commission
- Cristóvão de Melo (2nd time) (s.a.)
- Fray Ignacio de Santa Thereza
(2nd time)
7 Oct 1732 - 18 May 1741 Pedro Mascarenhas, conde de
Sandomil (b. 1670 - d. 1745)
18 May 1741 - 12 Jun 1742 Luís de Meneses, conde de Ericeira
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1742 - 24 Sep 1744 Governing Commission
- Francisco de Vasconcellos (b. ... - d. 1743)
(to 30 Mar 1743)
- Luís Caetano de Almeida (b. 1708 - d. 1757)
- Lourenço de Noronha
(from 18 May 1743)
24 Sep 1744 - 27 Sep 1750 Pedro Miguel de Almeida, conde de
Assumar, marquês de Castelo Novo,
marquês de Alorna (b. 1688 - d. 1756)
27 Sep 1750 - 18 Sep 1754 Francisco de Assis, marquês de
Távora (b. 1703 - d. 1759)
18 Sep 1754 - 26 Jun 1756 Luís Mascarenhas, conde de Alva (b. c.1685 - d. 1756)
Jun 1756 - 23 Sep 1756 Governing Commission
- António Taveira da Neiva da
Silveira (1st time)
- João de Mesquita Matos Teixeira
- Filippe de Valladares Souto
Maior
23 Sep 1756 - 19 Oct 1765 Manuel de Saldanha e Albuquerque,
conde da Ega (b. 1712 - d. 1771)
19 Oct 1765 - 12 Mar 1768 Governing Commission
- António Taveira da Neiva da
Silveira (2nd time)
- João Baptista Vaz Pereira
- João José de Mello (b. c.1700 - d. 1774)
Governors
12 Mar 1768 - 10 Jan 1774 João José de Mello (s.a.)
4 Feb 1774 - 24 Sep 1774 Filippe de Valladares Souto Maior (b. 1691 - d. 1775)
24 Sep 1774 - 26 Jun 1779 José Pedro da Camarra (b. 1721 - d. 1789)
26 Jun 1779 - 3 Nov 1786 Federico Guilherme de Souza (b. 1737 - d. 1790)
3 Nov 1786 - 22 May 1794 Francisco da Cunha e Meneses (b. 1747 - d. 1812)
22 May 1794 - 30 May 1807 Francisco António da Veiga Cabral (b. 1734 - d. 1810)
Viceroys
30 May 1807 - 29 Nov 1816 Bernardo José de Lorena, conde
de Sarzedas (b. 1756 - d. 1818)
29 Nov 1816 - 16 Sep 1821 Diogo de Souza, conde de Rio Pardo (b. 1755 - d. 1829)
16 Sep 1821 - Dec 1822 Governing Commission
- Manoel Godinho da Mira
- Joaquim Manoel Correia da Silva
e Gama
- Gonçalo de Magalhães Teixeira
- Manoel Duarte Leitão
Dec 1822 - 18 Nov 1823 Governing Commission
- Manoel da Camara (b. 1789 - d. 1825)
- Fray Paulo de San Thomé de Aquino
- António de Mello Souto Maior
- João Carlos Leal
- António José de Lima Leitão
18 Nov 1823 - 1825 Manoel da Camara (s.a.)
(governor to 22 Aug 1824)
1825 - 9 Oct 1827 Governing Commission
- Fray Manoel de San Galdino
- Candido José Mourão Garcez Palha
- António Ribeiro de Carvalho
9 Oct 1827 - 14 Jan 1835 Manoel de Portugal e Castro (b. 1787 - d. 1854)
(governor to 7 Apr 1830)
14 Jan 1835 - 31 Jan 1835 Bernardo Peres da Silva (prefect) (b. 1775 - d. 1846)
Feb 1835 - 3 Mar 1835 Joaquim Manoel Correia da Silva
e Gama
(chairman Provincial Committee)
Chairmen of the Provisional Government
3 Mar 1835 - Dec 1836 João C. da Rocha Vasconcellos
+ Manoel José Ribeiro (b. ... - d. 1837)
+ Fray Constantino de Santa Rita
Dec 1836 - Apr 1837 João Cabral de Estifique
+ António Maria de Mello
+ Joaquim António de Moraes
Carneiro
Apr 1837 - 7 Dec 1837 José António de Lemos
+ António Mariano de Azevedo (b. ... - d. 1838)
Governors-general
7 Dec 1837 - 14 Oct 1838 Simão Infante de Lacerda, barão
de Sabroso (b. 1793 - d. 1838)
Oct 1838 - 5 Mar 1839 Governing Council (acting)
- António Feliciano de Santa Rita
- José António Vieira da Fonseca (b. 1793 - d. 1863)
- José Cancio Freire de Lima
- Domingos José Mariano Luís
5 Mar 1839 - 15 Nov 1839 José António Vieira da Fonseca (s.a.)
(acting)
15 Nov 1839 - 18 Apr 1840 Manoel José Mendes, barão de
Candal (b. 1787 - d. 1840)
Apr 1840 - 24 Sep 1840 Governing Council (acting)
- José António Vieira da Fonseca (s.a.)
- José Carneiro Freire de Lima
- António João de Athaíde
(1st time)
- Domingos José Mariano Luís
- José da Costa Campos (1st time)
- Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos
(1st time)
24 Sep 1840 - 27 Apr 1842 José Joaquim Lopes de Lima (b. c.1797 - d. 1852)
(acting)
27 Apr 1842 - 19 Sep 1842 Governing Council (acting)
- António Ramalho da Sá
- José de Mello Souta Maior Telles
- António João de Athaíde
(2nd time)
- José da Costa Campos (2nd time)
- Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos
(2nd time)
19 Sep 1842 - 25 Apr 1843 Francisco Xavier da Silva Pereira,
conde das Antas (b. 1793 - d. 1852)
25 Apr 1843 - 20 May 1844 Joaquim Mourão Garcês Palha (b. 1775 - d. 1850)
20 May 1844 - 15 Jan 1851 José Ferreira Pestana (1st time) (b. 1795 - d. 1885)
15 Jan 1851 - 1855 José Joaquim Januário Lapa,
barão de Villa Nova de Ourém (b. 1796 - d. 1859)
1855 - 6 May 1855 Governing Council (acting)
- Joaquim de Santa Rita Botelho
- Luiz da Costa Campos
- Francisco Xavier Peres
- Bernardo Hector da Silveira
- Victor Anastacio Mourão Garcez
Palha
6 May 1855 - 25 Dec 1864 António Cesar de Vasconcellos
Correia, visconde de Torres Novas
25 Dec 1864 - 7 May 1870 José Ferreira Pestana (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 May 1870 - 10 Dec 1871 Januário Correia de Almeida,
visconde de São Januário (b. 1829 - d. 1901)
10 Dec 1871 - 10 May 1875 Joaquim José de Macedo e Couto (b. 1810 - d. 1879)
10 May 1875 - 24 Jul 1877 João Tavares de Almeida (b. 1816 - d. 1877)
25 Jul 1877 - 3 May 1878 António Sérgio de Sousa,
visconde de Sérgio de Sousa (b. 1809 - d. 1878)
May 1878 - 3 Dec 1878 Governing Council (acting)
- Ayres de Oruellas e Vasconcellos
- João Caetano da Silva Campos
- Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga
(to ... 1878)
- Thomas Nunes da Serva e Moura
(from ... 1878)
- António Sérgio de Sousa (b. 1842 - d. 1906)
- Eduardo Augusto Pinto Balsemão
3 Dec 1878 - 10 Apr 1882 Caetano Alexandre de Almeida
e Albuquerque (b. 1824 - d. 1916)
10 Apr 1882 - 2 Apr 1885 Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva,
visconde de Paço de Arcos (b. 1834 - d. 1905)
2 Apr 1885 - 12 Apr 1886 Governing Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente (b. 1846 - d. 1908)
- José de Sá Coutinho
- José Inácio de Brito (b. 1806 - d. 1896)
- José Maria Teixeira Guimarães (b. 1845 - d. 1915)
12 Apr 1886 - 1 Nov 1886 Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do
Amaral (b. 1844 - d. 1923)
1 Nov 1886 - Apr 1889 Augusto César Cardoso de Carvalho (b. 1836 - d. 1905)
Apr 1889 - 8 Jan 1891 Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses (b. 1822 - d. 1904)
8 Jan 1891 - 4 Feb 1892 Francisco Maria da Cunha (b. 1832 - d. 1909)
4 Feb 1892 - 11 Mar 1893 Francisco Teixeira da Silva (b. 1826 - d. 1894)
11 Mar 1893 - 1894 Raphael Jácome Lopes de Andrade
(1st time) (b. 1851 - d. 1900)
1894 - 1895 Elesbão Betencourt Lapa, visconde
de Vila Nova de Ourém (b. 1831 - d. 1899)
1895 - 1896 Raphael Jácome Lopes de Andrade
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1896 Afonso Henriques, duque de Pôrto (b. 1865 - d. 1920)
(viceroy)
1896 - 1897 João António de Brissac das Neves
Ferreira (b. 1846 - d. 1902)
1897 - 1900 Joaquim José Machado (b. 1847 - d. 1925)
1900 - 1905 Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo (b. 1845 - d. 1908)
1905 - 1907 Arnaldo de Novaes Guedes Rebelo (b. c.1850 - d. 19...)
1907 - 1910 José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa (b. 1858 - d. 1927)
12 Oct 1910 - 3 Jul 1917 Francisco Manuel Couceiro da Costa (b. 1870 - d. 1925)
3 Jul 1917 - 17 Jul 1917 Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
(1st time) (acting)
18 Jul 1917 - 24 Nov 1917 Governing Council
24 Nov 1917 - 12 Jun 1919 José de Freitas Ribeiro (b. 1868 - d. 1929)
12 Jun 1919 - 11 Nov 1919 Augusto de Paiva Bobela Mota (b. 1879 - d. 1931)
(acting)
12 Nov 1919 - 7 Apr 1925 Jaime Alberto de Castro Morais (b. 1882 - d. 1973)
7 Apr 1925 - 7 Jul 1925 Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
(2nd time) (acting)
7 Jul 1925 - Jun 1926 Mariano Martins (b. 1880 - d. 1943)
Jun 1926 - 4 Aug 1926 Tito Augusto de Morais (acting) (b. 1880 - d. 1963)
4 Aug 1926 - 15 Aug 1926 Acurcio Mendes da Rocha Diniz
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 1943)
15 Aug 1926 - 17 Apr 1929 Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim (b. 1862 - d. 1929)
17 Apr 1929 - 12 Jul 1929 Acurcio Mendes da Rocha Diniz
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
25 Aug 1929 - 17 Sep 1936 João Carlos Craveiro Lopes (b. 1871 - d. 1945)
17 Sep 1936 - 12 Jul 1938 Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes (b. 1894 - d. 1964)
12 Jul 1938 - Jul 1945 José Ricardo Pereira Cabral (b. 1879 - d. 1956)
Jul 1945 - 8 Apr 1946 Paulo Bénard Guedes (1st time) (b. 1892 - d. 1960)
(acting)
8 Apr 1946 - 3 Aug 1947 José Silvestre Ferreira Bossa (b. 1894 - d. 1970)
3 Aug 1947 - 27 Jun 1948 Fernando Quintanilha Mendonça
e Dias (1st time) (acting) (b. 1898 - d. 1992)
27 Jun 1948 - 23 Dec 1948 José Alves Ferreira (acting) (b. 1891 - d. ...)
23 Dec 1948 - 1952 Fernando Quintanilha Mendonça
e Dias (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
1953 - 1958 Paulo Bénard Guedes (2nd time) (s.a.)
1958 - 1962 Manuel António Vassalo e Silva (b. 1899 - d. 1985)
19 Dec 1961 - 6 Jun 1962 K.P. Candeth (b. 1916 - d. 2003)
(Indian military governor)
1620 Danish rule
1808 - 1815 British rule
1845 part of British India
Governors (of the Danish East India Company to 1779)
1694 - 19 May 1701 Claus Vogdt
19 May 1701 - 1701 Andreas Andreæ (b. ... - d. 1701)
1701 - 1702 Mikkel Knudsen Crone (b. ... - d. 1716)
Jul 1702 - 1704 Jørgen Hermansen Bjørn (b. 1652 - d. 1704)
1 Jul 1704 - 20 Oct 1716 Johan Sigismund Hassius (b. 1664 - d. 1729)
20 Oct 1716 - 21 Jan 1720 Christen Brun-Lundegaard (b. ... - d. 1724)
23 Jan 1720 - 12 Oct 1726 Christian Ulrich von Nissen (b. 1691 - d. 1756)
12 Oct 1726 - 8 Aug 1730 Rasmus Hansen Attrup (b. ... - d. 1745)
8 Aug 1730 - 1 Aug 1733 Diderich Mühlenport (b. ... - d. 1746)
1 Aug 1733 - 13 Jul 1741 Poul Krisk Panck (b. 1690 - d. 1747)
13 Jul 1741 - 17 Sep 1744 Ivar Bonsack (b. ... - d. 1748)
17 Sep 1744 - 5 Sep 1754 Hans Ernst Bonsack
5 Sep 1754 - 10 Aug 1759 Hans Georg Krog (b. 1720 - d. 1796)
9 May 1759 - 4 Jul 1760 Christian Frederik Høyer (b. ... - d. 1763)
4 Jul 1760 - 27 Apr 1761 Herman Jacob Forck (b. ... - d. 1761)
29 Apr 1761 - 14 Feb 1775 Peter Hermann Abbestee (1st time) (b. 1728 - d. 1794)
14 Feb 1775 - 17 Jan 1779 David Brown (b. 1734 - d. 1804)
17 Jan 1779 - 17 May 1788 Peter Hermann Abbestee (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 May 1788 - 7 Feb 1806 Peter Anker (b. 1744 - d. 1832)
7 Feb 1806 - 13 Feb 1808 Johan Peter Hermannson (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1822)
20 Sep 1815 - 19 Nov 1816 Gerhard Sievers Bille (b. 1765 - d. 1816)
19 Nov 1816 - 15 Feb 1822 Johan Peter Hermannson (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Feb 1822 - 7 May 1823 Jens Kofoed (b. 1775 - d. 1833)
7 May 1823 - 7 Mar 1825 Ulrich Anton Schönheyder (b. 1775 - d. 1858)
7 Mar 1825 - 26 Mar 1829 Hans Diderich Brinck-Seidelin (b. 1779 - d. 1859)
26 Mar 1829 - 14 May 1832 Lauritz Christensen (b. 1793 - d. 1832)
17 May 1832 - 1 May 1838 Conrad Emil Mourier (b. 1795 - d. 1865)
1 May 1838 - 18 Jun 1841 Johannes von Rehling (b. 1775 - d. 1841)
18 Jun 1841 - 15 Sep 1841 Christian Tiemroth (b. 1799 - d. 1888)
16 Oct 1841 - 7 Nov 1845 Peder Hansen (b. 1798 - d. 1880)
1608 Dutch rule
1780 - 1784 British occupation
1795 - 1818 British occupation
1825 part of British India
Governors
1698 - 1705 Dirk Comans
1705 - 1710 Johannes van Steelandt
1710 - 1716 Daniel Bernard Guilliams
1716 - 1719 Adriaan de Visscher
1719 - 1723 Gerard van Westrenen
1723 - 1730 Dirk van Cloon (b. 1688 - d. 1735)
1730 - 1733 Adriaan Pla
1733 - 1737 Elias Guillot
1738 - 1743 Jacob Mossel (b. 1704 - d. 1761)
1743 - 1747 Galenus Mersen
1747 - 1753 Librecht Hooreman
1753 - 1758 Steven Vermont
1758 - 1761 Lubbert Jan van Eck (b. 1719 - d. 1765)
1761 - 1765 Christiaan van Teylingen
1765 - 1773 Pieter Haksteen
1773 - 1780 Reinier van Vlissingen
1785 - 1789 Willem Blauwkamer
1790 - 1795 Jacob Eilbracht
1818 - 1823 Frans Caspar Regel (b. 1776 - d. 1823)
1823 - 1824 M.P.R. Raket
(president of Directing Council)
1824 - 1825 Henry François von Söhsten (b. 1792 - d. 1844)
7 Jan 1663 Dutch rule
1795 British occupation
1818 annexed to British India
Commanders
1697 - 1701 Magnus Wichelmann
1701 - 1704 Abraham Vink
1704 - 1708 Willem Moerman
1708 - 1709 Adam van der Duijn
1709 - 1716 Barend Ketel
1716 - 1723 Johannes Hertenberg
1723 - 1731 Jacob de Jong
1731 - 1734 Adriaan Maten
1734 - 1742 Julius Valentijn Steijn von
Gollonesse
1742 - 1747 Reinierus Siersma
1747 - 1751 Corijn Stevens
1751 Abraham Cornelis de la Haye
1751 - 1756 Frederik Cunes
1756 - 1761 Casparus de Jong
1761 - 1765 Godefrid Weyerman
1765 - 1768 Cornelis Breekpot
1768 - 1770 Christiaan Lodewijk Senff
1770 - 1781 Adriaan Moens
1781 - 1793 Johan Gerard von Angelbeek
1793 - 1795 Jan Lambertus van Spall
1642 'Bras-ljongs (Sikkim) kingdom established
af.1793 - 1817 annexed by Nepal
16 May 1975 annexed to India (retroactive to 26 Apr 1975)
(see under Indian states after 1947 M-W)
Kings (title Maharaja; from 11 Mar 1965 Mi-dbang Chos-rgyal-chen-po [Chogyal])
- rNam-rgyal dynasty -
1642 - 1670 Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal I (b. 1604 - d. 1670)
[Phuntso Namgyal I]
1670 - 1700 bsTan-srung rNam-rgyal (b. 1644 - d. 1700)
[Tensung Namgyal]
1700 - 1716 Phyag-dor rNam-rgyal (b. 1686 - d. 1716)
[Chhagdor Namgyal]
1716 - 1733 'Gyur-med rNam-rgyal (b. 1707 - d. 1733)
[Gyurmed Namgyal]
1733 Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal II
[Phuntso Namgyal II] (1st time) (b. 1733 - d. 1780)
1733 - 17.. Chan-dzod rTa-mgrin
[Chandzod Tamding] (usurper)
17.. - 1780 Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal II
[Phuntso Namgyal II] (2nd time) (s.a.)
1780 - 1793 bsTan-'dzin rNam-rgyal (b. 1769 - d. 1793)
[Tenzing Namgyal]
(in exile from 17...)
1793 - 1862 gTsug-phud rNam-rgyal (b. 1785 - d. 1863)
[Tsugphud Namgyal]
(in exile ...-1817)
1862 - Apr 1874 Srid-skyong Sprul-sku rNam-rgyal I
[Sidkeong Trulku Namgyal I] (b. 1819 - d. 1874)
(regent 1861-62)
Apr 1874 - 10 Feb 1914 mThu-stobs rNam-rgyal
[Thutob Namgyal (from 12 Dec 1911,
Sir Thutob Namgyal)] (b. 1860 - d. 1914)
(in exile in Tibet 1892-93 and in India 1893-95)
11 Feb 1914 - 5 Dec 1914 Srid-skyong Sprul-sku rNam-rgyal II
[Sidkeong Trulku Namgyal II] (b. 1879 - d. 1914)
5 Dec 1914 - 2 Dec 1963 bKra-shis rNam-rgyal
[Tashi Namgyal (from 1 Jan 1923,
Sir Tashi Namgyal)] (b. 1893 - d. 1963)
5 Dec 1963 - 14 Apr 1975 dPal-ldan Don-grub rNam-rgyal
[Palden Thondup Namgyal] (b. 1923 - d. 1982)
Chief executive
14 Apr 1975 - 16 May 1975 Bipen Bihari Lal (b. 1917 - d. 2008)
Chief ministers
9 May 1949 - 6 Jun 1949 Tashi Tshering
6 Jun 1949 - 11 Aug 1949 Harishwar Dayal (b. 1915 - d. 1964)
Dewans
11 Aug 1949 - 1954 John S. Lall (b. 1914 - d. 2002)
Apr 1954 - 1959 Nari Kaikhosru Rustomji (b. 1919)
22 Aug 1959 - 1963 Baleshwar Prasad (b. 1914 - d. 1996)
Principal administrative officer
1963 - 1969 R.N. Haldipur (b. 1921 - d. 2003)
Sidlon
May 1969 - Jun 1972 Inder Sen Chopra (b. 1909 - d. ...)
Chief administrative officer
9 Apr 1973 - 23 Jul 1974 B.S. Das (b. 1925 - d. 2016)
Prime minister
23 Jul 1974 - 16 May 1975 Kazi Lhendup Dorji (b. 1904 - d. 2007)
British political officers
1889 - 1908 John Claude White (b. 1853 - d. 1918)
1908 - 1920 Charles Bell (1st time) (b. 1870 - d. 1945)
1920 John Bartley (b. 1886 - d. 1954)
1920 - 1921 Charles Bell (2nd time) (s.a.)
1921 - 1928 Frederick Marshman Bailey (b. 1882 - d. 1967)
1928 - 1932 Leslie Weir (b. 1883 - d. 1950)
1932 - 1935 Frederick Williamson (b. 1891 - d. 1935)
1935 - 1945 Basil Gould (from 12 Jun 1941,
Sir Basil Gould) (b. 1883 - d. 1956)
1945 - 1947 Arthur John Hopkinson (b. 1894 - d. 1953)
Indian political officers
1947 - 1948 Arthur John Hopkinson (s.a.)
1948 - 1952 Harishwar Dayal (s.a.)
Mar 1952 - 1955 Balraj Krishna Kapur (b. 1910 - d. ...)
1955 - 1961 Apa B. Pant (b. 1912 - d. 1992)
1961 - 3 Jan 1964 I.J. Bahadur Singh (b. 1914 - d. 1987)
3 Jan 1964 - 11 Feb 1964 J.L. Malhautra (acting) (b. 1915)
11 Feb 1964 - 1966 Avtar Singh (b. 1921)
1966 - 1967 Vincent Herbert Coelho (b. 1917)
Jul 1967 - May 1970 Nedyam Balachandra Menon (b. 1921 - d. 2006)
1970 - 1974 Kayatyani Shankar Bajpai (b. 1928 - d. 2020)
19 Sep 1974 - 1975 Gurbachan Singh (b. 1923 - d. 2012)
1610 Netherlands East Indies
1811 - 1816 British East India Company rule
8 Mar 1942 - 29 Sep 1945 Japanese occupation
17 Aug 1945 independence proclaimed (Republic of Indonesia)
29 Sep 1945 - 30 Nov 1946 British occupation
20 Sep 1948 Indonesia a coequal part of Netherlands realm
27 Dec 1949 independence of the Republic of the United States of
Indonesia, comprising the Republic of Indonesia (covering
parts of Java and Sumatra) and various states and autonomous
territories that had been established since 1946
17 Aug 1950 dissolution of the Republic of the United States of
Indonesia together with its remaining components other than
the Republic of Indonesia, which becomes the successor to
the entire state
Governors-general (of the Dutch East India Company to 1801)
1691 - 1704 Willem van Outhoorn (b. 1635 - d. 1720)
1704 - 1709 Johan van Hoorn (b. 1653 - d. 1711)
1709 - 1713 Abraham van Riebeeck (b. 1653 - d. 1713)
1713 - 1718 Christoffel van Swoll (b. 1663 - d. 1718)
1718 - 1725 Henricus Zwaardecroon (b. 1667 - d. 1728)
Jul 1725 - 1729 Matthaeus de Haan (b. 1663 - d. 1729)
1729 - Oct 1731 Dirk Durven (b. 1676 - d. 1740)
1732 - 1735 Dirk van Cloon (b. 1688 - d. 1735)
1735 - 1737 Abraham Patras (b. 1671 - d. 1737)
1737 - 1741 Adriaan Valckenier (b. 1695 - d. 1751)
1741 - 1743 Johannes Thedens (acting) (b. c.1680 - d. 1748)
May 1743 - 1 Nov 1750 Gustaaf Willem baron van Imhoff (b. 1705 - d. 1750)
1 Nov 1750 - 15 May 1761 Jacob Mossel (acting to 1752) (b. 1720 - d. 1761)
15 May 1761 - 1775 Petrus Albertus van der Parra (b. 1714 - d. 1775)
1775 - 1777 Jeremias van Riemsdijk (b. 1712 - d. 1777)
1777 - 1780 Reinier de Klerk (b. 1710 - d. 1780)
1780 - 1796 Willem Arnold Alting (b. 1724 - d. 1800)
1796 - 22 Aug 1801 Peter Gerhardus van Overstraten (b. 1755 - d. 1801)
Apr 1802 - Sep 1804 Johannes Siberg (b. 1740 - d. 1817)
Sep 1804 - 14 Jan 1808 Albertus Henricus Wiese (b. 1761 - d. 1810)
14 Jan 1808 - 16 May 1811 Herman Willem Daendels (b. 1762 - d. 1818)
16 May 1811 - 18 Sep 1811 Jan Willem Janssens (b. 1762 - d. 1838)
Lieutenant governors
Sep 1811 - Mar 1816 Stamford Raffles (b. 1781 - d. 1826)
Mar 1816 - Aug 1816 John Fendall (b. 1762 - d. 1825)
Commissioners-general
19 Aug 1816 - 16 Jan 1819 Cornelis Theodorus Elout (b. 1767 - d. 1841)
+ Jonkheer Godert Alexander Gerard
Philip van der Capellen (b. 1778 - d. 1848)
+ Arnold Adriaan Buyskes (b. 1771 - d. 1838)
Governors-general
16 Jan 1819 - 1 Jan 1826 Godert Alexander Gerard Philip
(from 28 Apr 1822, baron) van der
Capellen (s.a.)
4 Feb 1826 - 16 Jan 1830 Hendrik Merkus de Kock (b. 1779 - d. 1845)
(lieutenant governor)
16 Jan 1830 - 2 Jul 1833 Johannes van den Bosch (b. 1780 - d. 1844)
2 Jul 1833 - 29 Feb 1836 Jean Chrétien Baud (acting) (b. 1789 - d. 1859)
29 Feb 1836 - 30 May 1840 Dominique Jacques de Eerens (b. 1781 - d. 1840)
30 May 1840 - 6 Jan 1841 Carel Sirardus Willem graaf
van Hogendorp (acting) (b. 1788 - d. 1856)
6 Jan 1841 - 2 Aug 1844 Pieter Merkus (b. 1787 - d. 1844)
(acting to 14 Feb 1843)
2 Aug 1844 - 30 Sep 1845 Jan Cornelis van Reijnst (acting) (b. 1798 - d. 1871)
30 Sep 1845 - 12 May 1851 Jan Jacob Rochussen (b. 1797 - d. 1871)
15 May 1851 - 22 May 1856 Albertus Jacobus Duymaer van Twist (b. 1809 - d. 1887)
22 May 1856 - 2 Sep 1861 Charles Ferdinand Pahud (b. 1803 - d. 1873)
2 Sep 1861 - 19 Oct 1861 Ary Prins (1st time) (acting) (b. 1816 - d. 1867)
19 Oct 1861 - 25 Oct 1866 Ludolph Anne Jan Wilt baron Sloet
van de Beele (b. 1806 - d. 1890)
25 Oct 1866 - 28 Dec 1866 Ary Prins (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
28 Dec 1866 - 1 Jan 1872 Pieter Mijer (b. 1812 - d. 1881)
1 Jan 1872 - 26 Mar 1875 James Loudon (b. 1824 - d. 1900)
26 Mar 1875 - 12 Apr 1881 Johan Wilhelm van Lansberge (b. 1830 - d. 1905)
12 Apr 1881 - 20 Jan 1884 Frederik s'Jacob (b. 1822 - d. 1901)
11 Apr 1884 - 29 Sep 1888 Otto van Rees (b. 1823 - d. 1892)
29 Sep 1888 - 15 Jul 1893 Cornelis Pijnacker Hordijk (b. 1847 - d. 1908)
17 Oct 1893 - 3 Oct 1899 Carel Herman Aart van der Wijck (b. 1840 - d. 1914)
3 Oct 1899 - 1 Oct 1904 Willem Rooseboom (b. 1843 - d. 1920)
1 Oct 1904 - 18 Dec 1909 Joannes Benedictus van Heutsz (b. 1851 - d. 1924)
18 Dec 1909 - 21 Mar 1916 Alexander Willem Frederik Idenburg (b. 1861 - d. 1935)
21 Mar 1916 - 24 Mar 1921 Johan Paul graaf van Limburg
Stirum (b. 1873 - d. 1948)
24 Mar 1921 - 6 Sep 1926 Dirk Fock (b. 1858 - d. 1941)
7 Sep 1926 - 11 Sep 1931 Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff (b. 1872 - d. 1957)
12 Sep 1931 - 16 Sep 1936 Jonkheer Bonifacius Cornelis de
Jonge (b. 1875 - d. 1958)
16 Sep 1936 - 16 Oct 1945 Alidius Warmoldus Lambertus Tjarda
van Starkenborgh Stachouwer (b. 1888 - d. 1978)
14 Sep 1944 - 15 Oct 1948 Hubertus Johannes van Mook (b. 1894 - d. 1965)
(lieutenant governor [acting to 23 Feb 1945];
acting for Tjarda to 16 Oct 1945)
Commanders of British forces
29 Sep 1945 - 30 Jan 1946 Sir Philip Christison (b. 1893 - d. 1993)
30 Jan 1946 - 19 Apr 1946 Sir Montagu Stopford (b. 1892 - d. 1971)
19 Apr 1946 - 30 Nov 1946 E.C. Mansergh (b. 1900 - d. 1970)
High commissioners
29 Oct 1948 - 18 May 1949 Louis Beel (b. 1902 - d. 1977)
18 May 1949 - 27 Dec 1949 Antonius Hermanus Johannes Lovink (b. 1902 - d. 1995)
Presidents
17 Aug 1945 - 12 Mar 1967 Sukarno (b. 1901 - d. 1970)
(Dutch prisoner 19 Dec 1948 - 13 Jul 1949)
19 Dec 1948 - 13 Jul 1949 Sjafruddin Prawiranegara (b. 1911 - d. 1989)
(head of emergency government acting for Sukarno)
27 Dec 1949 - 17 Aug 1950 Assaat (b. 1904 - d. 1976)
(acting president of Republic of Indonesia)
15 Feb 1958 - 28 Aug 1961 Sjafruddin Prawiranegara (s.a.)
(head of provisional government, in rebellion;
United Indonesian Republic proclaimed 15 Feb 1960)
12 Mar 1967 - 21 May 1998 Suharto (b. 1921 - d. 2008)
(acting to 27 Mar 1968)
21 May 1998 - 20 Oct 1999 B.J. Habibie (b. 1936 - d. 2019)
20 Oct 1999 - 23 Jul 2001 Abdurrahman Wahid (b. 1940 - d. 2009)
23 Jul 2001 - 20 Oct 2004 Megawati Sukarnoputri (f) (b. 1947)
20 Oct 2004 - 20 Oct 2014 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (b. 1949)
20 Oct 2014 - Joko Widodo (b. 1961)
Prime ministers
14 Nov 1945 - 20 Jun 1947 Sutan Sjahrir (b. 1909 - d. 1966)
3 Jul 1947 - 29 Jan 1948 Amir Sjarifoeddin (b. 1903 - d. 1948)
29 Jan 1948 - 17 Aug 1950 Mohammad Hatta (b. 1902 - d. 1980)
27 Dec 1949 - 16 Jan 1950 Susanto Tirtoprodjo (b. 1909 - d. 1969)
(acting; Republic of Indonesia)
16 Jan 1950 - 5 Sep 1950 Abdul Halim (b. 1911 - d. 1987)
(Republic of Indonesia)
5 Sep 1950 - 27 Apr 1951 Mohammad Natsir (b. 1908 - d. 1993)
27 Apr 1951 - 1 Apr 1952 Sukiman Wirjosandjojo (b. 1898 - d. 1974)
1 Apr 1952 - 30 Jul 1953 Wilopo (b. 1909 - d. 1981)
30 Jul 1953 - 11 Aug 1955 Ali Sastroamidjojo (1st time) (b. 1903 - d. 1975)
11 Aug 1955 - 20 Mar 1956 Burhanuddin Harahap (b. 1917 - d. 1987)
20 Mar 1956 - 9 Apr 1957 Ali Sastroamidjojo (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Apr 1957 - 9 Jul 1959 Djuanda Kartawidjaja (b. 1911 - d. 1963)
First minister
9 Jul 1959 - 7 Nov 1963 Djuanda Kartawidjaja (s.a.)
1685 British rule
1825 part of Netherlands East Indies
Deputy governors
1685 Ralph Ord
1685 - 1690 Benjamin Bloome
1690 - 1691 James Sowdon
1691 - 1695 Charles Fleetwood
1695 - 1696 Charles Barwell
1696 - 1699 Matthew Mildmay
1699 - 1700 Robert Broughton
1700 - 1705 Richard Watts
1705 - 1708 Matthew Ridley
1708 James Cross
1708 Abraham Hoyle
1708 John Delapie
1708 - 1710 Robert Skingle
1710 Jeremiah Harrison (supervisor)
1710 - 1711 Anthony Ettricke
1711 - 1712 John Daniell
1712 John Hunter
1712 - 1716 Joseph Collett
1716 - 1717 Theophilus Shyllinge
1717 - 1718 Richard Farmer
1718 - 1719 Thomas Cooke (supervisor)
17.. - 1723 Thomas Dunster
1723 - 1728 Joseph Walsh
1728 - 1730 Nicholas Morse
1730 - 1731 Stephen Newcome
1731 - 1736 Francis Everest
1736 - 1746 Robert Lennox
1746 - 1752 Joseph Hurlock
1752 - 1754 Robert Hindley
1754 - 1755 John Walsh (supervisor)
1755 - 1757 John Pybus
1757 - 1758 Randolph Marriott
1758 - 1760 Roger Carter
Governors
1760 - 1767 Roger Carter
1767 - 1776 Richard Wyatt
1776 Robert Hay
1776 - 1780 William Broff
1780 - 1781 Hew Steuart
1781 - 1785 Edward Coles
Deputy governors
1785 - 1786 John Crisp (1st time)
1786 - 1787 Thomas Palmer
1787 - 1789 George Salmon (supervisor)
1789 - 1793 John Crisp (2nd time)
1793 - 1799 Robert Broff
1799 John Crisp (3rd time)
1799 - 1800 Philip Braham
1800 - 1805 Walter Ewer
Residents
1805 - 1807 Thomas Parr (b. 17... - d. 1807)
1808 - 1810 Richard Parry
1810 - 1812 William Parker
1812 - 1818 George John Siddons
Lieutenant governor
Mar 1818 - 1824 Sir Stamford Raffles (b. 1781 - d. 1826)
Resident
1824 - 1825 John Prince
1828 part of Netherlands East Indies
29 Dec 1949 Netherlands New Guinea
1 Oct 1962 UN administration
1 May 1963 part of Indonesia
Governors
29 Dec 1949 - 8 Feb 1950 Jan Pieter Karel van Eechoud (b. 1904 - d. 1958)
(acting)
8 Feb 1950 - 24 Apr 1953 S.L.J. van Waardenburg (b. 1900 - d. 1975)
24 Apr 1953 - 31 Mar 1958 Jan van Baal (b. 1909 - d. 1992)
31 Mar 1958 - 1 May 1958 Jan Christoffel Baarspul (acting) (b. 1910 - d. 1988)
1 May 1958 - 28 Sep 1962 Pieter Johannes Platteel (b. 1911 - d. 1978)
28 Sep 1962 - 30 Sep 1962 Henk Veldkamp (acting)
Administrators
1 Oct 1962 - 15 Nov 1962 José Rolz Bennett (Guatemala) (b. 1918 - d. 1972)
(acting)
15 Nov 1962 - 1 May 1963 Djalal Abdoh (Iran) (b. 1910 - d. 1992)
25 Apr 1950 Republic of South Moluccas proclaimed
Oct 1952 extinguished by Indonesia
Presidents
25 Apr 1950 - 3 May 1950 Johanes Herman Manuhutu (acting) (b. 1908 - d. ...)
3 May 1950 - 12 Apr 1966 Chris Soumokil (b. 1905 - d. 1966)
(Indonesian prisoner from 2 Dec 1962)
1966 - 10 Apr 1993 Johannes Alvarez Manusama (b. 1910 - d. 1995)
(in Netherlands exile)
10 Apr 1993 - 17 Apr 2010 Frans L.J. Tutuhatunewa (b. 1923 - d. 2016)
(in Netherlands exile)
17 Apr 2010 - John Wattilete (b. 1955)
(in Netherlands exile)
Prime minister
25 Apr 1950 - 30 Oct 1950 Albert Wairisal (b. 1909 - d. 1990)
Jl/Au 1501 Kingdom or Empire of Iran (literally "The [God-]Protected
Realms of Iran") (English name Persia until 21 Mar 1935)
1 Apr 1979 Islamic Republic of Iran
Rahbars¹
1 Jan 1980 - 3 Jun 1989 Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (b. 1902 - d. 1989)
4 Jun 1989 - Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Khamenei (b. 1939)
Shahs (full style Shahanshah [King of Kings])
(note that rules by members of different dynasties overlap)
- Safawi dynasty -
6 Aug 1694 - 23 Oct 1722 Soltan Hoseyn I (b. c.1668 - d. 1726)
10 Nov 1722 - 2 Sep 1732 Tahmasp II (b. 1704 - d. 1740)
8 Nov 1726 - Jul 1728 Sayyed Ahmad (in opposition) (b. ... - d. 1728)
3 Sep 1732 - 8 Mar 1736 Abbas III (b. 1732 - d. 1740)
17 Dec 1749 - 9 Jan 1750 Soleyman II (b. 1714 - d. 1763)
9 Jan 1750 - 1773 Esmail III (b. 1733 - d. 1773)
1753 - Jun 1753 Soltan Hoseyn II (in opposition)
1780 - 1786 Abu al-Fath Mohammad (b. ... - d. 1794)
- Ghalzay dynasty -
23 Oct 1722 - 25 Apr 1725 Mahmud (b. c.1699 - d. 1725)
26 Apr 1725 - 13 Nov 1729 Ashraf (b. c.1700 - d. 1730)
- Afshar dynasty -
8 Mar 1736 - 1 Jul 1747 Nader (b. 1698 - d. 1747)
6 Jul 1747 - 24 Sep 1748 Adel (b. 1719 - d. 1749)
24 Sep 1748 - May 1749 Ebrahim (b. c.1724 - d. 1749)
(to 8 Dec 1748 regent as Ebrahim Khan)
May 1749 - 17 Dec 1749 Esmail Rokh (1st time) (b. 1734 - d. 1796)
(in opposition from 1 Oct 1748)
26 Jan 1750 - Jun 1750 Esmail Rokh (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 May 1755 - 14 May 1796 Esmail Rokh (3rd time) (s.a.)
- Zand dynasty² -
1773 - 1 Mar 1779 Mohammad Karim Khan Zand (b. c.1707 - d. 1779)
6 Mar 1779 - 1779 Abu al-Fath Khan Zand (1st time) (b. 1755 - d. 1787)
jointly with
6 Mar 1779 - 19 Jun 1779 Mohammad Ali Khan Zand (b. 1760 - d. ...)
19 Jun 1779 - 22 Aug 1779 Abu al-Fath Khan Zand (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Aug 1779 - 14 Mar 1781 Mohammad Sadeq Khan Zand (b. ... - d. 1782)
15 Mar 1781 - 11 Feb 1785 Ali Morad Khan Zand (b. ... - d. 1785)
12 Feb 1785 - 17 Feb 1785 Baqer Khan Khorasakani
18 Feb 1785 - 23 Jan 1789 Jaafar Khan Zand (b. ... - d. 1789)
23 Jan 1789 - 10 May 1789 Seyd Morad Khan Zand
10 May 1789 - 30 Oct 1794 Lotf Ali Khan Zand (b. c.1766 - d. 1794)
(Shahanshah from Mar 1794)
- Qajar dynasty -
12 Mar 1786 - 17 Jun 1797 Mohammad Qajar (b. 1742 - d. 1797)
(to 14 May 1796 regent as Aga Mohammad Khan Qajar)
17 Jun 1797 - 23 Oct 1834 Fath Ali Qajar (b. 1772 - d. 1834)
(to 29 Jul 1797 regent as Baba Khan Qajar)
7 Nov 1834 - 4 Sep 1848 Mohammad Qajar (b. 1808 - d. 1848)
16 Nov 1834 - Dec 1834 Ali Qajar (in rebellion) (b. 1789 - d. 1854)
5 Dec 1834 - 29 Mar 1835 Hossein Ali Qajar (in rebellion) (b. 1789 - d. 1835)
13 Sep 1848 - 1 May 1896 Naser ad-Din Qajar (b. 1831 - d. 1896)
2 May 1896 - 8 Jan 1907 Mozaffar ad-Din Qajar (b. 1853 - d. 1907)
8 Jan 1907 - 16 Jul 1909 Mohammad Ali Qajar (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1924)
16 Jul 1909 - 31 Oct 1925 Soltan Ahmad Qajar (b. 1898 - d. 1930)
18 Jul 1909 - 22 Sep 1910 Ali Reza Khan-e Qajar Quyunlu (b. 1847 - d. 1910)
(regent)
23 Sep 1910 - 21 Jul 1914 Nasir al-Mulk (regent) (b. 1856 - d. 1927)
17 Jun 1911 - Jul 1911 Mohammad Ali Qajar (2nd time) (s.a.)
(in rebellion)
24 Mar 1924 - 31 Oct 1925 Prince Mohammad Hassan Mirza (b. 1899 - d. 1943)
(regent)
- Pahlavi dynasty -
31 Oct 1925 - 16 Sep 1941 Reza Pahlavi (b. 1878 - d. 1944)
(Provisional Head of State to 15 Dec 1925)
16 Sep 1941 - 5 Feb 1979 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (b. 1919 - d. 1980)
(in exile 16-22 Aug 1953 [Baghdad; from 18 Aug 1953, Rome]
and from 16 Jan 1979 [Egypt; from 22 Jan 1979, Morocco])
16 Jan 1979 - 22 Jan 1979 Sayyed Jalaleddin Tehrani
(chairman Regency Council)
Leader of the Revolution
5 Feb 1979 - 4 Feb 1980 Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (s.a.)
Presidents
4 Feb 1980 - 22 Jun 1981 Abolhassan Bani-Sadr (b. 1933 - d. 2021)
22 Jun 1981 - 2 Aug 1981 Provisional Presidential Council
- Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti (b. 1928 - d. 1981)
(to 28 Jun 1981)
- Ayatollah Abdolkarim
Moussavi-Ardabili (1st time) (b. 1932 - d. 2016)
(from 29 Jun 1981)
- Hojatolislam Ali Akbar Hashemi
Rafsanjani (1st time) (b. 1934 - d. 2017)
- Mohammad Ali Raja´i (b. 1933 - d. 1981)
2 Aug 1981 - 30 Aug 1981 Mohammad Ali Raja´i (s.a.)
30 Aug 1981 - 13 Oct 1981 Provisional Presidential Council
- Ayatollah Mohammad Reza
Mahdavi-Kani (b. 1931 - d. 2014)
(from 2 Sep 1981)
- Ayatollah Abdolkarim
Moussavi-Ardabili (2nd time) (s.a.)
- Hojatolislam Ali Akbar Hashemi
Rafsanjani (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Oct 1981 - 3 Aug 1989 Hojatolislam Sayyed Ali Khamenei
(from 4 Jun 1989, Ayatollah Sayyed
Ali Khamenei) (s.a.)
3 Aug 1989 - 3 Aug 1997 Hojatolislam Ali Akbar Hashemi
Rafsanjani (s.a.)
3 Aug 1997 - 3 Aug 2005 Hojatolislam Mohammad Khatami (b. 1943)
3 Aug 2005 - 3 Aug 2013 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (b. 1956)
3 Aug 2013 - 3 Aug 2021 Hojatolislam Hassan Rouhani (b. 1948)
3 Aug 2021 - Hojatolislam Ebrahim Raisi (b. 1960)
Prime ministers
1 May 1907 - 31 Aug 1907 Mirza Ali Asghar Khan (b. 1856 - d. 1907)
9 Sep 1907 - 13 Sep 1907 Mirza Nasrollah Khan (b. 18... - d. 1907)
25 Oct 1907 - 21 Dec 1907 Nasir al-Mulk (1st time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1907 - May 1908 Nizam as-Saltana (b. 1832 - d. 1908)
May 1908 - 7 Jun 1908 Murtaza Quli Khan (b. 18... - d. 1911)
7 Jun 1908 - 29 Apr 1909 Mushir as-Saltana (b. 1872 - d. 1935)
29 Apr 1909 - May 1909 Prince Kamran Mirza (b. 1856 - d. 1929)
May 1909 - 16 Jul 1909 Saad ad-Daula (1st time)
16 Jul 1909 - 6 Oct 1909 Nasir al-Mulk (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Oct 1909 - Jul 1910 Mohammad Wali Khan (1st time) (b. 1884/85 - d. 1926)
Jul 1910 - 19 Jul 1911 Mirza Hassan Khan (1st time) (b. 1874 - d. 1932)
19 Jul 1911 - 26 Jul 1911 Mohammad Wali Khan (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Jul 1911 - 23 Nov 1912 Najaf Quli Khan (1st time)
23 Nov 1912 - 11 Jan 1913 Saad ad-Daula (2nd time)
11 Jan 1913 - 1 Jul 1914 Mirza Mohammad Ali Khan (b. 1872 - d. 1918)
1 Jul 1914 - Feb 1915 Mirza Hassan Khan (2nd time) (s.a.)
Feb 1915 - Apr 1915 Prince Abdol Hossein Mirza
(1st time) (b. 1858 - d. 1939)
Apr 1915 - Jul 1915 Mirza Hassan Khan (3rd time) (s.a.)
Jul 1915 - 18 Aug 1915 Prince Sultan Abdol Majid Mirza
(1st time) (b. 1845 - d. 1926)
18 Aug 1915 - 25 Dec 1915 Mirza Hassan Khan (4th time) (s.a.)
25 Dec 1915 - Mar 1916 Prince Abdol Hossein Mirza
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Mar 1916 - Jul 1917 Mohammad Wali Khan (3rd time) (s.a.)
Jul 1917 - Dec 1917 Mirza Hassan Khan (5th time) (s.a.)
Dec 1917 - May 1918 Prince Sultan Abdol Majid Mirza
(2nd time) (s.a.)
May 1918 - Aug 1918 Najaf Quli Khan (2nd time)
Aug 1918 - 21 Feb 1921 Mirza Hassan Khan (6th time) (s.a.)
21 Feb 1921 - 4 Jun 1921 Sayyed Ziauddin Tabatabai (b. 1888 - d. 1969)
4 Jun 1921 - 12 Oct 1921 Ahmad Qavam as-Saltana (1st time) (b. 1876 - d. 1955)
12 Oct 1921 - 20 Jan 1922 Shaw as-Saltana
20 Jan 1922 - 11 Jun 1922 Mirza Hassan Khan Pirnia
(1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1935)
11 Jun 1922 - 30 Jan 1923 Ahmad Qavam as-Saltana (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Jan 1923 - 15 Jun 1923 Mirza Hassan Khan (7th time) (s.a.)
15 Jun 1923 - 28 Oct 1923 Mirza Hassan Khan Pirnia
(2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Oct 1923 - 1 Nov 1925 Reza Khan (= Reza Pahlavi) (s.a.)
1 Nov 1925 - 13 Jun 1926 Mohammad Ali Khan Forughi
(1st time) (b. 1877 - d. 1942)
13 Jun 1926 - 2 Jun 1927 Mirza Hassan Khan (8th time) (s.a.)
2 Jun 1927 - 18 Sep 1933 Mahdi Qoli Khan Hidayat
18 Sep 1933 - 3 Dec 1935 Mohammad Ali Khan Forughi
(2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Dec 1935 - 27 Oct 1939 Mahmud Jam (b. 1880 - d. 1969)
27 Oct 1939 - 26 Jun 1940 Ahmad Matin-Daftari (b. 1896 - d. 1971)
26 Jun 1940 - 27 Aug 1941 Ali Mansur (1st time) (b. 1895 - d. 1974)
27 Aug 1941 - 9 Mar 1942 Mohammad Ali Khan Forughi
(3rd time) (s.a.)
9 Mar 1942 - 9 Aug 1942 Ali Soheili (1st time) (b. 1896 - d. 1958)
9 Aug 1942 - 15 Feb 1943 Ahmad Qavam as-Saltana (3rd time) (s.a.)
15 Feb 1943 - 6 Apr 1944 Ali Soheili (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Apr 1944 - 25 Nov 1944 Mohammad Said Maraghei (1st time) (b. 1881 - d. 1973)
25 Nov 1944 - 13 May 1945 Morteza Qoli Khan Bayat (b. 1882 - d. 1955)
13 May 1945 - 7 Jun 1945 Ebrahim Hakimi (1st time) (b. 1869 - d. 1959)
7 Jun 1945 - 24 Oct 1945 Mohsen Sadr (b. 1883 - d. 1962)
24 Oct 1945 - 26 Jan 1946 Ebrahim Hakimi (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Jan 1946 - 10 Dec 1947 Ahmad Qavam as-Saltana (4th time) (s.a.)
28 Dec 1947 - 13 Jun 1948 Ebrahim Hakimi (3rd time) (s.a.)
13 Jun 1948 - 9 Nov 1948 Abdol Hossein Hajir (b. 1897 - d. 1949)
9 Nov 1948 - 23 Mar 1950 Mohammad Said Maraghei (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Mar 1950 - 26 Jun 1950 Ali Mansur (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Jun 1950 - 7 Mar 1951 Ali Razmara (b. 1901 - d. 1951)
12 Mar 1951 - 30 Apr 1951 Hossein Ala (1st time) (b. 1882 - d. 1964)
30 Apr 1951 - 17 Jul 1952 Mohammad Mossadegh (1st time) (b. 1882 - d. 1967)
17 Jul 1952 - 22 Jul 1952 Ahmad Qavam as-Saltana (5th time) (s.a.)
22 Jul 1952 - 19 Aug 1953 Mohammad Mossadegh (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Aug 1953 - 7 Apr 1955 Fazlollah Zahedi (b. 1897 - d. 1963)
7 Apr 1955 - 3 Apr 1957 Hossein Ala (2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Apr 1957 - 31 Aug 1960 Manuchehr Ekbal (b. 1909 - d. 1977)
31 Aug 1960 - 9 May 1961 Jaafar Sharif-Emami (1st time) (b. 1910 - d. 1998)
9 May 1961 - 21 Jul 1962 Ali Amini (b. 1905 - d. 1992)
21 Jul 1962 - 7 Mar 1964 Asadollah Alam (b. 1919 - d. 1978)
7 Mar 1964 - 26 Jan 1965 Hassan Ali Mansur (b. 1923 - d. 1965)
21 Jan 1965 - 7 Aug 1977 Amir Abbas Hoveida (b. 1919 - d. 1979)
(acting to 27 Jan 1965 [for Mansur to 26 Jan 1965])
7 Aug 1977 - 27 Aug 1978 Jamshid Amouzegar (b. 1923 - d. 2016)
27 Aug 1978 - 6 Nov 1978 Jaafar Sharif-Emami (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Nov 1978 - 4 Jan 1979 Gholam Reza Azhari (b. 1917 - d. 2001)
4 Jan 1979 - 5 Feb 1979³ Shahpur Bakhtiar (b. 1914 - d. 1991)
5 Feb 1979 - 6 Nov 1979 Mehdi Bazargan (b. 1907 - d. 1995)
6 Nov 1979 - 12 Aug 1980 Islamic Revolutionary Council
12 Aug 1980 - 4 Aug 1981 Mohammad Ali Raja´i (s.a.)
4 Aug 1981 - 30 Aug 1981 Hojatolislam Mohammad Javad
Bahonar (b. 1933 - d. 1981)
2 Sep 1981 - 31 Oct 1981 Ayatollah Mohammad Reza
Mahdavi-Kani (s.a.)
31 Oct 1981 - 3 Aug 1989 Mir Hossein Moussavi (b. 1941)
¹Often called spiritual leaders, but the term rahbar that appears in the constitution simply means "leader."
5 Jun 1920 secession as Soviet Republic of Gilan
23 Oct 1921 retaken by Iran
Rulers
5 Jun 1920 - 30 Jun 1920 Mirza Koochak Khan (b. 1880 - d. 1921)
1920 - 23 Oct 1921 Ihsan Allah Khan
12 Dec 1945 autonomous government declared 12 Dec 1946 disbanded Head of the Azerbaijani National Government 12 Dec 1945 - 12 Dec 1946 Jafar Pishevari (b. 1892 - d. 1947)
22 Jan 1946 autonomous Republic of Kurdistan proclaimed at Mahabad 15 Dec 1946 disbanded President 22 Jan 1946 - 15 Dec 1946 Qazi Mohammad (b. 1901 - d. 1947)
Prime minister 11 Feb 1946 - 15 Dec 1946 Haji Baba Sheikh
18 Nov 1534 part of Ottoman Empire
11 Mar 1917 British occupation
11 Nov 1920 State of Iraq (British protectorate)
23 Aug 1921 Iraqi Kingdom
3 Oct 1932 full independence
14 Feb 1958 - 14 Jul 1958 federation with Jordan (Arab Union)
14 Jul 1958 Iraqi Republic
20 Mar 2003 U.S.-U.K. invasion (Baghdad taken 9 Apr 2003)
28 Jun 2004 sovereignty returned
Civil commissioners
Aug 1917 - May 1918 Sir Percy Cox (b. 1864 - d. 1937)
May 1918 - 1 Oct 1920 Arnold Wilson (from 18 May 1920,
Sir Arnold Wilson) (acting) (b. 1884 - d. 1940)
High commissioners
1 Oct 1920 - 4 May 1923 Sir Percy Cox (s.a.)
4 May 1923 - 3 Feb 1929 Sir Henry Robert Conway Dobbs (b. 1871 - d. 1934)
(acting to 15 Sep 1923)
3 Mar 1929 - 11 Sep 1929 Sir Gilbert Clayton (b. 1875 - d. 1929)
3 Oct 1929 - 3 Oct 1932 Sir Francis Henry Humphrys (b. 1879 - d. 1971)
Chairman of the Council of State
11 Nov 1920 - 23 Aug 1921 Saiyid Abdul Rahman al-Haydari
al-Gaylani (b. 1841 - d. 1927)
Kings
23 Aug 1921 - 8 Sep 1933 Faysal I (b. 1885 - d. 1933)
8 Sep 1933 - 4 Apr 1939 Ghazi I (b. 1912 - d. 1939)
4 Apr 1939 - 14 Jul 1958 Faysal II (b. 1935 - d. 1958)
(also head of Arab Union from 14 Feb 1958)
4 Apr 1939 - 1 Apr 1941 Abdul Ilah (1st time) (regent) (b. 1913 - d. 1958)
1 Apr 1941 - 1 Jun 1941 Sharaf ibn Rajih Al Fawwaz (b. 1880 - d. 1955)
(regent)
1 Jun 1941 - 2 May 1953 Abdul Ilah (2nd time) (regent) (s.a.)
Chairman of the Sovereignty Council
14 Jul 1958 - 8 Feb 1963 Muhammad Najib al-Rubai (b. 1904 - d. 19...)
Presidents
8 Feb 1963 - 13 Apr 1966 Abdul Salam Arif (b. 1921 - d. 1966)
(provisional to 20 Nov 1963)
13 Apr 1966 - 17 Apr 1966 Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz (acting) (b. 1913 - d. 1973)
17 Apr 1966 - 17 Jul 1968 Abdul Rahman Arif (b. 1916 - d. 2007)
17 Jul 1968 - 16 Jul 1979 Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr (b. 1914 - d. 1982)
16 Jul 1979 - 9 Apr 2003 Saddam Hussein (b. 1937 - d. 2006)
Supreme commanders of occupation forces (commanders-in-chief, U.S. Central Command)
9 Apr 2003 - 7 Jul 2003 Tommy Franks (b. 1945)
7 Jul 2003 - 28 Jun 2004 John Abizaid (b. 1951)
Presidents
28 Jun 2004 - 7 Apr 2005 Ghazi al-Yawer (b. 1958)
7 Apr 2005 - 24 Jul 2014 Jalal Talabani (b. 1933 - d. 2017)
18 Dec 2012 - 19 Jul 2014 Khudair al-Khuzai (b. 1948)
(acting for Talabani)
24 Jul 2014 - 2 Oct 2018 Fuad Masum (b. 1938)
2 Oct 2018 - 13 Oct 2022 Barham Salih (b. 1960)
13 Oct 2022 - Abdul Latif Rashid (b. 1944)
Prime ministers
11 Nov 1920 - 20 Nov 1922 Saiyid Abdul Rahman al-Haydari
al-Gaylani (s.a.)
20 Nov 1922 - 22 Nov 1923 Abdul Muhsin Bey al-Saadun
(1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1929)
22 Nov 1923 - 2 Aug 1924 Jaafar al-Askari (1st time) (b. 1887 - d. 1936)
2 Aug 1924 - 26 Jun 1925 Yasin al-Hashimi (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1937)
26 Jun 1925 - 21 Nov 1926 Abdul Muhsin Bey al-Saadun
(2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Nov 1926 - 11 Jan 1928 Jaafar al-Askari (2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Jan 1928 - 28 Apr 1929 Abdul Muhsin Bey al-Saadun
(3rd time) (s.a.)
28 Apr 1929 - 19 Sep 1929 Tawfiq al-Suwaidi (1st time) (b. 1891 - d. 1968)
19 Sep 1929 - 13 Nov 1929 Abdul Muhsin Bey al-Saadun
(4th time) (s.a.)
18 Nov 1929 - 23 Mar 1930 Ibrahim Naji Bey al-Suwaidi (b. 1882 - d. 1942)
23 Mar 1930 - 3 Nov 1932 Nuri Pasha al-Said (1st time) (b. 1888 - d. 1958)
3 Nov 1932 - 20 Mar 1933 Naji Shaukat Bey (b. 1891 - d. 1980)
20 Mar 1933 - 9 Nov 1933 Rashid Ali al-Gaylani (1st time) (b. 1892 - d. 1965)
9 Nov 1933 - 27 Aug 1934 Jamil al-Midfai (1st time) (b. 1890 - d. 1958)
27 Aug 1934 - 4 Mar 1935 Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi (1st time) (b. 1896 - d. 1969)
4 Mar 1935 - 17 Mar 1935 Jamil al-Midfai (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Mar 1935 - 30 Oct 1936 Yasin al-Hashimi (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Oct 1936 - 17 Aug 1937 Hikmat Sulayman (b. 1889 - d. 1964)
17 Aug 1937 - 25 Dec 1938 Jamil al-Midfai (3rd time) (s.a.)
25 Dec 1938 - 31 Mar 1940 Nuri Pasha al-Said (2nd time) (s.a.)
31 Mar 1940 - 3 Feb 1941 Rashid Ali al-Gaylani (2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Feb 1941 - 13 Apr 1941 Taha al-Hashimi (b. 1888 - d. 1961)
13 Apr 1941 - 30 May 1941 Rashid Ali al-Gaylani (3rd time) (s.a.)
4 Jun 1941 - 10 Oct 1941 Jamil al-Midfai (4th time) (s.a.)
10 Oct 1941 - 4 Jun 1944 Nuri Pasha al-Said (3rd time) (s.a.)
4 Jun 1944 - 23 Feb 1946 Hamdi al-Pachachi (b. 1891 - d. 1948)
23 Feb 1946 - 1 Jun 1946 Tawfiq al-Suwaidi (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jun 1946 - 21 Nov 1946 Arshad al-Umari (1st time) (b. 1888 - d. 1978)
21 Nov 1946 - 29 Mar 1947 Nuri Pasha al-Said (4th time) (s.a.)
29 Mar 1947 - 29 Jan 1948 Sayyid Salih Jabr (b. 1896 - d. 1957)
29 Jan 1948 - 26 Jun 1948 Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr (b. 1882 - d. 1956)
26 Jun 1948 - 6 Jan 1949 Muzahim al-Pachachi (b. 1891 - d. 1982)
6 Jan 1949 - 10 Dec 1949 Nuri Pasha al-Said (5th time) (s.a.)
10 Dec 1949 - 5 Feb 1950 Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Feb 1950 - 15 Sep 1950 Tawfiq al-Suwaidi (3rd time) (s.a.)
15 Sep 1950 - 12 Jul 1952 Nuri Pasha al-Said (6th time) (s.a.)
12 Jul 1952 - 23 Nov 1952 Mustafa al-Umari (b. 1894 - d. 1960)
23 Nov 1952 - 29 Jan 1953 Nureddin Mahmud (b. 1899 - d. ...)
29 Jan 1953 - 17 Sep 1953 Jamil al-Midfai (5th time) (s.a.)
17 Sep 1953 - 29 Apr 1954 Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali (b. 1903 - d. 1997)
29 Apr 1954 - 4 Aug 1954 Arshad al-Umari (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Aug 1954 - 20 Jun 1957 Nuri Pasha al-Said (7th time) (s.a.)
20 Jun 1957 - 15 Dec 1957 Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi (3rd time) (s.a.)
15 Dec 1957 - 3 Mar 1958 Abdul Wahhab Marjan (b. 1910 - d. 1964)
3 Mar 1958 - 18 May 1958 Nuri Pasha al-Said (8th time) (s.a.)
(18 May - 14 Jul 1958 premier of Arab Union)
18 May 1958 - 14 Jul 1958 Ahmad Mukhtar Baban (b. 1900 - d. 1976)
14 Jul 1958 - 8 Feb 1963 Abdul Karim Kassem (b. 1914 - d. 1963)
8 Feb 1963 - 18 Nov 1963 Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr (1st time) (s.a.)
20 Nov 1963 - 6 Sep 1965 Tahir Yahya (1st time) (b. 1913 - d. 1986)
6 Sep 1965 - 16 Sep 1965 Arif Abdul Razzak (b. 1921 - d. 2007)
21 Sep 1965 - 9 Aug 1966 Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz (s.a.)
9 Aug 1966 - 10 May 1967 Naji Talib (b. 1917 - d. 2012)
10 May 1967 - 10 Jul 1967 Abdul Rahman Arif (s.a.)
10 Jul 1967 - 17 Jul 1968 Tahir Yahya (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Jul 1968 - 30 Jul 1968 Abdul Razzak al-Naif (b. 1933 - d. 1978)
31 Jul 1968 - 16 Jul 1979 Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Jul 1979 - 23 Mar 1991 Saddam Hussein (1st time) (s.a.)
23 Mar 1991 - 13 Sep 1991 Saadun Hammadi (b. 1930 - d. 2007)
16 Sep 1991 - 5 Sep 1993 Muhammad Hamza al-Zubaydi (b. 1938 - d. 2005)
5 Sep 1993 - 29 May 1994 Ahmad Hussein Khudayir al-Samarrai (b. 1941)
29 May 1994 - 9 Apr 2003 Saddam Hussein (2nd time) (s.a.)
Civil administrators
21 Apr 2003 - 12 May 2003 Jay Garner (b. 1938)
(director, Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian
Assistance)
12 May 2003 - 28 Jun 2004 Paul Bremer (b. 1941)
(head of the Coalition Provisional Authority)
Presidents of the Governing Council (subordinated to the civil administrator)
13 Jul 2003 - 31 Jul 2003 Muhammad Bahr al-Uloum (1st time) (b. 1927 - d. 2015)
(acting)
1 Aug 2003 - 31 Aug 2003 Ibrahim al-Jaafari (b. 1947)
1 Sep 2003 - 30 Sep 2003 Ahmad Chalabi (b. 1944 - d. 2015)
1 Oct 2003 - 31 Oct 2003 Iyad Allawi (b. 1944)
1 Nov 2003 - 30 Nov 2003 Jalal Talabani (s.a.)
1 Dec 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Abdul Aziz al-Hakim (b. 1959 - d. 2009)
1 Jan 2004 - 31 Jan 2004 Adnan Pachachi (b. 1923 - d. 2019)
1 Feb 2004 - 29 Feb 2004 Mohsen Abdul Hamid (b. c.1937)
1 Mar 2004 - 31 Mar 2004 Muhammad Bahr al-Uloum (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Apr 2004 - 30 Apr 2004 Massoud Barzani (b. 1946)
1 May 2004 - 17 May 2004 Ezzedine Salim (b. 1940 - d. 2004)
17 May 2004 - 1 Jun 2004 Ghazi al-Yawer (s.a.)
Prime ministers
1 Jun 2004 - 3 May 2005 Iyad Allawi (s.a.)
(subordinated to the civil administrator to 28 Jun 2004)
3 May 2005 - 20 May 2006 Ibrahim al-Jaafari (s.a.)
20 May 2006 - 8 Sep 2014 Nuri al-Maliki (b. 1950)
8 Sep 2014 - 25 Oct 2018 Haider al-Abadi (b. 1952)
25 Oct 2018 - 7 May 2020 Adel Abdul Mahdi (b. 1942)
7 May 2020 - 27 Oct 2022 Mustafa al-Kadhimi (b. 1967)
27 Oct 2022 - Muhammad Shia al-Sudani (b. 1970)
4 Jul 1992 Kurdistan Regional Government formed (not recognized by Iraq)
31 Aug 1996 Iraqi forces take control of the capital Arbil at the
request of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, which establishes
a government there, opposed to the one controlled by the
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, which moves to Sulaymaniyah
Jun 2005 Kurdistan autonomous region established
De facto ruler (secretary-general of the PUK) 4 Jul 1992 - Jun 2005 Jalal Talabani (b. 1933 - d. 2017)
Prime ministers 4 Jul 1992 - 26 Apr 1993 Fuad Masum (b. 1938) 26 Apr 1993 - 21 Jan 2001 Kosrat Rasul Ali (b. 1952) 21 Jan 2001 - 4 Jul 2004 Barham Salih (b. 1960) 4 Jul 2004 - Jun 2005 Umar Fattah (acting)
De facto ruler (president of the KDP) 31 Aug 1996 - Jun 2005 Massoud Barzani (b. 1946)
Prime ministers 26 Sep 1996 - 20 Dec 1999 Rowsch Shaways (b. 1947 - d. 2021) 20 Dec 1999 - Jun 2005 Nechirvan Barzani (b. 1966)
Presidents 14 Jun 2005 - 1 Nov 2017 Massoud Barzani (s.a.) 10 Jun 2019 - Nechirvan Barzani (s.a.)
Prime ministers Jun 2005 - 28 Oct 2009 Nechirvan Barzani (1st time) (s.a.) 28 Oct 2009 - 5 Apr 2012 Barham Salih (s.a.) 5 Apr 2012 - 10 Jun 2019 Nechirvan Barzani (2nd time) (s.a.) 10 Jul 2019 - Masrour Barzani (b. 1969)
Jun 1541 Kingdom of Ireland in personal union with England
1 Jan 1801 part of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
24 Apr 1916 - 29 Apr 1916 "Easter Rising"
21 Jan 1919 independence declared (Irish Republic)
6 Dec 1922 Irish Free State (dominion)
11 Dec 1931 Statute of Westminster grants full sovereignty to the
British dominions
29 Dec 1937 Éire (Ireland)
18 Apr 1949 Republic of Ireland
Lord lieutenants
6 Feb 1697 - 28 Dec 1700 Henry de Massue, Earl of Galway (b. 1648 - d. 1720)
+ Edward Villiers, Earl of Jersey (b. 1656 - d. 1711)
(29 Jul 1697 - 1699)
+ Narcissus Marsh (b. 1638 - d. 1713)
(18 May - Aug 1699)
+ Charles Paulet, Duke of Bolton
(1st time) (from 18 May 1699) (b. 1661 - d. 1722)
+ Charles Berkeley, Earl of
Berkeley (from 23 Aug 1699) (b. 1649 - d. 1710)
28 Dec 1700 - 18 Sep 1701 Cyril Wyche (b. c.1632 - d. 1707)
+ Henry Sidney, Earl of Romney (b. 1641 - d. 1704)
(acting)
18 Sep 1701 - 4 Jun 1703 Laurence Hyde, Earl of Rochester (b. 1641 - d. 1711)
4 Jun 1703 - 24 Jun 1707 James Butler, Duke of Ormond
(1st time) (b. 1665 - d. 1745)
24 Jun 1707 - 21 Apr 1709 Thomas Herbert, Earl of Pembroke (b. 1656 - d. 1733)
21 Apr 1709 - 3 Jul 1711 Thomas Wharton, Earl of Wharton (b. 1648 - d. 1715)
3 Jul 1711 - 27 Oct 1713 James Butler, Duke of Ormond
(2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Oct 1713 - 4 Oct 1714 Charles Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury (b. 1660 - d. 1718)
4 Oct 1714 - 13 Feb 1717 Charles Spencer, Earl of
Sunderland (b. 1675 - d. 1722)
13 Feb 1717 - 7 Aug 1717 Charles Townshend, Viscount
Townshend (b. 1674 - d. 1738)
7 Aug 1717 - 28 Aug 1721 Charles Paulet, Duke of Bolton
(2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Aug 1721 - 22 Oct 1724 Charles Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton (b. 1683 - d. 1757)
22 Oct 1724 - Apr 1730 John Carteret, Baron Carteret (b. 1690 - d. 1763)
Apr 1730 - 11 Sep 1731 Hugh Boulter (b. 1672 - d. 1742)
+ Thomas Wyndham (b. 1681 - d. 1745)
+ Ralph Gore (b. 1675 - d. 1733)
(acting)
11 Sep 1731 - 7 Sep 1737 Lionel Cranfield Sackville,
Duke of Dorset (1st time) (b. 1688 - d. 1765)
7 Sep 1737 - 31 Aug 1745 William Cavendish, Duke of
Devonshire (b. 1698 - d. 1755)
31 Aug 1745 - 13 Sep 1747 Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of
Chesterfield (b. 1694 - d. 1773)
13 Sep 1747 - Apr 1750 William Stanhope, Earl of
Harrington (b. 1690 - d. 1756)
Apr 1750 - 19 Sep 1751 Henry Boyle (acting) (b. 1682 - d. 1764)
19 Sep 1751 - 5 May 1755 Lionel Cranfield Sackville,
Duke of Dorset (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 May 1755 - Oct 1756 William Cavendish, Baron Cavendish
(from 5 Dec 1755, William
Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire) (b. 1720 - d. 1764)
Jan 1757 - 6 Oct 1761 John Russell, Duke of Bedford (b. 1710 - d. 1771)
6 Oct 1761 - 22 Sep 1763 George Montagu Dunk, Earl of
Halifax (b. 1716 - d. 1771)
22 Sep 1763 - 5 Jun 1765 Hugh Percy, Earl of Northumberland (b. 1712 - d. 1786)
5 Jun 1765 - 18 Oct 1765 Thomas Thynne, Viscount Weymouth (b. 1734 - d. 1796)
18 Oct 1765 - 6 Oct 1766 Francis Seymour-Conway, Earl of
Hertford (b. 1718 - d. 1794)
6 Oct 1766 - 14 Oct 1767 George William Hervey, Earl of
Bristol (b. 1721 - d. 1775)
14 Oct 1767 - 30 Nov 1772 George Townshend, Viscount
Townshend (b. 1724 - d. 1807)
30 Nov 1772 - 25 Jan 1777 Simon Harcourt, Earl Harcourt (b. 1714 - d. 1777)
25 Jan 1777 - 23 Dec 1780 John Hobart, Earl of
Buckinghamshire (b. 1723 - d. 1793)
23 Dec 1780 - 14 Apr 1782 Frederick Howard, Earl of Carlisle (b. 1748 - d. 1825)
14 Apr 1782 - 15 Sep 1782 William Henry Cavendish
Cavendish-Bentinck, Duke of
Portland (b. 1738 - d. 1809)
15 Sep 1782 - 3 Jun 1783 George Nugent-Temple-Grenville,
Earl Temple (1st time) (b. 1753 - d. 1813)
3 Jun 1783 - 24 Feb 1784 Robert Henley, Earl of Northington (b. 1747 - d. 1786)
24 Feb 1784 - 24 Oct 1787 Charles Manners, Duke of Rutland (b. 1754 - d. 1787)
16 Dec 1787 - 5 Jan 1790 George Nugent-Temple-Grenville,
Marquess of Buckingham (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Jan 1790 - 4 Jan 1795 John Fane, Earl of Westmorland (b. 1759 - d. 1841)
4 Jan 1795 - 31 Mar 1795 William Fitzwilliam, Earl
Fitzwilliam (b. 1748 - d. 1833)
31 Mar 1795 - 20 Jun 1798 John Jeffreys Pratt, Earl Camden (b. 1759 - d. 1840)
20 Jun 1798 - 25 May 1801 Charles Cornwallis, Marquess
Cornwallis (b. 1738 - d. 1805)
25 May 1801 - 28 Mar 1806 Philip Yorke, Earl of Hardwicke (b. 1757 - d. 1834)
28 Mar 1806 - 19 Apr 1807 John Russell, Duke of Bedford (b. 1766 - d. 1839)
19 Apr 1807 - 26 Aug 1813 Charles Lennox, Duke of Richmond (b. 1764 - d. 1819)
26 Aug 1813 - 9 Oct 1817 Charles Whitworth, Viscount
Whitworth (from 25 Nov 1815,
Charles Whitworth, Earl Whitworth) (b. 1752 - d. 1825)
9 Oct 1817 - 29 Dec 1821 Charles Chetwynd-Talbot,
Earl Talbot (b. 1777 - d. 1849)
29 Dec 1821 - 1 Mar 1828 Richard Colley Wellesley,
Marquess Wellesley (1st time) (b. 1760 - d. 1842)
1 Mar 1828 - 6 Mar 1829 Henry William Paget, Marquess of
Anglesey (1st time) (b. 1768 - d. 1854)
6 Mar 1829 - 23 Dec 1830 Hugh Percy, Duke of Northumberland (b. 1785 - d. 1847)
23 Dec 1830 - 26 Sep 1833 Henry William Paget, Marquess of
Anglesey (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Sep 1833 - 6 Jan 1835 Richard Colley Wellesley,
Marquess Wellesley (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Jan 1835 - Apr 1835 Thomas Hamilton, Earl of
Haddington (b. 1780 - d. 1858)
11 May 1835 - 3 Apr 1839 Constantine Henry Phipps, Earl of
Mulgrave (from 25 Jun 1838,
Constantine Henry Phipps,
Marquess of Normanby) (b. 1797 - d. 1863)
3 Apr 1839 - 15 Sep 1841 Hugh Fortescue, Baron Fortescue
(from 16 Jun 1841, Hugh Fortescue,
Earl Fortescue) (b. 1783 - d. 1861)
15 Sep 1841 - 26 Jul 1844 Thomas Philip de Grey, Earl de
Grey (b. 1781 - d. 1859)
26 Jul 1844 - 11 Jul 1846 William à Court, Baron Heytesbury (b. 1779 - d. 1860)
11 Jul 1846 - 16 May 1847 John William Ponsonby, Earl of
Bessborough (b. 1781 - d. 1847)
26 May 1847 - 10 Mar 1852 George William Frederick Villiers,
Earl of Clarendon (b. 1800 - d. 1870)
10 Mar 1852 - Dec 1852 Archibald William Montgomerie,
Earl of Eglinton (1st time) (b. 1812 - d. 1861)
6 Jan 1853 - 13 Mar 1855 Edward Granville Eliot, Earl of
St. Germans (b. 1798 - d. 1877)
13 Mar 1855 - 12 Mar 1858 George William Frederick Howard,
Earl of Carlisle (1st time) (b. 1802 - d. 1864)
12 Mar 1858 - 13 Jul 1859 Archibald William Montgomerie,
Earl of Eglinton (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Jul 1859 - 8 Nov 1864 George William Frederick Howard,
Earl of Carlisle (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Nov 1864 - 20 Jun 1866 John Wodehouse, Baron Wodehouse
(from 1 Jun 1866, Earl of
Kimberley) (b. 1826 - d. 1902)
20 Jun 1866 - 23 Dec 1868 James Hamilton, Marquess (from
10 Aug 1868, Duke) of Abercorn
(1st time) (b. 1811 - d. 1885)
23 Dec 1868 - 18 Apr 1874 John Poyntz Spencer, Earl Spencer
(1st time) (b. 1835 - d. 1910)
18 Apr 1874 - 11 Dec 1876 James Hamilton, Duke of Abercorn
(2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Dec 1876 - 5 May 1880 John Churchill, Duke of
Marlborough (b. 1822 - d. 1883)
5 May 1880 - 6 May 1882 Francis Thomas de Grey Cowper,
Earl Cowper (b. 1834 - d. 1905)
6 May 1882 - 30 Jun 1885 John Poyntz Spencer, Earl Spencer
(2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Jun 1885 - 20 Feb 1886 Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert,
Earl of Carnarvon (b. 1831 - d. 1890)
20 Feb 1886 - 5 Aug 1886 John Campbell Hamilton Gordon,
Earl of Aberdeen (1st time) (b. 1847 - d. 1934)
5 Aug 1886 - 5 Oct 1889 Charles Stewart Vane-Tempest-
Stewart, Marquess of Londonderry (b. 1852 - d. 1915)
5 Oct 1889 - 18 Aug 1892 Lawrence Dundas, Earl of Zetland (b. 1844 - d. 1929)
18 Aug 1892 - 8 Jul 1895 Robert Crewe-Milnes, Baron
Houghton (b. 1858 - d. 1945)
8 Jul 1895 - 16 Aug 1902 George Henry Cadogan, Earl Cadogan (b. 1840 - d. 1915)
16 Aug 1902 - 14 Dec 1905 William Humble Ward, Earl of
Dudley (b. 1867 - d. 1932)
14 Dec 1905 - 19 Feb 1915 John Campbell Hamilton Gordon,
Earl of Aberdeen (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Feb 1915 - 11 Jul 1916 Ivor Churchill Guest, Baron
Wimborne (1st time) (b. 1873 - d. 1939)
24 Apr 1916 - 29 Apr 1916 Patrick Henry Pearse (b. 1879 - d. 1916)
(president of the Provisional Government
of the Irish Republic)
11 Jul 1916 - 11 Aug 1916 Lord justices (acting)
- Bernard Edward Barnaby
Fitzpatrick, Baron Castletown (b. 1849 - d. 1937)
- Sir David Harrel (b. 1841 - d. 1939)
- Richard Robert Cherry (b. 1859 - d. 1923)
- James Owen Wylie (b. 1845 - d. 1935)
- Jonathan Pim (b. 1858 - d. 1949)
11 Aug 1916 - 2 May 1918 Ivor Churchill Guest, Baron
Wimborne (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 May 1918 - 2 May 1921 John French, Viscount French (b. 1852 - d. 1925)
2 May 1921 - 6 Dec 1922 Edmund Bernard Fitzalan-Howard,
Viscount Fitzalan of Derwent (b. 1855 - d. 1947)
Chairmen of Dáil Éireann
21 Jan 1919 Cathal Brugha (b. 1874 - d. 1922)
22 Jan 1919 George Noble, Count Plunkett (b. 1851 - d. 1948)
Presidents (of Dáil Éireann)¹
22 Jan 1919 - 1 Apr 1919 Cathal Brugha (s.a.)
1 Apr 1919 - 9 Jan 1922 Eamon de Valera (b. 1882 - d. 1975)
10 Jan 1922 - 12 Aug 1922 Arthur Griffith (b. 1871 - d. 1922)
12 Aug 1922 - 6 Dec 1922 William Thomas Cosgrave (b. 1880 - d. 1965)
(acting to 9 Sep 1922)
25 Oct 1922 - 24 May 1923 Eamon de Valera (in opposition) (s.a.)
Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
6 Dec 1922 - 31 Jan 1928 T.M. Healy (b. 1855 - d. 1931)
1 Feb 1928 - 1 Nov 1932 James McNeill (b. 1869 - d. 1938)
1 Nov 1932 - 26 Nov 1932 vacant
26 Nov 1932 - 12 Dec 1936 Domhnall Ua Buachalla² (b. 1866 - d. 1963)
12 Dec 1936 - 29 Dec 1937 Frank Fahy (b. 1880 - d. 1953)
+ Eamon de Valera (s.a.)
(acting³)
Presidents
29 Dec 1937 - 25 Jun 1938 Presidential Commission (acting)
- Timothy Sullivan (b. 1874 - d. 1949)
- Frank Fahy (s.a.)
- Conor Alexander Maguire (b. 1889 - d. 1971)
25 Jun 1938 - 24 Jun 1945 Douglas Hyde (b. 1860 - d. 1949)
24 Jun 1945 - 24 Jun 1959 Sean T. O'Kelly (b. 1882 - d. 1966)
25 Jun 1959 - 24 Jun 1973 Eamon de Valera (s.a.)
25 Jun 1973 - 17 Nov 1974 Erskine H. Childers (b. 1905 - d. 1974)
17 Nov 1974 - 18 Dec 1974 Presidential Commission (acting)
- Sean Treacy (1st time) (b. 1923 - d. 2018)
- James Dooge (1st time) (b. 1922 - d. 2010)
- Thomas O'Higgins (1st time) (b. 1916 - d. 2003)
19 Dec 1974 - 22 Oct 1976 Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh (b. 1911 - d. 1978)
22 Oct 1976 - 2 Dec 1976 Presidential Commission (acting)
- Sean Treacy (2nd time) (s.a.)
- James Dooge (2nd time) (s.a.)
- Thomas O'Higgins (2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Dec 1976 - 2 Dec 1990 Patrick J. Hillery (b. 1923 - d. 2008)
3 Dec 1990 - 12 Sep 1997 Mary Robinson (f) (b. 1944)
12 Sep 1997 - 10 Nov 1997 Presidential Commission (acting)
- Liam Hamilton (b. 1928 - d. 2000)
- Seamus Pattison (b. 1936 - d. 2018)
- Liam T. Cosgrave (b. 1956)
(to 17 Sep 1997)
- Brian Mullooly (b. 1935)
(from 17 Sep 1997)
11 Nov 1997 - 11 Nov 2011 Mary McAleese (f) (b. 1951)
11 Nov 2011 - Michael D. Higgins (b. 1941)
Chairmen of the Provisional Government
16 Jan 1922 - 22 Aug 1922 Michael Collins (b. 1890 - d. 1922)
12 Jul 1922 - 6 Dec 1922 William Thomas Cosgrave (s.a.)
(acting to 25 Aug 1922 [for Collins to 22 Aug 1922])
Prime ministers (Taoiseach; until 29 Dec 1937, presidents of the Executive Council)
6 Dec 1922 - 9 Mar 1932 William Thomas Cosgrave (s.a.)
9 Mar 1932 - 18 Feb 1948 Eamon de Valera (1st time) (s.a.)
18 Feb 1948 - 13 Jun 1951 John A. Costello (1st time) (b. 1891 - d. 1976)
13 Jun 1951 - 2 Jun 1954 Eamon de Valera (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Jun 1954 - 20 Mar 1957 John A. Costello (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Mar 1957 - 23 Jun 1959 Eamon de Valera (3rd time) (s.a.)
23 Jun 1959 - 10 Nov 1966 Sean F. Lemass (b. 1899 - d. 1971)
10 Nov 1966 - 14 Mar 1973 John Lynch (1st time) (b. 1917 - d. 1999)
14 Mar 1973 - 5 Jul 1977 Liam Cosgrave (b. 1920 - d. 2017)
5 Jul 1977 - 11 Dec 1979 John Lynch (2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Dec 1979 - 30 Jun 1981 Charles Haughey (1st time) (b. 1925 - d. 2006)
30 Jun 1981 - 9 Mar 1982 Garret FitzGerald (1st time) (b. 1926 - d. 2011)
9 Mar 1982 - 14 Dec 1982 Charles Haughey (2nd time) (s.a.)
14 Dec 1982 - 10 Mar 1987 Garret FitzGerald (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Mar 1987 - 11 Feb 1992 Charles Haughey (3rd time) (s.a.)
11 Feb 1992 - 15 Dec 1994 Albert Reynolds (b. 1932 - d. 2014)
15 Dec 1994 - 26 Jun 1997 John Bruton (b. 1947 - d. 2024)
26 Jun 1997 - 7 May 2008 Bertie Ahern (b. 1951)
7 May 2008 - 9 Mar 2011 Brian Cowen (b. 1960)
9 Mar 2011 - 14 Jun 2017 Enda Kenny (b. 1951)
14 Jun 2017 - 27 Jun 2020 Leo Varadkar (1st time) (b. 1979)
27 Jun 2020 - 17 Dec 2022 Micheál Martin (b. 1960)
17 Dec 2022 - 9 Apr 2024 Leo Varadkar (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Apr 2024 - Simon Harris (b. 1986)
¹The English-language constitution of Dáil Éireann of 25 Aug 1921 uses the wording "President who shall also be Prime Minister." At the election on 26 Aug 1921 it is asserted in Dáil (in English) that the proper style is "President of the Irish Republic." At the election on 10 Jan 1922 this is deprecated, and it is asserted, without formal contradiction, that the style is Uachtarán ar an nDáil Éireann ("President of Dáil Éireann"); the matter is left unresolved, the incumbents thereafter using the latter style.
8 Jun 1333 English fiefdom
1 Jun 1765 British possession
Lords of Man
21 Dec 1672 - 5 Nov 1702 William Stanley, Earl of Derby (b. 1654 - d. 1702)
5 Nov 1702 - 1 Feb 1736 James Stanley, Earl of Derby (b. 1664 - d. 1736)
1 Feb 1736 - 8 Jan 1764 James Murray, Duke of Atholl (b. 1690 - d. 1764)
8 Jan 1764 - 1 Jun 1765 Charlotte Murray, Baroness Strange
(f) (b. 1731 - d. 1805)
8 Jan 1764 - 1 Jun 1765 John Murray, Duke of Atholl (b. 1729 - d. 1774)
(acting for Charlotte)
Governors
1696 - 1701 Nicholas Stanley
1701 - 1702 James Cranstoun
1703 - 1713 Robert Mawdesley
1713 - 1718 Charles Z. Stanley
1718 - 1723 Alexander Horne
1723 - 1725 John Lloyd
1725 - 1736 Thomas Horton (b. ... - d. 1757)
1736 - 1744 James Murray
1744 - 1751 Patrick Lindsay (b. 1686 - d. 1753)
1751 - 1761 Basil Cochrane
1761 - 30 Apr 1777 John Wood (b. 1722 - d. 1777)
1777 - 1793 Edward Smith (b. 17... - d. 1808)
1793 - 1828 John Murray, Duke of Atholl (b. 1755 - d. 1830)
Lieutenant governors (acting for the governors to 1828)
1773 - 1775 Henry Hope (b. ... - d. 1789)
1775 - Dec 1790 Richard Dawson
Dec 1790 - 1804 Alexander Shaw
1804 - 1805 Henry Murray, Earl of Murray (b. 17... - d. 1805)
1805 - 28 Nov 1832 Cornelius Smelt (b. 1748 - d. 1832)
1832 - 10 Jul 1845 John Ready (b. 1777? - d. 1845)
1845 - Jul 1860 Charles Hope (b. 1808 - d. ...)
1860 Mark Hildesley Quayle (1st time) (b. 1804 - d. 1879)
(acting)
Nov 1860 - 21 Jan 1863 Francis Pigott (from Dec 1862,
Francis Pigott Stainsby Conant) (b. 1809 - d. 1863)
1863 Mark Hildesley Quayle (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
1863 - 1882 Henry Brougham Loch (from 18 Sep
1880, Sir Henry Brougham Loch) (b. 1827 - d. 1900)
1882 - 1893 Sir Spencer Walpole (b. 1839 - d. 1907)
1893 - 1895 Sir Joseph West Ridgeway (b. 1844 - d. 1930)
1895 - 27 Jun 1902 John Major Henniker-Major,
Baron Henniker (b. 1842 - d. 1902)
1902 - Dec 1918 George FitzRoy Henry Somerset,
Baron Raglan (b. 1857 - d. 1921)
Apr 1919 - 1926 William Fry (from 23 Jul 1920,
Sir William Fry) (b. 1858 - d. 1934)
30 Apr 1926 - 1932 Sir Claude Hill (b. 1866 - d. 1934)
31 Oct 1933 - 1937 Sir Montagu Sherard Dawes Butler (b. 1873 - d. 1952)
1 Oct 1937 - 1945 William Spencer Leveson Gower,
(from 21 Jul 1939) Earl Granville (b. 1880 - d. 1953)
7 Sep 1945 - 1952 Sir Geoffrey Rhodes Bromet (b. 1891 - d. 1983)
7 Sep 1952 - 1959 Sir Ambrose Dundas Flux Dundas (b. 1899 - d. 1973)
8 Sep 1959 - 1966 Sir Ronald Herbert Garvey (b. 1903 - d. 1991)
7 Sep 1966 - 1974 Sir Peter Stallard (b. 1915 - d. 1995)
1974 - 1980 Sir John Warburton Paul (b. 1916 - d. 2004)
1980 - 1985 Sir Nigel Cecil (b. 1925 - d. 2017)
1985 - 1990 Laurence New (b. 1932)
1990 - 1995 Sir Laurence Jones (b. 1933 - d. 1995)
27 Oct 1995 - 1 Sep 2000 Sir Timothy Daunt (b. 1935)
1 Sep 2000 - 25 Oct 2000 William Cain (acting) (b. 1935 - d. 2021)
25 Oct 2000 - 27 Sep 2005 Ian David Macfadyen (b. 1942)
27 Sep 2005 - 17 Oct 2005 Michael Kerruish (acting) (b. 1948 - d. 2010)
17 Oct 2005 - 1 Apr 2011 Sir Paul Haddacks (b. 1946)
1 Apr 2011 - 7 Apr 2011 David Doyle (1st time) (acting) (b. 1960)
7 Apr 2011 - Apr 2016 Adam Wood (b. 1955)
Apr 2016 - 27 May 2016 David Doyle (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
27 May 2016 - 27 Aug 2021 Sir Richard Gozney (b. 1951)
27 Aug 2021 - 29 Sep 2021 Andrew Corlett (acting) (b. 1959)
29 Sep 2021 - Sir John Lorimer (b. 1962)
Chairmen of the Executive Council
1961 - Feb 1967 Charles Kerruish (b. 1917 - d. 2003)
Feb 1967 - Jan 1971 E. Norman Crowe (b. 1905 - d. 1992)
Jan 1971 - Jan 1977 Percy Radcliffe (1st time) (b. 1916 - d. 1991)
Jan 1977 - 24 Nov 1981 Clifford Irving (b. 1914 - d. 2004)
24 Nov 1981 - Mar 1985 Percy Radcliffe (2nd time) (s.a.)
Mar 1985 - Dec 1986 Edgar Mann (b. 1926 - d. 2013)
Chief ministers
Dec 1986 - 3 Dec 1996 Miles Walker (b. 1940)
3 Dec 1996 - 4 Dec 2001 Donald Gelling (1st time) (b. 1938)
4 Dec 2001 - 14 Dec 2004 Richard Corkill (b. 1951)
14 Dec 2004 - 14 Dec 2006 Donald Gelling (2nd time) (s.a.)
14 Dec 2006 - 11 Oct 2011 Tony Brown (b. 1950)
11 Oct 2011 - 4 Oct 2016 Allan Bell (b. 1947)
4 Oct 2016 - 12 Oct 2021 Howard Quayle (b. 1967?)
12 Oct 2021 - Alfred Cannan (b. 1968)
1516 part of Ottoman Empire
9 Dec 1917 British capture Jerusalem
26 Sep 1918 British occupation of all Palestine
29 Sep 1923 League of Nations mandate
15 May 1948 State of Israel unilaterally proclaimed (international
recognition limited until 1949 armistice in
Arab-Israeli war)
Chief administrators
9 Dec 1917 - Feb 1918 Sir Gilbert Clayton (b. 1875 - d. 1929)
Mar 1918 - Jul 1919 Sir Arthur Wigram Money (b. 1866 - d. 1951)
Aug 1919 - Dec 1919 Sir Harry Davis Watson (b. 1866 - d. 1945)
1 Jan 1920 - 30 Jun 1920 Sir Louis Jean Bols (b. 1867 - d. 1930)
High commissioners
1 Jul 1920 - 30 Jun 1925 Sir Herbert Louis Samuel (b. 1870 - d. 1963)
25 Aug 1925 - 31 Jul 1928 Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer,
Baron Plumer (b. 1857 - d. 1932)
31 Jul 1928 - 6 Dec 1928 Harry Charles Luke (acting) (b. 1884 - d. 1969)
6 Dec 1928 - 1 Nov 1931 Sir John Robert Chancellor (b. 1870 - d. 1952)
1 Nov 1931 - 20 Nov 1931 Mark Young (acting) (b. 1886 - d. 1974)
20 Nov 1931 - 1 Mar 1938 Sir Arthur Grenfell Wauchope (b. 1874 - d. 1947)
Sep 1937 - 24 Nov 1937 William Denis Battershill (b. 1896 - d. 1959)
(acting for Wauchope)
3 Mar 1938 - 30 Aug 1944 Sir Harold MacMichael (b. 1882 - d. 1969)
1 Nov 1944 - 5 Nov 1945 John Vereker, Viscount Gort (b. 1886 - d. 1946)
21 Nov 1945 - 14 May 1948 Sir Alan Gordon Cunningham (b. 1887 - d. 1983)
Presidents
15 May 1948 - 17 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion (b. 1886 - d. 1973)
(chairman Provisional State Council)
17 May 1948 - 9 Nov 1952 Chaim Weizmann (b. 1874 - d. 1952)
(president of Provisional State Council to 17 Feb 1949)
9 Nov 1952 - 10 Dec 1952 Yosef Sprinzak (interim) (b. 1885 - d. 1959)
10 Dec 1952 - 23 Apr 1963 Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (b. 1884 - d. 1963)
24 Apr 1963 - 22 May 1963 Kadish Luz (interim) (b. 1895 - d. 1972)
22 May 1963 - 24 May 1973 Zalman Shazar (b. 1889 - d. 1974)
24 May 1973 - 29 May 1978 Ephraim Katzir (b. 1916 - d. 2009)
29 May 1978 - 5 May 1983 Yitzhak Navon (b. 1921 - d. 2015)
5 May 1983 - 13 May 1993 Chaim Herzog (b. 1918 - d. 1997)
13 May 1993 - 12 Jul 2000 Ezer Weizman (b. 1924 - d. 2005)
12 Jul 2000 - 1 Aug 2000 Avraham Burg (interim) (b. 1955)
1 Aug 2000 - 1 Jul 2007 Moshe Katsav (b. 1945)
25 Jan 2007 - 1 Jul 2007 Dalia Itzik (f) (b. 1952)
(acting for Katsav)
1 Jul 2007 - 15 Jul 2007 Dalia Itzik (f) (interim) (s.a.)
15 Jul 2007 - 24 Jul 2014 Shimon Peres (b. 1923 - d. 2016)
24 Jul 2014 - 7 Jul 2021 Reuven Rivlin (b. 1939)
7 Jul 2021 - Isaac Herzog (b. 1960)
Prime ministers
15 May 1948 - 7 Dec 1953 David Ben-Gurion (1st time) (s.a.)
7 Dec 1953 - 3 Nov 1955 Moshe Sharett (b. 1894 - d. 1965)
(acting to 26 Jan 1954)
3 Nov 1955 - 26 Jun 1963 David Ben-Gurion (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Jun 1963 - 26 Feb 1969 Levi Eshkol (b. 1895 - d. 1969)
26 Feb 1969 - 17 Mar 1969 Yigal Allon (acting) (b. 1918 - d. 1980)
17 Mar 1969 - 3 Jun 1974 Golda Meir (f) (b. 1898 - d. 1978)
3 Jun 1974 - 22 Apr 1977 Yitzhak Rabin (1st time) (b. 1922 - d. 1995)
22 Apr 1977 - 21 Jun 1977 Shimon Peres (1st time) (acting) (s.a.)
21 Jun 1977 - 10 Oct 1983 Menachem Begin (b. 1913 - d. 1992)
10 Oct 1983 - 14 Sep 1984 Yitzhak Shamir (1st time) (b. 1915 - d. 2012)
14 Sep 1984 - 20 Oct 1986 Shimon Peres (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Oct 1986 - 13 Jul 1992 Yitzhak Shamir (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Jul 1992 - 4 Nov 1995 Yitzhak Rabin (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Nov 1995 - 18 Jun 1996 Shimon Peres (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 22 Nov 1995)
18 Jun 1996 - 6 Jul 1999 Benjamin Netanyahu (1st time) (b. 1949)
6 Jul 1999 - 7 Mar 2001 Ehud Barak (b. 1942)
7 Mar 2001 - 14 Apr 2006 Ariel Sharon (b. 1928 - d. 2014)
4 Jan 2006 - 31 Mar 2009 Ehud Olmert (b. 1945)
(acting for Sharon to 14 Apr 2006)
31 Mar 2009 - 13 Jun 2021 Benjamin Netanyahu (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Jun 2021 - 30 Jun 2022 Naftali Bennett (b. 1972)
1 Jul 2022 - 29 Dec 2022 Yair Lapid (b. 1963)
29 Dec 2022 - Benjamin Netanyahu (3rd time) (s.a.)
17 Mar 1861 Kingdom of Italy
18 Jun 1946 Italian Republic
27 Jun 2003 Republic of Italy (date of communication to United Nations
about change in English version; Italian name unchanged)
Kings¹
- Savoia dynasty -
17 Mar 1861 - 9 Jan 1878 Vittorio Emanuele II (b. 1820 - d. 1878)
9 Jan 1878 - 29 Jul 1900 Umberto I (b. 1844 - d. 1900)
29 Jul 1900 - 9 May 1946 Vittorio Emanuele III (b. 1869 - d. 1947)
5 Jun 1944 - 9 May 1946 Prince Umberto (b. 1904 - d. 1983)
(lieutenant general of the realm)
9 May 1946 - 18 Jun 1946 Umberto II (s.a.)
Provisional Heads of State
18 Jun 1946 - 1 Jul 1946 Alcide De Gasperi (acting) (b. 1881 - d. 1954)
1 Jul 1946 - 1 Jan 1948 Enrico De Nicola (b. 1877 - d. 1959)
Presidents
1 Jan 1948 - 12 May 1948 Enrico De Nicola (s.a.)
12 May 1948 - 11 May 1955 Luigi Einaudi (b. 1874 - d. 1961)
11 May 1955 - 11 May 1962 Giovanni Gronchi (b. 1887 - d. 1978)
11 May 1962 - 6 Dec 1964 Antonio Segni (b. 1891 - d. 1972)
6 Dec 1964 - 29 Dec 1964 Cesare Merzagora (acting) (b. 1898 - d. 1991)
29 Dec 1964 - 29 Dec 1971 Giuseppe Saragat (b. 1898 - d. 1988)
29 Dec 1971 - 15 Jun 1978 Giovanni Leone (b. 1908 - d. 2001)
15 Jun 1978 - 9 Jul 1978 Amintore Fanfani (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1999)
9 Jul 1978 - 29 Jun 1985 Sandro Pertini (b. 1896 - d. 1990)
29 Jun 1985 - 28 Apr 1992 Francesco Cossiga (b. 1928 - d. 2010)
(acting to 3 Jul 1985)
28 Apr 1992 - 28 May 1992 Giovanni Spadolini (acting) (b. 1925 - d. 1994)
28 May 1992 - 15 May 1999 Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (b. 1918 - d. 2012)
15 May 1999 - 18 May 1999 Nicola Mancino (acting) (b. 1931)
18 May 1999 - 15 May 2006 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (b. 1920 - d. 2016)
15 May 2006 - 14 Jan 2015 Giorgio Napolitano (b. 1925 - d. 2023)
14 Jan 2015 - 3 Feb 2015 Pietro Grasso (acting) (b. 1945)
3 Feb 2015 - Sergio Mattarella (b. 1941)
Prime ministers (presidents of the Council of Ministers)
17 Mar 1861 - 6 Jun 1861 Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour (b. 1810 - d. 1861)
6 Jun 1861 - 4 Mar 1862 Bettino Ricasoli, conte di Brolio
(1st time) (b. 1809 - d. 1880)
4 Mar 1862 - 9 Dec 1862 Urbano Rattazzi (1st time) (b. 1808 - d. 1873)
9 Dec 1862 - 24 Mar 1863 Luigi Carlo Farini (b. 1812 - d. 1866)
24 Mar 1863 - 23 Sep 1864 Marco Minghetti (1st time) (b. 1818 - d. 1886)
23 Sep 1864 - 17 Jun 1866 Alfonso Ferrero, marchese della
Marmora (b. 1804 - d. 1878)
17 Jun 1866 - 11 Apr 1867 Bettino Ricasoli, conte di Brolio
(2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Apr 1867 - 27 Oct 1867 Urbano Rattazzi (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Oct 1867 - 12 Dec 1869 Conte Luigi Federico Menabrea (b. 1809 - d. 1896)
12 Dec 1869 - 10 Aug 1873 Giovanni Lanza (b. 1810 - d. 1882)
10 Aug 1873 - 25 Mar 1876 Marco Minghetti (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 Mar 1876 - 23 Mar 1878 Agostino Depretis (1st time) (b. 1813 - d. 1887)
23 Mar 1878 - 18 Dec 1878 Benedetto Cairoli (1st time) (b. 1825 - d. 1889)
18 Dec 1878 - 12 Jul 1879 Agostino Depretis (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Jul 1879 - 28 May 1881 Benedetto Cairoli (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 May 1881 - 29 Jul 1887 Agostino Depretis (3rd time) (s.a.)
8 Aug 1887 - 9 Feb 1891 Francesco Crispi (1st time) (b. 1819 - d. 1901)
9 Feb 1891 - 15 May 1892 Antonio Starabba, marchese di
Rudinì (1st time) (b. 1839 - d. 1908)
15 May 1892 - 10 Dec 1893 Giovanni Giolitti (1st time) (b. 1842 - d. 1928)
10 Dec 1893 - 10 Mar 1896 Francesco Crispi (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Mar 1896 - 29 Jun 1898 Antonio Starabba, marchese di
Rudinì (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Jun 1898 - 24 Jun 1900 Luigi Pelloux (b. 1839 - d. 1924)
24 Jun 1900 - 15 Feb 1901 Giuseppe Saracco (b. 1821 - d. 1907)
15 Feb 1901 - 3 Nov 1903 Giuseppe Zanardelli (b. 1826 - d. 1903)
3 Nov 1903 - 12 Mar 1905 Giovanni Giolitti (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Mar 1905 - 28 Mar 1905 Tommaso Tittoni (b. 1855 - d. 1931)
28 Mar 1905 - 8 Feb 1906 Alessandro Fortis (b. 1842 - d. 1909)
8 Feb 1906 - 29 May 1906 Barone Sidney Sonnino (1st time) (b. 1847 - d. 1922)
29 May 1906 - 11 Dec 1909 Giovanni Giolitti (3rd time) (s.a.)
11 Dec 1909 - 31 Mar 1910 Barone Sidney Sonnino (2nd time) (s.a.)
31 Mar 1910 - 30 Mar 1911 Luigi Luzzatti (b. 1841 - d. 1927)
30 Mar 1911 - 21 Mar 1914 Giovanni Giolitti (4th time) (s.a.)
21 Mar 1914 - 19 Jun 1916 Antonio Salandra (b. 1853 - d. 1931)
19 Jun 1916 - 30 Oct 1917 Paolo Boselli (b. 1838 - d. 1932)
30 Oct 1917 - 23 Jun 1919 Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (b. 1860 - d. 1952)
23 Jun 1919 - 16 Jun 1920 Francesco Saverio Nitti (b. 1868 - d. 1953)
16 Jun 1920 - 4 Jul 1921 Giovanni Giolitti (5th time) (s.a.)
4 Jul 1921 - 25 Feb 1922 Ivanoe Bonomi (1st time) (b. 1873 - d. 1951)
25 Feb 1922 - 31 Oct 1922 Luigi Facta (b. 1861 - d. 1930)
31 Oct 1922 - 25 Jul 1943 Benito Mussolini (b. 1883 - d. 1945)
26 Jul 1943 - 9 Jun 1944 Pietro Badoglio (b. 1871 - d. 1956)
9 Jun 1944 - 21 Jun 1945 Ivanoe Bonomi (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Jun 1945 - 10 Dec 1945 Ferruccio Parri (b. 1890 - d. 1981)
10 Dec 1945 - 17 Aug 1953 Alcide De Gasperi (s.a.)
17 Aug 1953 - 18 Jan 1954 Giuseppe Pella (b. 1902 - d. 1981)
18 Jan 1954 - 10 Feb 1954 Amintore Fanfani (1st time) (s.a.)
10 Feb 1954 - 6 Jul 1955 Mario Scelba (b. 1901 - d. 1991)
6 Jul 1955 - 19 May 1957 Antonio Segni (1st time) (s.a.)
19 May 1957 - 1 Jul 1958 Adone Zoli (b. 1887 - d. 1960)
1 Jul 1958 - 15 Feb 1959 Amintore Fanfani (2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Feb 1959 - 26 Mar 1960 Antonio Segni (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Mar 1960 - 27 Jul 1960 Fernando Tambroni (b. 1901 - d. 1963)
27 Jul 1960 - 21 Jun 1963 Amintore Fanfani (3rd time) (s.a.)
21 Jun 1963 - 5 Dec 1963 Giovanni Leone (1st time) (s.a.)
5 Dec 1963 - 25 Jun 1968 Aldo Moro (1st time) (b. 1916 - d. 1978)
25 Jun 1968 - 13 Dec 1968 Giovanni Leone (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Dec 1968 - 6 Aug 1970 Mariano Rumor (1st time) (b. 1915 - d. 1990)
6 Aug 1970 - 18 Feb 1972 Emilio Colombo (b. 1920 - d. 2013)
18 Feb 1972 - 8 Jul 1973 Giulio Andreotti (1st time) (b. 1919 - d. 2013)
8 Jul 1973 - 23 Nov 1974 Mariano Rumor (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Nov 1974 - 30 Jul 1976 Aldo Moro (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Jul 1976 - 5 Aug 1979 Giulio Andreotti (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Aug 1979 - 18 Oct 1980 Francesco Cossiga (s.a.)
18 Oct 1980 - 28 Jun 1981 Arnaldo Forlani (b. 1925 - d. 2023)
28 Jun 1981 - 30 Nov 1982 Giovanni Spadolini (s.a.)
30 Nov 1982 - 4 Aug 1983 Amintore Fanfani (4th time) (s.a.)
4 Aug 1983 - 18 Apr 1987 Bettino Craxi (b. 1934 - d. 2000)
18 Apr 1987 - 29 Jul 1987 Amintore Fanfani (5th time) (s.a.)
29 Jul 1987 - 13 Apr 1988 Giovanni Goria (b. 1943 - d. 1994)
13 Apr 1988 - 23 Jul 1989 Ciriaco De Mita (b. 1928 - d. 2022)
23 Jul 1989 - 28 Jun 1992 Giulio Andreotti (3rd time) (s.a.)
28 Jun 1992 - 29 Apr 1993 Giuliano Amato (1st time) (b. 1938)
29 Apr 1993 - 11 May 1994 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (s.a.)
11 May 1994 - 17 Jan 1995 Silvio Berlusconi (1st time) (b. 1936 - d. 2023)
17 Jan 1995 - 18 May 1996 Lamberto Dini (b. 1931)
18 May 1996 - 21 Oct 1998 Romano Prodi (1st time) (b. 1939)
21 Oct 1998 - 26 Apr 2000 Massimo D'Alema (b. 1949)
26 Apr 2000 - 11 Jun 2001 Giuliano Amato (2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Jun 2001 - 17 May 2006 Silvio Berlusconi (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 May 2006 - 8 May 2008 Romano Prodi (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 May 2008 - 16 Nov 2011 Silvio Berlusconi (3rd time) (s.a.)
16 Nov 2011 - 28 Apr 2013 Mario Monti (b. 1943)
28 Apr 2013 - 22 Feb 2014 Enrico Letta (b. 1966)
22 Feb 2014 - 12 Dec 2016 Matteo Renzi (b. 1975)
12 Dec 2016 - 1 Jun 2018 Paolo Gentiloni (b. 1954)
1 Jun 2018 - 13 Feb 2021 Giuseppe Conte (b. 1964)
13 Feb 2021 - 22 Oct 2022 Mario Draghi (b. 1947)
22 Oct 2022 - Giorgia Meloni (f) (b. 1977)
¹Full title: Per Grazia di Dio e per Volontà della Nazione Re d'Italia ("By the Grace of God and by the Will of the Nation King of Italy").
1 Dec 1943 National Republican State of Italy renamed Italian Social Republic Head of State 23 Sep 1943 - 28 Apr 1945 Benito Mussolini (s.a.)
President of the Provisional Junta of Government of Ossola 10 Sep 1944 - 23 Oct 1944 Ettore Tibaldi (b. 1887 - d. 1968)
31 Dec 1945 all Italian territory except Venezia Giulia and Udine
province returned to Italian administration
Heads of the Allied Military Government
10 Jul 1943 - Jan 1944 Dwight D. Eisenhower (U.S.) (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
Jan 1944 - 1944 Sir Henry Maitland Wilson (U.K.) (b. 1881 - d. 1964)
12 Dec 1944 - 29 Sep 1945 Sir Harold Alexander (U.K.) (b. 1891 - d. 1969)
Sep 1945 - 1945 Joseph Taggart McNarney (U.S.) (b. 1893 - d. 1972)
(acting)
1945 - 1947 Sir William Duthie Morgan (U.K.) (b. 1891 - d. 1977)
1947 John Clifford Hodges Lee (U.S.) (b. 1887 - d. 1958)
(acting)
Chief commissioners of the Allied Control Commission
(from 24 Oct 1944, Allied Commission)
10 Nov 1943 - Jan 1944 Kenyon A. Joyce (U.S.) (b. 1879 - d. 1960)
Jan 1944 - Jun 1944 Sir Noel Mason-Macfarlane (U.K.) (b. 1889 - d. 1953)
Jun 1944 - 31 Jan 1947 Ellery W. Stone (U.S.) (b. 1894 - d. 1981)
15 Sep 1947 Free Territory of Trieste 26 Oct 1954 divided between Italy and Yugoslavia Military governors - Zone A (British-U.S.) - 15 Sep 1947 - 31 Mar 1951 Sir Terence Sydney Airey (b. 1900 - d. 1983) 1 Apr 1951 - 26 Oct 1954 Sir John Winterton (b. 1898 - d. 1987) - Zone B (Yugoslav) - 15 Sep 1947 - Mar 1951 Mirko Lenac (b. 1919 - d. 1956) Mar 1951 - 25 Oct 1954 Milos Stamatovic (b. 1914)