Index Ah-Al

Ahadi, Ebrahim (b. 1940, Fuman, Gilan, Iran), justice minister of Iran (1980-81).

Ahady, Anwar ul-Haq (b. Aug. 12, 1951, Jigdalai, Nangarhar province, Afghanistan), finance minister of Afghanistan (2004-09). He was also governor of the central bank (2002-04) and minister of commerce and industries (2010-13).

Ahamed, (Hafiz) Nazeer (b. April 16, 1961), chief minister of Eastern province (2015-17) and governor of North Western province (2024- ). He was also Sri Lankan environment minister (2022-23).

Ahanda

Ahanda, Vincent de Paul (b. June 24, 1918, Ntouessong, Cameroon - d. Sept. 12, 1975, Yaoundé, Cameroon), prime minister of East Cameroon (1965). He was also Cameroonian minister of education (1957-58) and ambassador to West Germany (1961-62), Belgium and Luxembourg (1962-65), and the Netherlands (1963-65).

Ahdab, Khayreddin al- (b. 1894, Beirut, Ottoman Empire [now in Lebanon] - d. 1941, France), prime minister and foreign minister of Lebanon (1937-38).

Ahde, Matti (Allan) (b. Dec. 23, 1945, Oulu, Finland - d. Dec. 19/20, 2019, Helsinki, Finland), interior minister of Finland (1982-83). He was also minister of the environment (1983-87) and speaker of parliament (1987-89).

Ahearn, John (Francis) (b. April 18, 1853, New York City - d. Dec. 19, 1920, New York City), borough president of Manhattan (1904-09). Following an investigation, New York governor Charles Evans Hughes denounced his administration as "flagrantly inefficient and wasteful" and ordered him removed from office on Dec. 9, 1907. After a long legal battle, he finally left office in December 1909.

Ahearne, Christopher Dominic (b. Dec. 25, 1886, County Cork, Ireland - d. December 1964), federal secretary of the Federated Malay States (1936-39).

Aherdane, Mahjoubi (b. 1921, Oulmes, Morocco - d. Nov. 15, 2020, Rabat, Morocco), defense minister of Morocco (1961-64, 1966-67). He was also minister of agriculture (1964-66), posts and telecommunications (1977-81), and cooperation (1981-83). In 1957 he was a founder of the Popular Movement; in 1991 he founded a new party, the National Popular Movement, which in 2006 merged into the Popular Movement, of which he then became president.

B. Ahern

Ahern, Bertie, byname of Bartholomew Patrick Ahern, Irish Parthalán Ó hEachthairn (b. Sept. 12, 1951, Dublin, Ireland), prime minister of Ireland (1997-2008). A member of the Fianna Fáil party, he was elected to the Dáil (lower house of parliament) in 1977 for a constituency in central Dublin. He also served on the Dublin City Council in 1979-91 and was lord mayor in 1986-87. He was appointed an assistant government whip (1980-81) and chief whip (1982). He held various opposition front-bench appointments in the mid-1980s before entering the cabinet as minister for labour (1987-91) on the return of Charles Haughey to government. Ahern's success in establishing general economic agreements with employers, unions, and farmers in 1987 and 1990 and his role in constructing the first Fianna Fáil coalition government (with the Progressive Democrats in 1989) confirmed his reputation as a skillful negotiator. He was made finance minister in 1991. In the contest to choose Haughey's successor (1992), Ahern withdrew in favour of Albert Reynolds, and he remained finance minister under Reynolds. He also briefly held the portfolios of industry and commerce (1993) and arts, culture, and the Gaeltacht (1994). In November 1994, following the fall of the Fianna Fáil-Labour Party government, Reynolds resigned and Ahern succeeded him as party leader, but he failed to become prime minister (taoiseach) as the Labour Party at the eleventh hour opted to join a government with Fine Gael and Democratic Left. After the 1997 election, however, Ahern entered into a minority coalition with the Progressive Democrats. He helped to broker a ceasefire by the Irish Republican Army, and in 1998 he and others (including Britain's Tony Blair and America's George Mitchell) brokered a peace agreement in Northern Ireland. Ahern also increased the republic's influence in Northern Ireland. He was known as the "Teflon Taoiseach" to whom nothing stuck, apart from allegations about his private finances which forced him to step down after 11 years in office.

D. Ahern

Ahern, Dermot, Irish Diarmuid Ó hEachthairn (b. Feb. 2, 1955, Drogheda, County Louth, Ireland), Irish minister of social welfare (1997), social, community and family affairs (1997-2002), communications, marine and natural resources (2002-04), foreign affairs (2004-08), and justice, equality and law reform (2008-11).

Ahern, Mike, byname of Michael John Ahern (b. June 2, 1942, Maleny, Qld. - d. Aug. 11, 2023, Caloundra, Qld.), premier of Queensland (1987-89).

Ahidjo

Ahidjo, Ahmadou (Babatoura) (b. Aug. 24, 1924, Garoua, Cameroon - d. Nov. 30, 1989, Dakar, Senegal), president of Cameroon (1960-82). Entering politics in the French Cameroons, he was first elected to the territorial assembly in 1947 and was its president in 1956-57. In between he was the Cameroon member of the Assembly of the French Union (1953-56). In the first Cameroon government (1957), he was vice premier and minister of the interior; in 1958 he formed a new party, the Cameroonian Union, which favoured continued strong ties with France, and became premier. The more radical Union of the Populations of Cameroon (UPC), which advocated immediate independence, had meanwhile launched a revolt against the French administration. He used French troops to put down the rebels, but he also offered amnesty to those who would surrender. With the Cameroon Republic's independence (1960), he was elected its first president. He persuaded the southern British Cameroons to unite with the Cameroon Republic in 1961 to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. Reelected in 1965, 1970, 1975, and 1980, he managed to build up a stable, relatively prosperous country. In 1966 he outlawed all political parties but his own. He also successfully suppressed the UPC rebellion, capturing the last important rebel leader in 1970. In 1972 he secured adoption of a new unitary constitution, creating the United Republic of Cameroon, although unitary government was unpopular. He resigned on Nov. 6, 1982, saying he was suffering from "exhaustion." His successor Paul Biya proceeded to oust Ahidjo from chairmanship of the ruling party in 1983. Thereafter he lived in exile in Senegal and France and in 1984 he was, in absentia, condemned to death for complicity in a plot against Biya.

Ahlefeldt-Laurvig, Carl William, in full Carl William, greve (Count) Ahlefeldt-Laurvig til Eriksholm (b. May 2, 1860, Tranekær, Denmark - d. Nov. 29, 1923, Copenhagen, Denmark), foreign minister of Denmark (1908-09, 1910-13). He was also minister to Austria-Hungary (1897-1908).

Ahlhaus, Christoph (b. Aug. 28, 1969, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany), first mayor of Hamburg (2010-11).

Ahlmark

Ahlmark, Per (Axel) (b. Jan. 15, 1939, Stockholm, Sweden - d. June 8, 2018), Swedish politician. He was chairman of the Liberal Party (1975-78) and deputy prime minister and minister of labour (1976-78).

Ahmad (I) (ibn Mustafa) (b. Dec. 2, 1806 - d. May 30, 1855, La Goulette, Tunisia), bey of Tunisia (1837-55); son of al-Mustafa.

Ahmad (II) (ibn Ali) (b. April 13, 1862, La Marsa, Tunisia - d. June 19, 1942, La Marsa), bey of Tunisia (1929-42); cousin of Muhammad al-Habib.

Ahmad (ibn Abdul Aziz Al Saud) (b. September 1942, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), Saudi prince; son of Abdul Aziz. He was interior minister (2012).

Ahmad, Gamal Muhammad (b. April 14, 1917, Wadi Halfa, Sudan - d. ...), foreign minister of The Sudan (1975-76). He was also ambassador to Iraq (1956-59), Ethiopia (1959-64), and the United Kingdom (1965-67, 1969-70) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1964-65).

Ahmad, Ghulam, Pakistani diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1957-58).

Ahmad, Muhammad al-Baghir (b. April 5, 1927, Sofi, eastern Sudan), interior minister (1971-73, 1975) and first vice president (1972-77) of The Sudan.

Ahmad, Shamshad (b. Dec. 10, 1941, Lahore, India [now in Pakistan]), Pakistani diplomat. He was ambassador to South Korea (1987-90) and Iran (1990-92), foreign secretary (1997-2000), and permanent representative to the United Nations (2000-02).

Ahmad, Soungui, foreign minister of Chad (1990-91). He was also ambassador to Algeria (1981-82), China (2007-19), and India (2019-23) and minister of information and culture (1991-92).

Ahmad, Sultanuddin (b. Feb. 5, 1902, Dacca, Bengal, India [now Dhaka, Bangladesh] - d. April 8, 1977), governor of East Pakistan (1958). He was also Pakistani ambassador to Burma (1952-55), China (1955-57), and Indonesia (1959-64).

Ahmad Abdullah

Ahmad Abdullah Al Ahmad Al Sabah, Sheikh (b. Sept. 5, 1952), prime minister of Kuwait (2024- ). He was also minister of finance (1999-2001), communications (2001-06), planning (2003-05), health (2005-07), oil (2009-11), and information (2009-11).

Ahmad Al Jabir Al Sabah, Sheikh (b. 1885 - d. Jan. 29, 1950, Kuwait, Kuwait), ruler of Kuwait (1921-50).

Ahmad Bashah (bin) M(ohama)d Hanipah, Datuk Seri (DiRaja) (b. Oct. 10, 1950, Mukim Langgar, Kedah, Malaya [now in Malaysia]), chief minister of Kedah (2016-18). He was given the titles Dato' in 2002, Dato' Paduka in 2006, Datuk Seri in 2014, and Datuk Seri DiRaja in 2017.

Ahmad bin Haji Mohd Yussof (b. 1944, Brunei), Bruneian diplomat. He was ambassador to the Philippines (1984-86) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1986-88).

Ahmad bin Mohamed Hashim, Tan Sri Sheikh (b. Dec. 26, 1896, Penang - d. 1982), chief minister of Perlis (1959-71). He was awarded the title Tan Sri in 1961.

Ahmad Faisal (bin) Muhamad (b. May 24, 1970, Kelantan, Malaysia), Malaysian diplomat. He has been ambassador to Myanmar (2011-14) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2023- ).

Ahmad Faizal (bin) Azumu, Datuk Seri (b. June 10, 1970, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia), chief minister of Perak (2018-20). He was also Malaysian minister of youth and sports (2021-22). He was given the title Datuk Seri in 2018.

Ahmad Fuad (bin) Ismail, Tan Sri (b. July 16, 1953), lord mayor of Kuala Lumpur (2008-12). He was given the titles Datuk in 2002, Datuk Seri in 2010, and Tan Sri in 2011.

Ahmad Husni (bin Mohamad) Hanadzlah, Dato' Seri (b. July 21, 1952, Perak, Malaya [now in Malaysia]), second finance minister of Malaysia (2009-16). He was awarded the titles Dato' in 2000 and Dato' Seri in 2009.

Ahmad ibn Khalifa Al Khalifa (d. July 18, 1795, Manama, Bahrain), ruler of Bahrain (1783-95).

Ahmad Kamil (bin) Nik Mahmud, Tan Sri Nik (b. July 7, 1909, Kota Bharu, Kelantan [now in Malaysia] - d. Dec. 20, 1977, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia), chief minister of Kelantan (1944-53); son of Dato' Perdana Menteri Paduka Raja Nik Mahmud bin Nik Ismail. He was also Malayan high commissioner to Australia (1956-57) and the United Kingdom (1957-58) and permanent representative to the United Nations and ambassador to the United States (1959-62) and speaker of the Dewan Rakyat of Malaysia (1974-77). He was given the title Tan Sri in 1958.

Ahmad Nasser

Ahmad Nasser Al Muhammad (Al Ahmad Al Jabir) Al Sabah, Sheikh (b. Feb. 13, 1971), foreign minister (2019-22) and acting defense minister (2022) of Kuwait.

Ahmad Nawaf

Ahmad Nawaf Al Ahmad Al Sabah, Sheikh (b. 1956), interior minister (2022- ) and prime minister (2022-24) of Kuwait; son of Sheikh Nawaf Al Ahmad Al Jabir Al Sabah.

Ahmad Phesal (bin) Talib, Datuk Seri (b. July 12, 1954, Kedah, Malaya [now in Malaysia]), chairman of Labuan Corporation (2009-11) and lord mayor of Kuala Lumpur (2012-15).

Ahmad Razali (bin) Moh(ame)d Ali, Tan Sri (b. Dec. 10, 1928, Kelang, Selangor [now in Malaysia] - d. May 16, 2001), chief minister of Selangor (1982-86). He received the titles Dato' (1977) and Tan Sri (1999).

Ahmad Razif (bin) Abdul Rahman, Datuk Seri (b. Nov. 7, 1965, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia), chief minister of Terengganu (2014-18).

Ahmad Rithauddeen (bin Tengku Ismail), Tan Sri Tengku (b. Jan. 24, 1932, Kebun Raja [now Mengkebang Estate], Kuala Krai district, Kelantan [now in Malaysia] - d. April 29, 2022, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia), foreign minister (1975-81, 1984-86) and defense minister (1987-90) of Malaysia. He was also minister of information (1974-75, 1986-87) and trade and industry (1981-84). He received the titles Dato' Seri (1981) and Tan Sri (1991).

Ahmad (bin) Said, Datuk Seri (b. Feb. 15, 1957, Teluk Kalong, Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaya [now in Malaysia]), chief minister of Terengganu (2008-14).

Ahmad Sh.

Ahmad (bin Syed Mahmud) Shahabuddin, Tun Syed (b. May 4, 1925, Kulim, Kedah [now in Malaysia] - d. July 7, 2008, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia), chief minister of Kedah (1967-78) and governor of Malacca (1984-2004). He was also Malaysian ambassador to Singapore (1982-84). He received the titles Datuk (1975), Dato' (1976), Tan Sri (1979), Datuk Seri Utama (1985), Tun (1987), Datuk Patinggi (1988), and Datuk Seri Panglima (1996).

Ahmad Zahid (bin) Hamidi, Datuk Seri (b. Jan. 4, 1953, Bagan Datoh [now Bagan Datuk], Perak, Malaya [now in Malaysia]), defense minister (2009-13) and home affairs minister (2013-18) of Malaysia. He has also been a minister in the prime minister's department (2008-09), minister of rural and regional development (2022- ), and deputy prime minister (2015-18, 2022- ). He was awarded the titles Datuk (1993), Dato' Seri (2008), Datuk Seri Panglima (2011), Datuk Seri Utama (2015), and Dato' Seri DiRaja (2015).

Ahmadinejad

Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud (alternatively Mahmud Ahmadinezhad), original surname Saborjhian (b. Oct. 28, 1956, Garmsar, near Tehran, Iran), president of Iran (2005-13). In 1993-97 he was the first governor-general of the newly-created Ardabil province. He was elected mayor of Tehran in 2003 and got reputation from the merits of improving the traffic condition and stabilizing prices in the sprawling and polluted capital. Due to his background as son of a blacksmith, he led a simple life; it was said that he often took home-made lunch to office and lived in an ordinary flat. As a result, he was enthusiastically supported by people of lower social status in the country. He made all efforts to restore the fundamentalist Islamic law in the country, which made him very unpopular among less religious people. In the 2005 presidential election, he defeated former president Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani in a landslide. He said he was against any compromise on the issue of Iran's nuclear program and relations with the United States. He also faced numerous accusations about his past. The United States said he was a leader in the student movement behind the storming of its embassy in Tehran after the 1979 revolution, and tried to determine whether he was a hostage taker himself, something which he and those who took part denied. Austrian investigators also looked into whether he was involved in the murder of Kurdish dissidents in Vienna in 1989. Again, his aides denied the charges. As president he sparked widespread international condemnation with anti-Israeli comments. In October 2005 he said "the regime occupying Jerusalem must be erased from the annals of history" (which was widely mistranslated as "Israel must be wiped off the map"), followed in December by suggestions that Israel should be moved to Europe and that the Holocaust was a myth. In December 2006 he hosted a conference in Tehran casting doubt on the Holocaust. His reelection in 2009 was disputed and followed by a wave of protests. In 2017 he registered again as a candidate but was not qualified by the Guardian Council.

Ahmadshah (bin) Abdullah, Tun (Datuk Haji) (b. Dec. 9, 1946, Kampung Inanam, British North Borneo [now Sabah, Malaysia]), head of state of Sabah (2003-10).

Ahmadzai

Ahmadzai, Ahmad Shah (b. 1944, Malang village, Khak-e-Jabbar district, Kabul province, Afghanistan - d. Oct. 17, 2021, Afghanistan), acting prime minister (1995-96) and education minister (1996) of Afghanistan. He was a presidential candidate in 2004, receiving 0.8% of the vote.

Ahman, Sule (Mohammed), administrator of Enugu (1996-98).

Ahmat, Mahamat Saleh, finance minister of Chad (1979-80). He was also minister of economy and planning (1978-79).

Ahmat (Tibek), Mahamat Saleh (b. Nov. 12, 1945 - d. May 28, 2017, N'Djamena, Chad), foreign minister of Chad (1991-92). He was also minister of agriculture (1993-94), justice (1999), public works and transport (2001-02), and housing and urban planning (2001-02), permanent representative to the United Nations (1994-98), and ambassador to the United States (1995-98).

A.S. Ahmed

A.Y. Ahmed

Ahmed (Mohamed), Abdiweli Sheikh (b. 1959, Bardera, Somalia), prime minister of Somalia (2013-14).

Ahmed, Abdullahi Yusuf, Somali Cabdillahi Yuusuf Axmed (b. Dec. 15, 1934, Galkayo [now in Puntland], central Somalia - d. March 23, 2012, Dubai, United Arab Emirates), president of Puntland (1998-2001, 2002-04) and of Somalia (2004-08). He was a co-chairman of the National Salvation Council of Somalia formed in 1997.

A.D. Ahmed

Ahmed, Ahmed Dini, Arabic Ahmad Dini Ahmad, Somali Axmed Diini Axmed (b. 1932, Obock, French Somaliland [now Djibouti] - d. Sept. 12, 2004, Djibouti), vice president of the Government Council of French Somaliland (1959-60), interior minister of the French Territory of the Afars and Issas (1967-72), and prime minister of Djibouti (1977-78). He was also minister of production (1963-64) and president of the National Assembly (May-July 1977). Later he became president of the armed faction of the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) which was launched as a rebel movement in 1991 by the Afars (the second largest community living mainly in the northern half of Djibouti); a moderate group reached an agreement with the government (Dec. 26, 1994) but his own troops maintained an armed insurrection. He returned to Djibouti on March 22, 2000, after nine years in exile and a peace deal between the government and FRUD which provided for a cessation of hostilities, a general amnesty for all FRUD fighters in exile, and the liberation of prisoners held by both sides. He led the opposition during Djibouti's first multiparty general election in January 2003. The opposition did not win a single seat in that poll and subsequently denounced electoral fraud.

Ahmed, Ahmed Suleiman Mohamed (b. Jan. 14, 1924, Sudan), Sudanese politician. He was minister of agriculture and forestry (1964-65), economic affairs and foreign trade (1969-70), industry and mineral resources (1970-71), and justice (1971-73), ambassador to the Soviet Union (1969), the United Kingdom (1973-75), Nigeria (1978-81), and the United States (1993-96), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1992-93).

al-D. Ahmed

Asim Ahmed

A.S. Ahmed

Ahmed, al-Dirdiri Mohamed, foreign minister of The Sudan (2018-19).

Ahmed, Asim, acting foreign minister of Maldives (2013). He was education minister in 2012-13.

Ahmed, (Said) Athoumane Said (b. Aug. 15, 1935, Mitsamiouli, Grande Comore, Comoros - d. April 18, 2001, Paris, France), finance minister (1970-71) and foreign minister (1993) of the Comoros; nephew of Said Mohamed Cheikh. He was victim of an attack in September 1989.

Ahmed, Aziz (b. June 24, 1906, Lahore, India [now in Pakistan] - d. Oct. 23, 1982), foreign minister of Pakistan (1977). He was also ambassador to the United States (1959-63) and foreign secretary (1963-66).

Ahmed, Bukhari (b. Sept. 19, 1952, Villa Cisneros, Spanish West Africa [now Dakhla, Western Sahara] - d. April 3, 2018, Baracaldo, near Bilbao, Spain), Sahrawi diplomat. He was Polisario Front representative in Spain (1978-80, 1984-85) and at the United Nations (1992-2018) and ambassador of the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic to Panama (1980-84), Costa Rica (1982-84), Venezuela (1985-88), and Mexico (1988-92).

Ahmed, Fakhruddin (b. April 1, 1931, Gopalganj district, Bengal, India [now in Bangladesh] - d. Nov. 2, 2001), foreign minister of Bangladesh (1990-91). He was also Pakistani acting high commissioner to Ghana (1967-68) and Bangladeshi foreign secretary (1974-75, 1986-87), ambassador to Italy (1976-77) and Yugoslavia, Albania, and Greece (1978-82), and high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1982-86).

F. Ahmed (1940- )

Ahmed, Fakhruddin (b. May 1, 1940, Munshiganj district, Bengal, India [now in Bangladesh]), chief adviser of Bangladesh (2007-09). He held senior positions in the World Bank from 1978 to 2001 and was governor of the Bangladesh Bank in 2001-05.

F.A. Ahmed

I. Ahmed

Ahmed, Fakhruddin Ali (b. May 13, 1905, Delhi, India - d. Feb. 11, 1977, New Delhi, India), president of India (1974-77). He was also minister of irrigation and power (1966), education (1966-67), industrial development (1967-69), industries and internal trade (1969-70), food and agriculture (1970-71), and agriculture (1971-74).

Ahmed, Gulsher (b. Aug. 3, 1921, Satna [now in Madhya Pradesh], India - d. May 21, 2002, Satna), governor of Himachal Pradesh (1993).

Ahmed, Iajuddin (b. Feb. 1, 1931, Nayagaon village, Munshiganj district, Bengal, India [now in Bangladesh] - d. Dec. 10, 2012, Bangkok, Thailand), president (2002-09) and chief adviser (2006-07) of Bangladesh.

I.O.C. Ahmed

Ahmed, Ismail Ould Cheikh (b. 1960, Nouakchott, Mauritania), foreign minister of Mauritania (2018-22). He was also UN special representative for Ebola emergency response (2014-15) and UN special envoy for Yemen (2015-18).

Ahmed, Kazi Zafar (b. July 1, 1940, Cheora, Tripura district, Bengal, India [now in Comilla district, Bangladesh] - d. Aug. 27, 2015, Dhaka, Bangladesh), prime minister of Bangladesh (1989-90). A leader of the Bangladesh Jatiya Party, he was also minister of education (1978), commerce (1986), and ports, shipping, and inland water transport (1986-87) and a deputy prime minister (1986-87, 1988-89). He left Bangladesh for Australia in September 1999 and in his absence was tried for corruption and sentenced to 15 years imprisonment in November 1999. He was arrested when he returned in August 2001, but was released in October. He later lived again in Australia, as a refugee on a disability pension, but returned in February 2004.

K.M. Ahmed

Ahmed, Khandakar Mushtaq (b. 1918, Daspara village, Tripura district, Bengal, India [now in Comilla district, Bangladesh] - d. March 5, 1996, Dhaka, Bangladesh), foreign minister (1971) and president, defense minister, and home affairs minister (1975) of Bangladesh. He was also minister of law, parliamentary affairs, and land revenue (1971-72), power, irrigation, and flood control (1972-73), flood control, water resources, and power (1973-74), and trade and commerce (1974-75).

Ahmed, Lemrabott Sidi Mahmoud Ould Cheikh (b. 1957, Timbédra, Mauritania - d. March 8, 2015, Nouakchott, Mauritania), interior minister (1993-94, 2001-03, 2005), finance minister (1994-95), and foreign minister (1996-97) of Mauritania. He was also minister of mines and industry (1992-93), education (1996), and justice (2000-01).

Mohamed Ahmed

Ahmed, Mohamed (b. July 2, 1917, Mutsamudu, Anjouan, Comoros - d. Jan. 27, 1984), vice president of the Government Council (1957-62) and co-chairman of the Directorate (1978) of the Comoros.

Ahmed, Mohamed Ibrahim, byname Liqliqato (b. 1921 - d. 1998), Somali politician. He was ambassador to the Soviet Union (1969-70) and West Germany (1970-74) and minister of agriculture (1974-78) and commerce (1978-80).

Ahmed, Mohamed Jameel (b. Oct. 13, 1969), vice president of Maldives (2013-15). He was also minister of justice (2005-07), civil aviation and communication (2008-09), and home affairs (2012-13).

Ahmed, Mohamed Lamine Ould (b. 1948, Tan Tan, Morocco), prime minister of the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (1976-82, 1985-88).

Moudud Ahmed

Ahmed, Moudud (b. May 24, 1940, Noakhali, Bengal, India [now in Bangladesh] - d. March 16, 2021, Singapore), prime minister (1988-89) and vice president (1989-90) of Bangladesh. He was also minister of posts, telegraphs, and telephones (1978-79), power, flood control, and water resources (1979-80), communications (1985-86), industry (1986-90), Islam, law, and justice (1989-90), planning (1990), and law, justice, and parliamentary affairs (2001-06) and a deputy prime minister (1979-80, 1986-88).

Ahmed, Ougoureh Kifleh (b. Nov. 18, 1955, Dikhil, French Somaliland [now Djibouti]), defense minister of Djibouti (1999-2011). He was also minister of agriculture and hydraulics (1995-97) and civil service and administrative reform (1997-99).

Ahmed, Qadeeruddin (b. 1908? - d. March 23, 1995, Karachi, Pakistan), governor of Sindh (1988-89).

Shahab. Ahmed

Ahmed, Shahabuddin (b. Feb. 1, 1930, Pemoi village, Netrokona district, Bengal, India [now in northern Bangladesh] - d. March 19, 2022, Dhaka, Bangladesh), president of Bangladesh (1990-91 [acting], 1996-2001). He joined Pakistan's civil service in 1954, but switched to the judiciary in 1960. He was appointed a High Court judge on Jan. 20, 1972, two months after former East Pakistan emerged as independent Bangladesh. Ahmed was appointed chief justice of Bangladesh in January 1990, and in December became the country's acting president following the resignation of Pres. Hossain Mohammad Ershad in a stormy opposition-led campaign. Ahmed earned worldwide admiration by holding the country's first free and fair election in 1991, in which Khaleda Zia was elected the country's first woman prime minister. Ahmed returned to the Supreme Court after Abdur Rahman Biswas took over as president in October 1991. He retired from the legal profession in January 1995. Ahmed became president again in 1996, being chosen for the largely ceremonial post in July 1996 by the government of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed.

Sharif Ahmed

Syed Ahmed

Ahmed, Sheikh Sharif Sheikh, Arabic al-Shaykh Sharif Shaykh Ahmad, Somali Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed (b. July 25, 1964, Mahaday district, Shabeellaha Dhexe region, Somalia), president of Somalia (2009-12).

Ahmed, Syed (b. March 6, 1945 - d. Sept. 27, 2015, Mumbai, India), governor of Jharkhand (2011-15) and Manipur (2015).

T. Ahmed

Ahmed, Tajuddin (b. July 23, 1925, Dardaria village, Kapasia thana, Gazipur district, Bengal, India [now in Bangladesh] - d. Nov. 3, 1975, Dacca [now Dhaka], Bangladesh), prime minister of Bangladesh (1971-72). He became a founding member of the East Pakistan Student League on Jan. 4, 1948, and was a leading organizer of the Awami League at its founding on June 23, 1949. In 1954 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly and in 1966 he was made secretary-general of the Awami League. He was arrested on May 8, 1966, and released on Feb. 12, 1969. He became the first prime minister of Bangladesh after independence was declared. He handed over power to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman upon the latter's return from captivity in Pakistan in 1972, and became a simple minister in the cabinet, of finance (1972-74), planning (1972-73), revenue (1972-74), and forestry, fisheries, and livestock (1974). He stepped down from the cabinet on Oct. 26, 1974. In August 1975, a section of the military assassinated Mujib and arrested Tajuddin. He and three other leaders of the war of independence were killed while in captivity.

Ahmed (Hamdi) Abuk Pasha (b. 1859, Sivas, Ottoman Empire [now in Turkey] - d. 1923, Constantinople [now Istanbul], Turkey), war minister of the Ottoman Empire (1919). He was also minister of public works (1919-20).

Ahmed Avni Pasha (d. 1935), Ottoman official. He was minister of public works (1919) and the navy (1919).

Ahmed bin Shekhe Ngome (b. c. 1793 - d. 1875), sultan of Bambao (4 times).

Ahmed Esad Pasha, Sakizli (b. 1828, Chios island, Ottoman Empire [now in Greece] - d. Nov. 29, 1875, Smyrna, Ottoman Empire [now Izmir, Turkey]), war minister (1871-72, 1872-73) and grand vizier (1873, 1875) of the Ottoman Empire. He was also governor of Shkodra (1868-70), Sivas (1872), Konya (1873-74), Syria (1874-75), and Aydin (1875) and minister of navy (1872, 1875) and public works (1875).

Ahmed Eyyub Pasha (b. 1833, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. May 28, 1893, Constantinople), Ottoman official. He was governor of Yemen (1873-75), Monastir (1880-84, 1889), Ioannina (1884-89), and Kosovo (1889-90).

Ahmed Fethi Pasha, (Rodosîzade) Damad (b. 1801, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. Feb. 14, 1858, Constantinople), Ottoman official; son-in-law of Mahmut II. He was ambassador to Austria (1835-37) and France (1838-39) and commerce minister (1840-41, 1853).

Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (b. 1826, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. 1885, Beirut, Ottoman Empire [now in Lebanon]), grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1878). He was also minister of waqfs (1868-69), finance (1871, 1873-74), treasury (1876-77), and interior (1877-78) and governor of Aydin (1871-72, 1874-75, 1878-80), Danube (1872-73), and Syria (1875-76, 1880-85).

Ahmed Hifzi Pasha (b. 1832 - d. 1900), Ottoman official. He was governor of Kosovo (1881-83) and Ioannina (1889-97).

Ahmed Izid Bih

Ahmed Izid Bih, Isselkou Ould (b. 1961, Amourj, Mauritania), foreign minister of Mauritania (2016-18). He was also president of the University of Nouakchott (2007-10) and minister of higher education and scientific research (2013-14) and equipment and transport (2015).

Ahmed Kemal Pasha (b. 1808, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. Jan. 11, 1887), Ottoman official. He was ambassador to Prussia (1854-57) and minister of education (1861-62, 1863-65, 1865-67, 1871-72, 1872-73, 1877, 1877-78) and waqfs (1870-71, 1873-77).

Ahmed Lotfi al-Sayed Pasha (b. Jan. 15, 1872, Barkayn, Egypt - d. March 5, 1963, Cairo, Egypt), interior minister (1924-25, 1930-33, 1946) and foreign minister (1946) of Egypt. He was also rector of the Egyptian University (1925-28, 1930-32) and education minister (1928-29).

Ahmed Mohamed Farrag Tayeh, foreign minister of Egypt (1952). He was also minister to Jordan (1951-52).

Ahmed Muhtar Itisami Pasha, Ramazanzade (d. 1864), finance minister of the Ottoman Empire (1852-53, 1855-56, 1860). He was also ambassador to Austria (1843-44) and minister of the privy purse (1857-60).

Ahmed Münir Pasha (b. 1825, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. 1897, Bursa, Ottoman Empire [now in Turkey]), finance minister (1881-82, 1882-85) and interior minister (1885-91) of the Ottoman Empire. He was also governor of Bursa (1891-96, 1897).

Ahmed Nazif Pasha (b. 1841, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. 1905, Constantinople), finance minister of the Ottoman Empire (1891-95, 1896-97, 1904-05).

Ahmed Pasha, Kayserili (b. 1806, Pusatli village, near Kayseri, Ottoman Empire [now in Turkey] - d. Oct. 28, 1878, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey]), Ottoman official. He was governor of the Archipelago (1857, 1859-60, 1867-73), Aydin (1860, 1863-64), Sayda (1860-63), Ioannina (1864-67), and Danube (1877) and navy minister (1873-75, 1876-77).

Ahmed Pasha, Laz (d. 1819), grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1811-12).

Ahmed Ratip Pasha (b. 1846, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. July 13, 1913, Paris, France), Ottoman official. He was navy minister (1882) and governor of Hejaz (1892-94, 1895-1908).

Ahmed Resad Pasha (b. 1849, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. 1927, Constantinople), finance minister of the Ottoman Empire (1898-1901, 1901-04).

Ahmed Sadik Ziver Pasha (b. 1793, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. 1862, al-Madinah, Ottoman Empire [now in Saudi Arabia]), Ottoman official. He was minister of waqfs (1837, 1852-54) and privy purse (1840-42, 1854-55).

Ahmed Sükrü Bey (d. 1877), Ottoman official. He was minister of posts and telegraphs (1840-42, 1871-72) and mayor of Constantinople (1859-61).

Ahmed Vefik Pasha (b. July 3, 1823 [others consider 1818/19 more likely], Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. April 1, 1891, Constantinople), chief minister (1878) and grand vizier (1882) of the Ottoman Empire. He was also ambassador to Persia (1851-54) and France (1859-61), minister of waqfs (1861-62) and education (1872, 1878), and governor of Adrianople (1877) and Bursa (1879-82). He received the Pasha title in 1877.

Ahmed Ziwar Pasha (b. Nov. 14, 1864, Alexandria, Egypt - d. Aug. 21, 1945), prime minister and foreign minister of Egypt (1924-26). He was also minister of waqfs (1917), education (1919, 1922-23), and communications (1919-21).

Ahmed Zühdü Pasha (b. Feb. 3, 1834, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. April 12, 1902, Constantinople), finance minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878-79, 1879, 1887). He was also minister of public works (1885-86) and education (1891-1902) and governor of Bursa (1886-87).

Ahmetaj, Arben (Novruz) (b. June 28, 1969, Gjirokastër, Albania), finance minister of Albania (2016-17, 2017-19). He has also been minister of economic development, trade, and entrepreneurship (2013-16), minister of state for reconstruction (2019- ), and deputy prime minister (2021- ).

Ahmeti, Vilson (Faik) (b. Sept. 5, 1951, Fier, Albania), prime minister of Albania (1991-92). He was also minister of industry (1991) and nutrition (1991). On Aug. 31, 1993, he was sentenced to 2 years' imprisonment, and on July 10, 1995, to 15 years for embezzlement.

E. Aho

Aho, Esko (Tapani) (b. May 20, 1954, Veteli, Finland), prime minister of Finland (1991-95). A member of parliament since 1983, he became chairman of the Centre Party (KESK) in 1990. In 1991 he was speaker of parliament. Finland's youngest ever prime minister when he took office at the age of 36, he showed stamina by administering painful reforms necessary to weather the economic storm as Finland plunged into the deepest recession in its history. Aho's looks led Finns to dub him "the Kennedy of Kannus," after his home town of Kannus in the northwest. He was a presidential candidate in 2000.

Aho, Philippe (b. July 17, 1914, Oumbégamé [now in Zou département], Dahomey [now Benin] - d. March 4, 1973), defense minister (1965-66) and interior minister (1965-67) of Dahomey.

'Aho, Siaosi Taimani (b. 1938? - d. April 27, 2018), Tongan politician. He was high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1986-89), ambassador to the United States (1987-89), minister of justice (2004-06) and police, prisons, and fire services (2006-09), and high commissioner to New Zealand (2009-18).

Ahomadegbé

Ahomadegbé(-Tomêtin), Justin (b. Jan. 16, 1917, Abomey, Dahomey [now Benin] - d. March 8, 2002, Cotonou, Benin), vice president, prime minister, interior minister, and defense minister (1964-65) and chairman of the Presidential Council (1972) of Dahomey. He was also president of the Legislative Assembly (1959-60) and minister of social affairs, health, and education (1963-64) and labour (1963-64).

Ahoomey-Z.

Ahoomey-Zunu, (Arthème) Kwesi (Séléagodji) (b. Dec. 1, 1958, Lomé, Togo), prime minister of Togo (2012-15). He was also minister of territorial administration (2006-07) and trade (2011-12).

Ahouanmenou, Michel (b. Dec. 23, 1916, Porto-Novo, Dahomey [now Benin] - d. 1979), foreign minister of Dahomey (1971-72). He was also minister of youth and sports (1960-63) and education (1960-63) and ambassador to France (1967-71) and the United Kingdom and Italy (1968-71).

Ahrendt, Lothar (b. March 13, 1936, Erfurt, Germany), interior minister of East Germany (1989-90).

Ahrens, F(rederick) W., mayor of Charlotte (1867-68).

Ahsan, Abul (b. Dec. 28, 1936 - d. Dec. 6, 2008, Dhaka, Bangladesh), secretary-general of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (1987-89). He was Bangladesh's ambassador to Poland (1978-79), Italy (1980-82), Pakistan (1984-86), and the United States (1991-93).

Ahsan, Syed Mohammad (b. Nov. 21, 1920 - d. Aug. 4, 1989, Karachi, Pakistan), defense minister of Pakistan (1969) and governor of East Pakistan (1969-71). He was also naval commander-in-chief (1966-69).

Ahtisaari

Ahtisaari, Martti (Oiva Kalevi) (b. June 23, 1937, Viipuri, Karelia, Finland [now Vyborg, Russia] - d. Oct. 16, 2023, Helsinki, Finland), president of Finland (1994-2000). He joined the Foreign Affairs Ministry in 1965 and held various posts in the ministry's Bureau for Technical Cooperation until 1972. He was ambassador to Tanzania in 1973-76, being also accredited to Zambia, Somalia, and Mozambique. In 1977-81 he was United Nations commissioner for Namibia. Thereafter, while serving in Finnish Foreign Ministry posts, he retained the title of special representative of the UN secretary-general for Namibia, and he led the UN's Transition Assistance Group that supervised Namibia's move toward independence in 1989-90. He was a senior UN envoy during the 1992-93 Bosnia and Herzegovina peace talks. In 1994 he became the first directly-elected president of Finland. His vision of Finland as an important player in international affairs, and his image as a political outsider, caught the imagination of an electorate frustrated with career politicians. On June 2, 1999, he and Russian envoy Viktor Chernomyrdin met Yugoslav Pres. Slobodan Milosevic in Belgrade and urged him to accept an agreement to end the conflict in Kosovo, or face continued NATO bombing. The next day Milosevic agreed to the conditions of the accord, which included a joint NATO-Russian peacekeeping force in Kosovo. Ahtisaari's calm insistence that the plan was a one-time-only, take-it-or-leave-it offer forced Milosevic finally to capitulate. Ahtisaari supported Finland's entry into the European Union, which took place Jan. 1, 1995. Also favouring NATO and further expansion of the EU, he often faced opposition by a majority in parliament which preferred a more cautious foreign policy, and by his own party, the Social Democrats. He did not seek reelection in 2000. In 2005 he brokered the peace process in Indonesia's Aceh province and in 2005-07 he mediated talks on the status of Kosovo. In 2008 he won the Nobel Peace Prize.

Ahuad (Demichelis), Néstor (Enrique Rufino) (b. April 7, 1940, La Paz, Entre Ríos, Argentina - d. Oct. 1, 2016, Buenos Aires, Argentina), governor of La Pampa (1987-91).

Ahumada (Saucedo), Miguel (b. Sept. 29, 1844, Colima, Colima, Mexico - d. Aug. 6, 1917, El Paso, Texas), governor of Chihuahua (1892-1903, 1911) and Jalisco (1903-11).

Ahwoi, Kwamena (b. Oct. 13, 1951, Winneba, Gold Coast [now Ghana]), acting foreign minister of Ghana (1997); brother of Kwesi Ahwoi. He was minister for local government and rural development (1988-2000) and planning and regional economic cooperation and integration (2000-01).

Ahwoi, Kwesi (b. Nov. 17, 1946, Agona Mankrong, Gold Coast [now Ghana]), interior minister of Ghana (2013-14). He was also minister of food and agriculture (2009-13), high commissioner to South Africa, Swaziland, and Seychelles and ambassador to Comoros (2015-17), and high commissioner to Lesotho (2016-17).

Aichi, Kazuo (b. July 20, 1937, Tokyo, Japan - d. May 3, 2024, Tokyo), director-general of the Defense Agency of Japan (1993-94). He was also director-general of the Environment Agency (1990-91).

Kiichi Aichi

Aichi, Kiichi (b. Oct. 10, 1907, Tokyo, Japan - d. Nov. 23, 1973, Tokyo), foreign minister (1968-71) and finance minister (1972-73) of Japan. He was also minister of international trade and industry (1954), justice (1958-59), and education (1964-65) and director-general of the Autonomy Agency (1958-59) and the Science and Technology Agency (1964-65).

Aidaraliyev, Iskenderbek (Rysbekovich) (b. Nov. 13, 1955, Dzhalal-Abad oblast, Kirgiz S.S.R.), acting prime minister of Kyrgyzstan (2007). He was governor of Jalal-Abad oblast (January 2006 to November 2007), first deputy prime minister (2007-09), and minister of agriculture (2009-10).

Aidarbayev, Alik (Serikovich) (b. May 19, 1963, Aleksandrovka, Alma-Ata [now Almaty] oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.), head of Mangistau oblast (2013-17).

Aidarbekov

Aidarbekov, Chingiz (Azamatovich) (b. Oct. 10, 1977, Frunze, Kirgiz S.S.R. [now Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan]), foreign minister of Kyrgyzstan (2018-20). He was also ambassador to Japan (2016-18).

Aiguillon, Emmanuel Armand de Vignerot du Plessis de Richelieu, duc d' (b. July 31, 1720 - d. Sept. 1, 1788, Paris, France), foreign minister (1771-74) and war minister (1774) of France. He was also governor of Bretagne (1753-68).

Aihi, Paru (b. Nov. 1, 1957), foreign minister of Papua New Guinea (2011-12, Somare government). He was also minister of higher education, science, technology, and research (2011) and education (2012).

Aiken, Frank, Irish Proinsias Mac Aodhagáin (b. Feb. 13, 1898, Camlough, County Armagh, Ireland - d. May 18, 1983, Dublin), foreign minister (1951-54, 1957-69) and deputy prime minister (1965-69) of Ireland. He was also minister of defence (1932-39), coordination of defence measures (1939-45), and finance (1945-48).

Aiken, George D(avid) (b. Aug. 20, 1892, Dummerston, Vt. - d. Nov. 19, 1984, Montpelier, Vt.), U.S. politician. First elected to the Vermont House of Representatives in 1930, he served as lieutenant governor (1935-37) and governor (1937-41) of his home state. As a U.S. senator (1941-75), the spirited Republican supported "liberal" farm policies such as crop price supports and favoured rural electrification and the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway (completed in 1959), a joint project with Canada which afforded deep-draft navigation between the Atlantic and the Great Lakes. He was the chief architect of the food-stamp program, which became law in 1965, two decades after he first proposed the idea. Aiken became a Vermont institution with his longtime tenure, but he became better known to the nation for two straightforward remarks. In 1966, after having supported Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson's policy in the Vietnam War, he moved toward the position of the "doves" and said that if a face-saving device was needed to pull out of the fighting, Johnson should simply "declare the United States the winner and begin deescalation." In 1973 he lambasted the Senate for its treatment of Pres. Richard Nixon by saying, "Impeach him or get off his back." Although he came from a rural, landlocked state, he was an avid internationalist and, as a longtime member and ranking Republican on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he supported a nonpartisan foreign policy. If he had not claimed the position on the Foreign Relations Committee in 1954, it would have gone to Sen. Joseph McCarthy. Aiken, who earned a reputation for his candor, thrift (he spent $17.09 on his last campaign), and independence of mind, was at the time of his retirement the oldest senator and dean of the Senate.

Aiken, Sir John (Alexander Carlisle) (b. Dec. 22, 1921, Belfast, Northern Ireland - d. May 31, 2005), administrator of the British Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus (1973-76); knighted 1973.

W. Aiken

Aiken, William (b. Jan. 28, 1806, Charleston, S.C. - d. Sept. 6, 1887, Flat Rock, N.C.), governor of South Carolina (1844-46).

Aikins, Sir James Albert Manning (b. Dec. 10, 1851, Toronto Gore Township [now part of Brampton], Canada West [now Ont.] - d. March 1, 1929, Winnipeg, Man.), lieutenant governor of Manitoba (1916-26); knighted 1914; son of James Cox Aikins.

Aikins, James Cox, originally spelled Eakins (b. March 30, 1823, Toronto Township, Upper Canada [now Mississauga, Ont.] - d. Aug. 6, 1904, Toronto, Ont.), lieutenant governor of Manitoba (1882-88).

Aïkpé, Michel (b. 1942, Bohicon, Dahomey [now Benin] - d. June 20, 1975), interior minister of Dahomey (1968, 1972-75). He was also prefect of Borgou (1975). He was killed by the presidential guard as he sought to escape after being discovered in the act of committing adultery with the wife of Pres. Mathieu Kérékou, according to a government announcement.

Ailes, Stephen (b. May 25, 1912, Romney, W.Va. - d. June 30, 2001, Bethesda, Md.), U.S. secretary of the army (1964-65).

Aingimea

Aingimea, Lionel (Silvanus Rouwen Amoun) (b. Sept. 2, 1965, Nauru), president of Nauru (2019-22). He has also been minister of public service, foreign affairs and trade, police, emergency services, telecommunications and media, multicultural affairs, education, and land management (2019-22) and minister assisting the president and minister of foreign affairs and trade, police, and justice and border control (2023- ).

Aini, Martin (b. March 31, 1959), defense minister of Papua New Guinea (2006-07).

Aini, Mohsin (Ahmed) al-, Arabic Muhsin Ahmad al-`Ayni (b. Oct. 20, 1932, Halwan, Yemen - d. Aug. 25, 2021, Cairo, Egypt), foreign minister (1962, 1965, 1970-71, 1971-72, 1974) and prime minister (1967, 1970-71, 1971-72, 1974-75) of Yemen (Sana). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1962-65, 1965-66, 1967-68, 1979-81) and ambassador to the United States (1963-66, 1984-97), the Soviet Union (1968-70), France (1971, 1975-76), the United Kingdom (1973-74), and West Germany (1981-84).

Ainsworth, Bob, byname of Robert William Ainsworth (b. June 19, 1952, Coventry, England), British defence secretary (2009-10).

Ainsworth-Dickson, Thomas (b. July 28, 1881, Cartmel, Lancashire, England - d. April 1, 1935), resident commissioner of Swaziland (1928-35).

Aird, John Black (b. May 5, 1923, Toronto, Ont. - d. May 6, 1995, Toronto), lieutenant governor of Ontario (1980-85).

Aisi, Robert (Guba), Papua New Guinean diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2002-15).

Aislabie, John (b. Dec. 4, 1670 - d. June 18, 1742), British chancellor of the exchequer (1718-21).

Aispuro Torres, José Rosas (b. Oct. 19, 1961, Tamazula, Durango, Mexico), governor of Durango (2016-22). He was also mayor of Durango (2001-04).

Ait Ahmed

Ait Ahmed, Hocine, Berber Husin At Hmed, Arabic Husayn Ayt Ahmad (b. Aug. 20, 1926, Ain el-Hammam, Kabylie, Algeria - d. Dec. 23, 2015, Lausanne, Switzerland), Algerian politician. He was dubbed the "eternal rebel" for his role in fighting French colonial power since the age of 13. He founded the first opposition party, the secular Socialist Forces Front (FFS), in 1963, one year after independence. He was arrested in 1964 but escaped from jail in 1966 to live in exile in Europe until 1989 when the FFS was registered as a legal party. He also spent six years in prison in France after French authorities arrested him along with four other main National Liberation Front (FLN) leaders in 1956. Ait Ahmed drew most of his supporters from Berber-speaking areas in the mountainous northern regions of Kabylie. He opposed both radical Muslim fundamentalists and the government-dominated military. He went back into exile in 1992 and stepped down as leader of the FFS in 2013.

Ait Chaalal, Messaoud (b. Aug. 8, 1929, Chelghoum Laid, Algeria), Algerian diplomat. He was ambassador to Italy (1967-70), the Benelux countries (1971-79), the Soviet Union (1982-84), Tunisia (1984-88), and France (1988-89) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1991-92).

Aitaro

Aitaro, Gustav (Ngiracheluolu), minister of state of Palau (2021- ).

Aitchison, Sir Charles Umpherston (b. May 20, 1832, Edinburgh, Scotland - d. Feb. 18, 1896, Oxford, England), chief commissioner of British Burma (1878-80) and lieutenant governor of Punjab (1882-87); knighted 1881.

Aitimova, Byrganym (Sariyevna) (b. Feb. 26, 1953, Bakaushino village, Zapadno-Kazakhstan oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.), Kazakh politician. She was minister of youth, tourism, and sport (1993-96) and education and science (2004-07), ambassador to Israel (1996-2002) and Italy (2002-04), and permanent representative to the United Nations (2007-13).

Aitio, Paavo (Johannes) (b. July 14, 1918, Turku, Finland - d. June 1, 1989, Turku), governor of Turku ja Pori (1977-85). He was also a Finnish presidential candidate (1962) and minister of transport and public works (1968-70) and labour (1975-76).

A. Aitmatov

Aitmatov, Askar (Chingizovich) (b. Jan. 5, 1959, Frunze, Kirgiz S.S.R. [now Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan]), foreign minister of Kyrgyzstan (2002-05); son of Chingiz Aitmatov. He was also acting permanent representative to the United Nations (1994-96).

Aitmatov, Chingiz (Torekulovich) (b. Dec. 12, 1928, Sheker, Kirgiz A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. [now in Kyrgyzstan] - d. June 10, 2008, Nürnberg, Germany), Kyrgyz diplomat. More famous as a writer, he was Soviet/Russian ambassador to Luxembourg (1990-93) and Kyrgyz ambassador to France and the Benelux countries (1993-2008).

Aiyedatiwa

Aiyedatiwa, Lucky (Orimisan) (b. Jan. 12, 1965, Obe-Nla, Ilaje local government area [now in Ondo state], Nigeria), governor of Ondo (2023 [acting], 2023- ).

Aiyubi, Ali Jawdat al- (b. 1896, Mosul, Ottoman Empire [now in Iraq] - d. March 4, 1969, Lebanon), interior minister (1923-24, 1934-35), finance minister (1930), prime minister (1934-35, 1949-50, 1957), and foreign minister (1939-40, 1941, 1948-49) of Iraq. He was also speaker of parliament (1935), minister to the United Kingdom (1935-37) and France (1937-39), minister (1942-47) and ambassador (1947-48) to the United States, and deputy prime minister (1953).

Ajanovic Hovnik, Sanja (b. July 14, 1977, Ljubljana, Slovenia), acting interior minister of Slovenia (2022-23). She has been minister of public administration (2022- ).

Ajasin, Michael (Adekunle) (b. Nov. 28, 1908, Owo [now in Ondo state], Nigeria - d. Oct. 3, 1997, Ife, Osun state, Nigeria), governor of Ondo (1979-83).

Ajavon, Robert (b. April 10, 1910, Lomé, Togo - d. Oct. 5, 1996, La Rochelle, Charente-Maritime, France), Togolese politician. He was president of the Chamber of Deputies (1956-58) and permanent representative to the United Nations and ambassador to the United States (1964-67).

Ajimobi, (Isiaka) Abiola (Adeyemi) (b. Dec. 16, 1949, Ibadan, Nigeria - d. June 25, 2020, Lagos, Nigeria), governor of Oyo (2011-19).

Ajobena, Frank (Onaweneryen), administrator of Abia (1991-92).

Ajodhia

Ajumogobia

Ajodhia, Jules (Rattankoemar) (b. Jan. 27, 1945, Suriname [now Wanica] district, Suriname - d. March 29, 2024, Paramaribo, Suriname), vice president of Suriname (1991-96, 2000-05). He was justice and police minister in 1988-90.

Ajtai, Miklós (b. May 19, 1914, Rákosliget [now part of Budapest], Hungary - d. Feb. 14, 1982, Budapest), a deputy premier of Hungary (1967-74). He was also chairman of the National Planning Office (1961-67) and of the Technical Development Committee (1970-78).

Ajumogobia, (Henry) Odein (b. June 29, 1956), foreign minister of Nigeria (2010-11).

Aka, (Mehmet) Enver (b. 1901, Edirne, Ottoman Empire [now in Turkey] - d. Sept. 17, 1988, Ankara, Turkey), Turkish politician. He was chairman of the Senate (1963-65).

Akadiri

Akadiri, Saliou (b. 1950, Issaba, Dahomey [now Benin]), foreign minister of Benin (2015-16).

Akagi, Munenori (b. Dec. 2, 1904, Akeno [now part of Chikusei], Ibaraki, Japan - d. Nov. 11, 1993), Japanese politician. He was minister of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries (1957-58, 1963-65, 1971-72), chief cabinet secretary (1958-59), and director-general of the Defense Agency (1959-60).

Akakpo, André (Adotévi) (b. June 21, 1913, Aného, Togo - d. 1967), Togolese diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations and ambassador to the United States (1960-63).

Akakpo, Koffi, Togolese diplomat. He has been chargé d'affaires at the United Nations (2022- ).

Akakpo Ahianyo, Anani (Kuma) (b. Dec. 12, 1937, Zio prefecture, Togo), foreign minister of Togo (1978-84). He was also ambassador to China (1975-78).

Akama, Bunzo (b. May 31, 1899, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan - d. May 2, 1973), governor of Osaka (1947-59) and justice minister of Japan (1967-68).

Akame Mfoumou, Édouard (b. Aug. 14, 1945, Ndonko, French Cameroons [now in Cameroon]), defense minister (1990-96) and economy and finance minister (1996-2001) of Cameroon.

Akande, Bisi, byname of Bamidele Adebisi Akande (b. Jan. 16, 1939), governor of Osun (1999-2003).

Akar, Hulusi (b. 1952, Kayseri, Turkey), defense minister of Turkey (2018-23). He was also commander of the land forces (2013-15) and chief of the General Staff (2015-18).

Z. Akar

Akar (Adra), Zeina (b. Koura, Lebanon), defense minister (2020-21) and acting foreign minister (2021) of Lebanon.

Akaruru, Inatio (b. March 31, 1937 - d. Jan. 31, 2014, Cook Islands), deputy prime minister (1989-99) and foreign minister (1992-99) of the Cook Islands. He was also minister of health (1968-73), supportive services (1973-78), immigration and energy (1984-99), posts, telecommunications, and electric power supply (1984-89), and police and the Electoral Office (1989-92).

Akashi, Motojiro, in full (from 1919) Danshaku (Baron) Motojiro Akashi (b. Sept. 1 [Aug. 1, lunar calendar], 1864, Fukuoka, Japan - d. Oct. 26, 1919, Fukuoka), governor-general of Taiwan (1918-19).

Akayev

Akayev, Askar (Akayevich) (b. Nov. 10, 1944, Kyzyl-Bairak village, Kemin district, Kirgiz S.S.R.), president of Kyrgyzstan (1990-2005). From 1987 to 1989 he was vice president of the Kirgiz Academy of Sciences and in 1989-90 its president. On Oct. 27, 1990, the parliament elected Akayev as the president of the Kirgiz Soviet Socialist Republic. At the elections on Oct. 12, 1991, he was elected as the first president of independent Kyrgyzstan. The people confirmed Akayev's powers as president in a national referendum on Jan. 30, 1994. On Dec. 24, 1995, he was reelected for a second term. A technocrat with more democratic instincts than his authoritarian counterparts in the other ex-Soviet states of Central Asia, he won support from international donors by achieving macroeconomic stability and steady growth. On Oct. 29, 2000, he was again reelected. His popularity waned, however, and critics accused him of suppressing the opposition and media, and said his government was mired in corruption. In 2002, his reputation was tarnished after police killed six demonstrators protesting the arrest of an opposition lawmaker. He promised to step down in October 2005, but the opposition believed he wanted to remain in power. Their suspicions were fuelled in February 2003 when Akayev moved to expand presidential powers. Critics also noted that his eldest son, Aydar, and eldest daughter, Bermet, won seats in the February-March 2005 parliamentary election. After that election, protests turned violent in southern Kyrgyzstan, and the opposition effectively seized control of the towns of Jalal-Abad and Osh. The revolution then quickly spread to the capital Bishkek, and Akayev fled the country on March 24. A Kremlin statement of March 27 said that Akayev had asked permission to visit Russia and that his request was granted. He signed a resignation letter in Moscow in April.

Akazawa, Masamichi (b. July 26, 1907, Tottori prefecture, Japan - d. Jan. 20, 1982), Japanese politician. He was minister of local autonomy (1964, 1967-68).

Akbar, Patrialis (b. Oct. 31, 1958, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia), law minister of Indonesia (2009-11).

Akbaruddin, Syed (b. April 27, 1960), Indian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2016-20).

Akbulatov

Akbulatov, Edkham (Shukriyevich) (b. June 18, 1960, Krasnoyarsk, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the government (2008-11) and acting governor (2010) of Krasnoyarsk kray. He was also mayor of Krasnoyarsk (2011-17; acting to 2012).

Akbulut

G.M.N. Aké

Akbulut, Yildirim (b. Sept. 2, 1935, Erzincan, Turkey - d. April 14, 2021, Ankara, Turkey), interior minister (1984-87) and prime minister (1989-91) of Turkey. He was speaker of the Grand National Assembly in 1987-89 and 1999-2000.

Akdag, Recep (b. May 8, 1960, Ispir district, Erzurum province, Turkey), a deputy prime minister of Turkey (2017-18). He was also minister of health (2002-13, 2016-17).

Akdogan, Ismail Hakki (b. 1919, Yozgat, Ottoman Empire [now in Turkey] - d. March 2, 1994), interior minister of Turkey (1965). He was also minister of tourism and information (1965).

Akdogan, (Mustafa) Kazim (b. 1914, Kastamonu, Ottoman Empire [now in Turkey] - d. Dec. 22, 1999), justice minister of Turkey (1983).

Akdogan, Yalçin (b. Sept. 22, 1969, Istanbul, Turkey), a deputy prime minister of Turkey (2014-16).

Aké, Gilbert Marie N'gbo (b. Oct. 8, 1955, Abidjan, Ivory Coast [now Côte d'Ivoire]), prime minister (and minister of planning and development) of Côte d'Ivoire (2010-11). He was appointed by Pres. Laurent Gbagbo after his previous prime minister, Guillaume Soro, recognized the rival president, Alassane Ouattara.

Aké, Siméon (b. Jan. 4, 1932, Bingerville, Ivory Coast - d. Jan. 8, 2003, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire), foreign minister of Ivory Coast/Côte d'Ivoire (1977-90). He was also ambassador to the United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway (1964-66), Germany and Austria (1991-97), and the Vatican (1997-2000) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1966-77).

Akeeagok

Akeeagok, P(auloosie) J(uusipi) (b. 1984, Grise Fiord, N.W.T. [now in Nunavut]), premier of Nunavut (2021- ).

Akeik

Akeik, Mohamed Wali (b. 1950, El Aaiún, Spanish West Africa [now in Western Sahara]), prime minister of the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (2018-20).

Akel

Akel, Friedrich (Karl) (b. Sept. 5, 1871, Kaubi, Estonia - d. July 3, 1941, Tallinn, Estonia), foreign minister (1923-24, 1926-27, 1936-38) and state elder (1924) of Estonia. He was also minister to Finland (1922-23), Sweden and Norway (1928-33), Germany (1933-36), and the Netherlands (1934-36). He was shot by the Soviet regime in 1941.

Akeredolu, Rotimi, in full Arakunrin Oluwarotimi Odunayo Akeredolu (b. July 21, 1956, Owo [now in Ondo state], Nigeria - d. Dec. 27, 2023, Lagos, Nigeria), governor of Ondo (2017-23).

Åkerhielm af Blombacka, Hans Samuel Knut friherre (b. Oct. 16, 1809, Silboholm, Skaraborg [now in Västra Götaland], Sweden - d. Sept. 24, 1879, Karbenning socken [now in Norberg municipality], Västmanland, Sweden), governor of Norrbotten (1849-56).

Åkerhielm af Margrethelund, (Johan) Gustaf (Nils Samuel) friherre (b. June 24, 1833, Stockholm, Sweden - d. April 2, 1900, Stockholm), finance minister (1874-75), foreign minister (1889), and prime minister (1889-91) of Sweden.

Åkerhielm af Margrethelund, Johan Carl friherre (b. July 21, 1807, Axberg socken, Örebro, Sweden - d. Nov. 13, 1879, Floda socken, Södermanland, Sweden), governor of Örebro (1856-76).

Akerlaken, Jonkheer Pieter van (b. Aug. 12, 1792, Hoorn, Netherlands - d. Sept. 20, 1862, Hoorn), Dutch politician. He was chairman of the Second Chamber (1844-45) and mayor of Hoorn (1845-62).

Akerland, Gustav (J.) (b. Sept. 14, 1920 - d. April 15, 1981, Annapolis, Md.), acting mayor of Annapolis (1981). He shot himself on April 11, 1981, in apparent despondency over city budget problems. Admitted to hospital, he never regained consciousness.

Akerman

Akerman, Amos T(appan) (b. Feb. 23, 1821, Portsmouth, N.H. - d. Dec. 21, 1880, Cartersville, Ga.), U.S. attorney general (1870-71).

Åkerman, Assar (Emanuel) (b. Oct. 28, 1860, Gärdslöv socken, Malmöhus [now in Skåne], Sweden - d. Oct. 7, 1936), justice minister of Sweden (1920, 1921-23).

Åkerman, Fredrik (b. Dec. 16, 1800, Göteborg, Sweden - d. May 2, 1877, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of Västernorrland (1841-51).

Åkerman, (Gustaf Richard) Joachim, byname Jockum Åkerman (b. Oct. 31, 1868, Falun, Kopparberg [now Dalarna], Sweden - d. March 23, 1958), war minister of Sweden (1917).

Åkerman, Henrik (b. July 17, 1840, Stora Kopparberg socken, Kopparberg [now Dalarna], Sweden - d. June 13, 1905, Paris, France), Swedish diplomat; nephew of Fredrik Åkerman. He was minister-resident to Spain (1877-82) and minister to Spain (1882-84), Austria-Hungary (1884-90), the United Kingdom (1890-99), and France (1899-1905).

Akers-Jones, Sir David (b. April 14, 1927, Worthing, Sussex, England - d. Sept. 30, 2019, Hong Kong), acting governor of Hong Kong (1986-87); knighted 1985. He was chief secretary in 1985-87.

Akhannouch

Akhannouch, Aziz (b. 1961, Tafraout, Morocco), prime minister of Morocco (2021- ). He was also agriculture minister (2007-21) and acting finance minister (2013).

Akhazov, Timofey (Arkadyevich) (b. June 2 [May 20, O.S.], 1907, Chagasi, Simbirsk province [now in Chuvashia republic], Russia - d. June 9, 1979, Cheboksary, Chuvash A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.) first secretary of the Communist Party committee (1948-55) and chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1957-67) of the Chuvash A.S.S.R.

Akhba, Igor (Muratovich) (b. Feb. 5, 1949), foreign minister of Abkhazia (2004). He was also ambassador to Russia (2008-21).

Akhbach, Acyl Ahmat (b. 1944, Djedda, Chad - d. [accident?] July 19, 1982, Lai, Chad), foreign minister of Chad (1979-82).

Akhigbe, Mike (Okhai) (b. Sept. 29, 1946, Fugar [now in Edo state], Nigeria - d. Oct. 28, 2013, New York City), governor of Ondo (1985-86) and Lagos (1986-88). He was also Nigerian chief of naval staff (1994-98) and chief of general staff (1998-99).

Akhlestyshev, Dmitry (Dmitriyevich) (b. Aug. 6 [July 26, O.S.], 1796 - d. Feb. 20 [Feb. 8, O.S.], 1875), governor of Georgia (1838-40) and military governor of Odessa (1840-48).

Akhlestyshev, Pavel (Dmitriyevich) (b. Oct. 15, 1845 - d. 1933), governor of Tver (1890-97); son of Dmitry Akhlestyshev.

Akhmadov, Huseyn (Saydaliyevich) (b. 1950), chairman of the Provisional Council of the Chechen Republic (1991).

I. Akhmadov

Akhmadov, Ilyas (Khamzatovich) (b. Dec. 19, 1960, Kazakh S.S.R.), foreign minister of Chechnya (1999-2005). Living in exile since 1999, he was granted political asylum in the United States in 2004.

Akhmatov, Aleksey (Petrovich) (b. Dec. 4 [Nov. 22, O.S.], 1817, Bely Klyuch village, Karsunsky district, Simbirsk province, Russia - d. Nov. 25, 1870, Florence, Italy), Russian official. He was governor of Kharkov (1860-62) and chief procurator of the Holy Synod (1862-65).

Akhmedbayev, Adkham (Akramovich) (b. Feb. 14, 1962, Tashkent, Uzbek S.S.R.), interior minister of Uzbekistan (2013-17).

Akhmedov, Ali (Aliyevich) (b. Jan. 14, 1911, Khodzhent, Russia [now Khujand, Tajikistan] - d. 1971, Leninabad, Tadzhik S.S.R. [now Khujand, Tajikistan]), people's commissar of foreign affairs of the Tadzhik S.S.R. (1944-46). He was also people's commissar of water resources (1941-44).

Akhmedov, Khan (Akhmedovich) (b. June 16, 1936, Pazau, Krasnovodsk oblast, Turkmen S.S.R. [now Balkan velayat, Turkmenistan] - d. Dec. 6, 2006, Serdar, Turkmenistan), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Turkmen S.S.R./Turkmenistan (1989-91). In 1985 he was appointed first secretary of the Ashkhabad town Communist Party committee and in 1988 first deputy premier. His period as prime minister marked the country's establishment of independence. As the subject of Pres. Saparmurat Niyazov's first wide-scale power reshuffle, Akhmedov was dismissed from his post and put in charge of the Turkmen railways in November 1991. This placement was short-lived, however, and in August 1992 he was named ambassador to Turkey, serving until 1994. He was arrested in September 2002 for unclear reasons and thereafter lived in internal exile in the western city of Serdar.

Akhmedov, Rustam (Urmanovich) (b. Nov. 10, 1943, Bagdad rayon, Fergana oblast, Uzbek S.S.R.), defense minister of Uzbekistan (1991-97).

D. Akhmetov

S. Akhmetov

Akhmetov, Daniyal (Kenzhetayevich) (b. June 15, 1954, Pavlodar, Kazakh S.S.R.), prime minister (2003-07) and defense minister (2007-09) of Kazakhstan. He was also mayor of Ekibastuz (1992-93), head of Pavlodar oblast (1993-97, 2001-03), Severo-Kazakhstan oblast (1997-99), and Vostochno-Kazakhstan oblast (2014-23), deputy prime minister (1999-2000), and first deputy prime minister (2000-01).

Akhmetov, Serik (Negmetovich) (b. June 25, 1958, Karaganda oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.), prime minister (2012-14) and defense minister (2014) of Kazakhstan. He was head of Karaganda oblast in 2009-12.

Akhmetshin, Minnigarey (Akhmetovich) (b. 1889, Biklyan, Kazan province [now in Tatarstan republic], Russia - d. [executed] May 9, 1938, Kazan, Tatar A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Tatar A.S.S.R. (1927-29). He was also people's commissar of interior (1921-22), agriculture (1926-27), and workers' and peasants' inspection (1927).

Akhmetzhanov, Marat (Muratovich) (b. Dec. 22, 1964, Akchatau, Karaganda oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.), interior minister of Kazakhstan (2022-23) and head of Akmola oblast (2023- ).

Akhokhov, Aslanbi (Nakhovich) (b. Jan. 15, 1912, Chegem-2, Terek oblast [now in Kabardino-Balkariya republic], Russia - d. March 5, 1980, Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkar A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kabardino-Balkar A.S.S.R. (1957-69).

Akhokhov, Khasanbi (Kaseyevich) (b. 1907, Kudenetovo-2, Terek oblast [now in Kabardino-Balkariya republic], Russia - d. ...), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Kabardino-Balkar A.S.S.R. (1939-44) and chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Kabardian A.S.S.R. (1944).

Akhromeyev, Sergey (Fyodorovich) (b. May 5, 1923, Vindrey, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Aug. 24, 1991, Moscow), Soviet military official. He joined the Red Army at age 17, on the eve of Germany's attack on the U.S.S.R. during World War II. By the end of the war he had reached the rank of major and was in command of a tank battalion. After graduating from the Military Academy of Tank Troops (1952), he was placed in command of a tank regiment (1952-60) and then a full division (1960-65). In 1967 he graduated from the Frunze General Staff Academy. Without the experience of commanding any of the Soviet military districts (he became divisional chief of staff but not commander), he was appointed to the post of deputy chief of general staff in 1974. Five years later he won promotion to first deputy. In March 1983 he attained the rank of marshal. A Communist Party member since 1943, he was elected a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in June 1983 and a deputy of the Supreme Soviet in March 1984. On Sept. 6, 1984, it was announced that Akhromeyev had replaced Marshal Nikolay Ogarkov as chief of general staff of the Soviet armed forces. As General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's personal military adviser, he publicly supported glasnost, but he reportedly remained a hardline militarist and an opponent of reform. On Dec. 7, 1988, the same day Gorbachev announced substantial troop reductions, Akhromeyev resigned from office. He was the second of three Soviet officials to commit suicide in the wake of an unsuccessful takeover of the central government by hardliners in 1991. The others were Interior Minister Boris Pugo, who was one of the leaders of the coup, and Administrator of Affairs Nikolay Ye. Kruchina.

Akhtar, Shamshad (b. 1954, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan), finance minister of Pakistan (2018, 2023-24). She was also governor of the State Bank of Pakistan (2006-09) and executive secretary of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2014-18).

Akhtarzand, Minoo (Hilda) (b. Dec. 1, 1956, Tehran, Iran), governor of Jönköping (2010-16) and Västmanland (2016-21).

Akhund, Iqbal Ahmad (b. Aug. 21, 1924, Hyderabad, Sind, India [now in Pakistan]), Pakistani diplomat. He was ambassador to Egypt (1968-71), Yugoslavia (1971-72), and France (1978-80), permanent representative to the United Nations (1973-77), and national security advisor (1988-90).

Akhundov, Veli (Yusif ogly) (b. May 13 [April 30, O.S.], 1916, Saray, Baku province, Russia [now in Azerbaijan] - d. 1986, Baku, Azerbaijan S.S.R.), chairman of the Council of Ministers (1958-59) and first secretary of the Communist Party (1959-69) of the Azerbaijan S.S.R. He was also health minister (1954-58).

Akhverdov, Fyodor (Isayevich) (b. 1773 - d. April 25, 1820, Tiflis, Russia [now Tbilisi, Georgia]), Russian ruler of Georgia (1807-11); brother of Nikolay (Isayevich) Akhverdov.

Akhverdov, Nikolay (Aleksandrovich) (b. March 2, 1800, Naurskaya, Kuban province [now in Chechnya], Russia - d. Nov. 21, 1876, St. Petersburg, Russia), governor of Smolensk (1852-59); nephew of Fyodor Akhverdov and Nikolay (Isayevich) Akhverdov.

Akhverdov, Nikolay (Isayevich) (b. Oct. 1 [Sept. 20, O.S.], 1754 - d. July 20 [July 8, O.S.], 1817), governor of Arkhangelsk (1797-98).

Akif Efendi, Mehmed, also called (1837-40) Mehmed Akif Pasha (b. Dec. 26, 1787, Bozok, Ottoman Empire [now Yozgat, Turkey] - d. March 12, 1845, Alexandria, Egypt), foreign minister (1836) and interior minister (1837-38) of the Ottoman Empire. He was also Reis Efendi (1827-28, 1830-32, 1833-36) and governor of Kocaeli (1839-40).

Akif Halil Pasha (b. 1832, Manisa, Ottoman Empire [now in Turkey] - d. July 2, 1910), interior minister of the Ottoman Empire (1908).

Akihito

Akihito, original name Akihito Tsugunomiya, era name Heisei ("Achieving Peace") (b. Dec. 23, 1933, Tokyo, Japan), emperor of Japan (1989-2019). He was the fifth child and long-awaited first son of Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako. In time-honoured imperial fashion, the prince was separated from his parents at about the age of three and raised by nurses, tutors, and chamberlains. Yet in a departure from custom, at six Akihito was sent to school with commoners in order to broaden him. His education included training in the English language and in Western culture. His tutor during the late 1940s was Elizabeth Gray Vining, a Philadelphia Quaker. In 1952 Akihito came of age and was invested as heir to the Chrysanthemum Throne. On April 10, 1959, breaking a 1,500-year-old tradition, he married a non-aristocrat, Michiko Shoda (b. Oct. 20, 1934, Tokyo), who was the daughter of a flour-milling magnate and was a graduate of a Roman Catholic university for women in Tokyo. Their first child, Crown Prince Naruhito Hironomiya, was born on Feb. 23, 1960; he was followed by Prince Fumihito Ayanomiya (later Akishinonomiya) on Nov. 30, 1965, and Princess Sayako Norinomiya on April 18, 1969. Nagako reportedly resented the intrusion of a commoner into the family, and the situation was exacerbated when the couple chose to raise their children at home. In 1986 they stepped further into modernity when they took their first subway ride. Emperor Hirohito became gravely ill on Sept. 19, 1988, and three days later Akihito became de facto regent. He became emperor on Jan. 7, 1989, after the death of his father. As scion of the oldest imperial family in the world, Akihito was, by the traditional account (in which two emperors who reigned twice are counted twice), the 125th emperor of Japan. He was formally enthroned on Nov. 12, 1990. On Dec. 1, 2017, he announced that he would abdicate on April 30, 2019, making him the first Japanese emperor to abdicate since Kokaku-tenno in 1817.

Akilov, Akil (Ghaybulloyevich), also spelled Oqil Oqilov (b. Feb. 2, 1944, Leninabad, Tadzhik S.S.R. [now Khujand, Tajikistan]), prime minister of Tajikistan (1999-2013). He was also minister of construction (1993-94) and deputy prime minister (1994-96).

Akimov, Maksim (Alekseyevich) (b. March 1, 1970, Maloyaroslavets, Kaluga oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), a deputy prime minister of Russia (2018-20). He was also mayor of Kaluga (2004-07).

Akimov, Mikhail (Grigoryevich) (b. Nov. 20 [Nov. 8, O.S.], 1847, Lugovoye, Saratov province, Russia - d. Aug. 9, 1914, St. Petersburg, Russia), justice minister of Russia (1905-06); brother-in-law of Pyotr (Nikolayevich) Durnovo. He was also chairman of the Imperial State Council (1907-14).

Akin

Akin, Harry (b. Sept. 3, 1903 - d. April 1976), mayor of Austin (1967-69).

Akinci

Akinci, Mustafa (b. Dec. 28, 1947, Limassol, Cyprus), president of North Cyprus (2015-20). He was also mayor of Nicosia Turkish Municipality (1976-90) and deputy prime minister and minister of tourism (1999-2001). He was an unsuccessful presidential candidate in 1995 and 2000.

Akinfov, Vladimir (Nikolayevich) (b. April 26 [April 14, O.S.], 1841, Moscow, Russia - d. June 4 [May 22, O.S.], 1914, Moscow), governor of Simbirsk (1893-1902); grandnephew of Knyaz Aleksandr Gorchakov.

Akinjide, Richard (Osuolale Abimbola) (b. Nov. 4, 1931, Ibadan, Nigeria - d. April 21, 2020, Ibadan), Nigerian politician. He was minister of education (1965-66) and justice (1979-83).

Akintola, Samuel (Ladoke Akintunde) (b. July 10, 1910, Ogbomosho, Nigeria - d. [killed] Jan. 15, 1966, Ibadan [now in Oyo state], Nigeria), premier of Western Region, Nigeria (1959-62, 1963-66).

Akinyemi, Bolaji (b. Jan. 4, 1942, Ilesha [now in Osun state], Nigeria), foreign minister of Nigeria (1985-87).

Akirtava, Nikolay (Nikolayevich) (b. 1894 - d. [executed] 1937), executive secretary of the Communist Party committees of Abkhazia (1922-23) and Adzharistan (1926).

Akishbaya, Malkhaz (b. May 6, 1972, Gudava, Gali rayon, Abkhaz A.S.S.R., Georgian S.S.R.), prime minister of the pro-Georgian government of Abkhazia (2006-09).

Akita, Daisuke (b. Jan. 14, 1906, Tokushima prefecture, Japan - d. Nov. 29, 1988), home affairs minister (1970-71) and justice minister (1971) of Japan; son of Kiyoshi Akita.

Akita, Kiyoshi (b. Aug. 29, 1881, Tokushima prefecture, Japan - d. Dec. 3, 1944), Japanese politician. He was speaker of the House of Representatives (1932-34) and minister of welfare (1939-40) and colonization (1940-41).

Akitani

Akitani Bob, Emmanuel (Akakpovi) (b. July 18, 1930, Aného, Togo - d. May 16, 2011, Lomé, Togo), Togolese presidential candidate (2003, 2005).

Akkari, Nazem (Mustapha), Arabic Nazim Mustafa Akkari (b. 1902, Tripoli, northern Lebanon - d. March 11, 1985), prime minister, foreign minister, defense minister, and interior minister of Lebanon (1952).

Akkermann, Annely (b. Oct. 5, 1972, Kihnu, Estonian S.S.R.), finance minister of Estonia (2022-23).

Aklilu Habte-Wold, Tsehafi Taezaz (b. March 12, 1912, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia - d. [executed] Nov. 23, 1974, Addis Ababa), foreign minister (1943-58), prime minister (1961-74), and interior minister (1966) of Ethiopia. He was also chargé d'affaires in France (1936-40).

Akmadzic, Mile (b. 1939, Grude, Yugoslavia [now in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]), prime minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-93).

Akmamedov, Muradgeldy, Turkmen Myratgeldi Akmämmedow (b. 1951, Rakhat, Mary oblast, Turkmen S.S.R. [now Mary velayat, Turkmenistan]), a deputy prime minister of Turkmenistan (2008-11). He was also minister of water management (2007-08).

Akmandor, (Mehmet) Neset (b. April 1, 1921, Bolu, Ottoman Empire [now in Turkey] - d. Oct. 25, 2021), defense minister of Turkey (1979). He was also minister of energy and natural resources (1977).

Akmatov, Tashtanbek (Akmatovich) (b. September 1938, Kok-Say, Kirgiz S.S.R. [now in Issyk-Kul oblast, Kyrgyzstan]), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Kirgiz S.S.R. (1987-90).

Aknazarov, Zekeriya (Sharafutdinovich) (b. Aug. 22, 1924, Yamashevo, Bashkir A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. - d. April 2, 2000, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Bashkir A.S.S.R. (1962-86).

Ako, Ernest (b. Feb. 14, 1923 - d. Jan. 16, 2021), interior minister of Ghana (1975-77).

Ako-Adjei

Ako-Adjei, Ebenezer (b. June 17, 1916, Adjeikrom village, Eastern region, Gold Coast [now Ghana] - d. Jan. 14, 2002, Accra, Ghana), foreign minister of Ghana (1959-60, 1961-62). He was also minister of commerce and labour (1954-56), interior (1956-57), justice (1956-58), and labour and cooperatives (1958-59) and minister to Guinea (1959).

Akol

Akol (Ajawin), Lam (b. July 15, 1950, Athidhwoi, Upper Nile province [now state], Sudan), foreign minister of The Sudan (2005-07). He was transport minister in 1998-2002. In 2016 he was agriculture minister of South Sudan.

Akopdzhanyan, Khachik (Misakovich) (b. 1902, Maly Karaklis, Erivan province, Russia [now in Armenia] - d. Nov. 5, 1944, near Lublin, Poland), chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian S.S.R. (1938-43).

Akopov, Stepan (Yegorovich) (b. August 1897, Suram, Tiflis province, Russia [now Surami, Georgia] - d. [executed] July 18, 1938, Yerevan, Armenian S.S.R.), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of South Ossetia (1931) and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Armenian S.S.R. (1937). He was also first secretary of the party committee of Yerevan city (1935-36).

Akopov, Yegishe (Semyonovich) (b. 1902 - d. ...), chairman of the Executive Committee of Nagorno-Karabakh autonomous oblast (1945-51).

Akopyan, Suren (Petrovich) (b. 1898, Kars, Russia [now in Turkey] - d. [executed] June 20, 1938), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of Udmurt autonomous oblast (1933-34).

Akoto-Yao, Paul (b. April 12, 1938, Sakassou, Ivory Coast [now Côte d'Ivoire]), Ivorian politician. He was minister of national education (1971-83) and presidential affairs (1998-99) and ambassador to South Africa (1994-96).

Akpabio, Godswill (Obot) (b. Dec. 19, 1962, Ukana Ikot Ntuen [now in Akwa Ibom state], Nigeria), governor of Akwa Ibom (2007-15).

Akram, Munir (b. Dec. 2, 1945, Karachi, India [now in Pakistan]), Pakistani diplomat. He has been ambassador to Belgium and Luxembourg (1988-92) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2002-08, 2019- ).

Aksakalov, Kumar (Irgibayevich) (b. Aug. 24, 1965, Leninskoye, Kustanay oblast, Kazakh S.S.R. [now Uzunkol, Kostanay oblast, Kazakhstan]), head of Severo-Kazakhstan oblast (2017-22) and Kostanay oblast (2022- ).

Aksakov, Grigory (Sergeyevich) (b. Jan. 16 [Jan. 4, O.S.], 1820, Novo-Aksakovo, Orenburg province, Russia - d. March 8 [Feb. 24, O.S.], 1891, Samara, Russia), governor of Ufa (1865-67) and Samara (1867-72).

Aksal, Ismail Rüstü (b. 1911, Pamukova, Ottoman Empire [now in Sakarya province, Turkey] - d. Sept. 13, 1989, Istanbul, Turkey), finance minister of Turkey (1949-50). He was also secretary-general of the Republican People's Party (1959-62).

Aksener

Aksener, Meral (b. July 18, 1956, Izmit, Turkey), interior minister of Turkey (1996-97). Founding leader of the Iyi party from 2017, she was a presidential candidate in 2018.

Aksenoks, Aivars (b. May 24, 1961, Riga, Latvian S.S.R.), justice minister of Latvia (2002-04). He was also mayor of Riga (2005-07).

Aksin, Mustafa (b. 1931, Ankara, Turkey - d. Sept. 30, 2020), Turkish diplomat. He was ambassador to Kenya (1977-80), Syria (1980-82), and Yugoslavia (1986-88) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1988-93).

Aksu, Abdülkadir (b. Oct. 12, 1944, Diyarbakir, Turkey), interior minister of Turkey (1989-91, 2002-07). He was also governor of Rize (1980) and Gaziantep (1984-87).

Aksyonenko, Nikolay (Yemelyanovich) (b. March 15, 1949, Novosibirsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. July 20, 2005), a first deputy prime minister of Russia (1999-2000). He was also railways minister (1997-99, 1999-2002). He combined this job with the post of first deputy prime minister in the governments of Sergey Stepashin and Vladimir Putin, and was once considered a candidate for prime minister. In January 2002, President Putin fired Aksyonenko after he was charged by prosecutors with abuse of office that resulted in the loss of 70 million rubles ($2.3 million) in government funds. However, he was allowed to leave the country to receive medical treatment.

A. Aksyonov

S. Aksyonov

Aksyonov, Aleksandr (Nikiforovich) (b. Oct. 9, 1924, Vetka rayon, Gomel oblast, Belorussian S.S.R. - d. Sept. 8, 2009), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Belorussian S.S.R. (1978-83). He was also Belorussian interior minister (1960-66), first secretary of the party committee of Vitebsk oblast (1966-71), and Soviet ambassador to Poland (1983-85) and chairman of the State Committee of Television and Broadcasting (1985-89).

Aksyonov, Sergey (Valeryevich) (b. Nov. 26, 1972, Beltsy, Moldavian S.S.R. [now Balti, Moldova]), prime minister (2014-19) and head of the republic (2014- ) of Crimea.

Aktas, Kutlu (b. 1941, Adana, Turkey), interior minister of Turkey (1998-99). He was also governor of Agri (1981-86), Malatya (1986-90), Izmir (1990-97), and Istanbul (1997-98).

Aku, (Apolos) Aper (b. 1938, Ikyobo village [now in Benue state], Nigeria - d. Nov. 14, 1987, Lagos, Nigeria), governor of Benue (1979-83).

Akuffo

Akuffo, Fred(erick) W(illiam) K(wasi) (b. March 21, 1937, Akropong, Gold Coast [now Ghana] - d. June 26, 1979, near Accra, Ghana), chairman of the Supreme Military Council of Ghana (1978-79). He moved rapidly up the military ladder after becoming an officer in 1960. He served with the UN peacekeeping force in the Congo; became commanding officer of Ghana's Parachute Battalion; was appointed Army commander at the age of 37; and was chief of defense staff at 39. After an Army coup overthrew the civilian government in 1972, he became a member (in 1975) of the Supreme Military Council (SMC), which ruled the country thereafter. In July 1978, he and other members of the SMC overthrew Gen. Ignatius Kutu Acheampong in a bloodless coup. Akuffo promised to clean up corruption and to prepare the country for an early return to parliamentary elections. He made a good start by releasing many political prisoners. Though he had a somewhat diffident manner, he established a reputation for being decisive and, on occasion, tough. He was ousted on June 4, 1979, in a coup led by Flight Lt. Jerry Rawlings, and was later executed.

E. Akufo-Addo

N.A.D. Akufo-Addo

Akufo-Addo, Edward (A.) (b. June 26, 1906, Akropong-Akwapim, Eastern region, Ghana - d. July 17, 1979), president of Ghana (1970-72). He was chief justice in 1966-70.

Akufo-Addo, Nana Addo Dankwa (b. March 29, 1944), justice minister (2001-03), foreign minister (2003-07), and president (2017- ) of Ghana; son of Edward Akufo-Addo. He was a presidential candidate in 2008 and 2012 before winning in 2016. In 2020-22 he was chairman of the Economic Community of West African States.

Akulov, Ivan (Alekseyevich) (b. April 24 [April 12, O.S.], 1888, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. [executed] Oct. 30, 1937), executive secretary of the Communist Party committees of Kirgiz oblast (1920-21) and Crimea oblast (1921). He was also chairman of the executive committee of Vyatka province (1918-19), first secretary of the party committee of Donetsk oblast (1932-33), and Soviet prosecutor (1933-35).

Akume, George (b. Dec. 27, 1953, Wannune [now in Benue state], Nigeria), governor of Benue (1999-2007). He has also been Nigerian minister of special duties and intergovernmental affairs (2019-23) and secretary to the government (2023- ).

Akwa, Abdullah Mohsen al- (b. April 18, 1961, Sana, Yemen), acting prime minister of Yemen (2014). He was minister of electricity and water (1994-97), a deputy prime minister (2014), and minister of electricity (2014-18; Hadi government).

Akwa, Mohamed Ali al- (b. 1933, Sana, Yemen), interior minister of Yemen (Sana) (1972-74).

Akwei, Richard (b. Nov. 27, 1923, Accra, Gold Coast [now in Ghana]), Ghanaian diplomat. He was ambassador to Mexico (1964-65), Switzerland (1965-67), and China (1972-76) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1967-72).

Akyol, Avni (b. 1931, Düzce, Turkey - d. Sept. 30, 1999, Gerede, Bolu, Turkey), Turkish politician. He was minister of culture (1977-78) and education (1989-91).

Akyyev, Aganiyaz (Musagulyyevich), Turkmen Aganyýaz Akyýew (b. 1966, Karabekaul rayon, Turkmen S.S.R. [now Garabekevyul etrap, Lebap velayat, Turkmenistan]), a deputy prime minister of Turkmenistan (2005-06). He was also mayor of Turkmenbashi (2003-05) and head of Dashoguz velayat (2006).

Ala, Efkan (b. 1965, Oltu, Erzurum province, Turkey), interior minister of Turkey (2013-15, 2015-16). He was also governor of Batman (2003-04) and Diyarbakir (2004-07).

Ala, Hossein (b. December 1882, Iran - d. July 13, 1964, Tehran, Iran), foreign minister (1950) and prime minister (1951, 1955-57) of Iran; son-in-law of Nasir al-Mulk. He was also minister to the United Kingdom (1934-36), minister of commerce (1937-39), and ambassador to the United States (1945-50).

Ala-Kapee

Ala-Kapee(-Hakulinen), Pirjo (Anneli) (b. March 25, 1944, Vihti, Finland), governor of Itä-Suomi (1997-2009). She was also education minister of Finland (1986-87).

Alain, Yvon (b. March 30, 1955), interim subprefect of Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin (2007) and acting prefect of Guadeloupe (2007).

Alajbegovic, Mehmed (b. May 7, 1906, Bihac, Bosnia - d. [executed] June 13, 1947, Zagreb, Croatia), foreign minister of Croatia (1944-45). He was also minister of care for war-ravaged areas (1943-44).

Alala, H. (b. March 25, 1937, Makassar, Netherlands East Indies [now in Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia]), governor of Sulawesi Tenggara (1982-92).

Alamán (y Escalada), Lucas (Ignacio José Joaquín Pedro de Alcántara Juan Bautista Francisco de Paula) (b. October 1792, Guanajuato, Mexico - d. June 2, 1853, Mexico City, Mexico), foreign minister (1823-25, 1830-32) and joint acting president (1829-30) of Mexico. He is also known as a historian.

Alamieyeseigha, Diepreye (Solomon Peter) (b. Nov. 16, 1952, Amassoma [now in Bayelsa state], Nigeria - d. Oct. 10, 2015, Port Harcourt, Rivers, Nigeria), governor of Bayelsa (1999-2005). He was arrested in London on Sept. 15, 2005, charged with three counts of money laundering on September 28, and released on bail on October 13. On November 18 he reportedly took a train from London to Paris and then flew to a port in Cameroon where he took a boat to his hometown. An impeachment process was then started and on December 9 he was removed from office and arrested.

Álamos Barros, Luis (b. Feb. 8, 1893, Chillán, Chile - d. Jan. 6, 1960, Santiago, Chile), foreign minister (1941), interior minister (1945), and finance minister (1946) of Chile. He was also minister of development (1931, 1936-37).

Alaniou, (Eugène) Alain (Charles Louis) (b. Oct. 18, 1896 - d. June 2, 1969), administrator-superior of the Comoros (1946-48) and governor of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (1950-52).

Alankus, (Mehmet) Muzaffer (b. 1898, Erzurum, Ottoman Empire [now in Turkey] - d. Dec. 17, 1972, Istanbul, Turkey), defense minister of Turkey (1961). He was also commander of the land forces (1960-61).

Alao-Akala, (Otunba Christopher) Adebayo (b. June 3, 1950, Ogbomosho [now in Oyo state], Nigeria - d. Jan. 12, 2022, Ogbomosho), governor of Oyo (2006, 2007-11).

Alaoui, Moulay Mehdi (b. Sept. 10, 1929, Rabat, Morocco), Moroccan diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1985-86).

Alaoui, Moulay Mustapha Belarbi (b. March 18, 1923, Fès, Morocco - d. Jan. 8, 2007, Rabat, Morocco), Moroccan politician. He was governor of Casablanca (1971-77), ambassador to Italy (1977-81), and justice minister (1981-93).

Alapetite, Gabriel (Ferdinand) (b. Jan. 5, 1854, Clamecy, Nièvre, France - d. March 22, 1932, Paris, France), resident-general of Tunisia (1907-18). He was also prefect of the French départements of Indre (1888), Sarthe (1888-89), Puy-de-Dôme (1889-90), Pas-de-Calais (1890-1900), and Rhône (1900-07), ambassador to Spain (1918-20), and general commissioner of Alsace-Lorraine (1920-24).

Alarcão, Henrique de Figueiredo e, governor of Angola (1717-22).

Alarco (Bedriñana), (José) Lino (b. Sept. 23, 1835, Lima, Peru - d. June 13, 1903, Lima), Peruvian politician. He was elected first vice president in 1903 but died before taking office.

F. Alarcón

Alarcón (Rivera), Fabián (Ernesto) (b. April 14, 1947, Quito, Ecuador), interim president of Ecuador (1997-98); son of Ruperto Alarcón Falconí. From August 1995 to February 1997 he was head of the Congress. He then was designated president by Congress following the removal from office of Pres. Abdalá Bucaram, who was ousted by legislators on grounds of "mental incompetence." Alarcón saw the country through to fresh elections in July 1998, handing over power to the winner, Jamil Mahuad, in August. On March 16, 1999, Alarcón was arrested on charges he loaded the state payroll with phantom employees while serving as the head of Congress. After four months in jail he was released on bail on July 23.

Alarcón, Martín de, governor of Coahuila and Texas (1705-08, 1716-19).

R. Alarcón

Alarcón de Quesada, Ricardo (b. May 21, 1937, Havana, Cuba - d. May 1, 2022, Havana), foreign minister of Cuba (1992-93). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1966-78, 1990-92) and president of the National Assembly (1993-2013).

Alarcón Falconí, Ruperto (b. June 24, 1898, Riobamba, Ecuador - d. Aug. 24, 1968, Quito, Ecuador), Ecuadorian presidential candidate (1952). He was also president of the Chamber of Deputies (1950-51) and ambassador to Spain (1952-56), Mexico (1957-61, 1962-63), and Colombia (1961-62).

Alarcón Mantilla, Luis Fernando (b. August 1951, Bucaramanga, Colombia), finance minister of Colombia (1987-90).

Alary

Alary, Damien (b. Jan. 17, 1951, Pompignan, Gard, France), president of the Regional Council of Languedoc-Roussillon (2014-15).

Alasania, Irakli (b. Dec. 21, 1973, Batumi, Adzhar A.S.S.R., Georgian S.S.R.), prime minister of the pro-Georgian government of Abkhazia (2004-06). In 2006-08 he was Georgia's permanent representative to the United Nations; in 2012-14 he was defense minister, being also a deputy prime minister in 2012-13.

Alassounouma, Boumbéra (b. Dec. 31, 1942, Niamtougou, Togo - d. June 2, 1995, Lomé, Togo), foreign minister of Togo (1994-95). In 1983-85, he was ambassador to China, North Korea, and Japan; and in 1985-92, to France, Spain, and Italy. He was crushed to death when a 300-kg slab of concrete fell on him while he was supervising construction work on his house.

Alatas

Alatas, Ali (b. Nov. 5, 1932, Batavia, Netherlands East Indies [now Jakarta, Indonesia] - d. Dec. 11, 2008, Singapore), foreign minister of Indonesia (1988-99). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1982-88).

Alaungphaya, also spelled Alaungpaya, Alaung Phra, Alompra, or Aungzeya (Burmese: "The Victorious") (b. 1714, Moksobomyo, Kingdom of Awa [now Shwebo, Myanmar] - d. May 11, 1760, Kin-ywa, Martaban province, Kingdom of Awa), king of Awa (1752-60). He was a village headman from the small town of Moksobomyo, north of the capital Awa, when in April 1752 Binnya Dala, the Mon king of Pegu, captured Awa and put an end to its ruling Toungoo dynasty. Refusing to swear allegiance to the Mon, Alaungphaya organized a resistance movement. Claiming descent from a 15th-century king, he established a new capital at Moksobomyo, founding the Alaungphaya (or Konbaung) dynasty. In 1753 he recaptured Awa and went on the offensive in the south of the country. Four years later, he also captured the city of Pegu, and took Binnya Dala prisoner. The Mon fled to the small fishing village of Dagon, to the southwest. When Alaungphaya sacked the town, he founded a new port there, naming it Yangon ("the end of war"). He gained control over the whole area previously under the rule of the Toungoo dynasty. Because the French had allied themselves with the Mon, Alaungphaya was eager to gain British support and in 1757 concluded a treaty with the British East India Company, granting it generous trade concessions. But the company, at war with the French in India, was unwilling to involve itself on a second front. Siam (Thailand) grew alarmed by Alaungphaya's conquests and tried to start new rebellions, and he responded by invading Siam in 1759. First he took the ports of Moulmein, Tavoy, and Tenasserim, and in April 1760 he surrounded Ayutthaya (Ayuthia), the Siamese capital. But during the siege a cannon exploded, mortally wounding Alaungphaya. He died while his army retreated home.

Álava y Esquivel, Miguel Ricardo de (b. Feb. 7, 1772, Vitoria, Spain - d. July 14, 1843, Barèges, Hautes-Pyrénées, France), prime minister (1835) and foreign minister (1835) of Spain. He was also ambassador to the Netherlands (1815-19) and the United Kingdom (1838-41).

Alayola Barrera, César (b. June 30, 1893, Campeche, Mexico - d. June 12, 1942, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico), governor of Yucatán (1934-35).

Alayza Escardó, Luis (Alejandro Antonio) (b. June 13, 1915, Lima, Peru - d. 2007), interior minister of Peru (1966-67); son of Carlos Alayza y Roel.

Alayza Grundy, Ernesto (b. Oct. 18, 1912, London, England - d. May 14, 2001), justice minister of Peru (1983-84); son of Francisco Alayza y Paz Soldán; nephew of Luis Alayza y Paz Soldán.

Alayza y Paz Soldán, Francisco (b. Feb. 21, 1873, Chorrillos, Lima province, Peru - d. Nov. 1, 1946, Miraflores, Lima province), Peruvian politician; grandson of Pedro Paz Soldán. He was minister of development and public works (1908-09, 1913, 1914-15).

Alayza y Paz Soldán, Luis (Andrés) (b. Nov. 30, 1883, Lima, Peru - d. Nov. 15, 1976, Lima), Peruvian politician; brother of Francisco Alayza y Paz Soldán; grandson of Pedro Paz Soldán. He was minister of justice and labour (1945).

Alayza y Roel, Carlos (b. Nov. 27, 1878, Lima, Peru - d. Feb. 5, 1959, Lima), Peruvian politician. He was minister of development and public works (1933).

Alazoula, Louis (b. 1937, Mongoumba, Oubangui-Chari [now Central African Republic]), interior minister of the Central African Republic (1973-75); cousin of Jean-Bédel Bokassa. He was also minister of national economy (1968), industry, mines, and geology (1969), and veterans and war victims (1969-70) and mayor of Bangui (1975-76).

Alba, Jacobo (María del Pilar Carlos Manuel) Fitz-James Stuart y Falcó, duque de¹ (b. Oct. 17, 1878, Madrid, Spain - d. Sept. 24, 1953, Lausanne, Switzerland), foreign minister of Spain (1930-31). He was also minister of education and fine arts (1930) and ambassador to the United Kingdom (1939-45). He won a silver medal in polo at the 1920 Olympics.
¹ Full titles: 10th Duke of Berwick (con Grandeza de España), 10th Earl of Tinmouth, 10th Baron of Bosworth, XVII duque de Alba de Tormes (con G. de E.), duque de Arjona (con G. de E.), XVII duque de Huescar (con G. de E.), X duque de Liria y Jérica (con G. de E.), duque de Montoro (con G. de E.), XIII conde-duque de Olivares (con G. de E.), marqués del Carpio (con G. de E.), conde de Baños (con G. de E.), conde de Lemos (con G. de E.), conde de Lerín (con G. de E.), conde de Miranda del Castañar (con G. de E.), conde de Monterrey (con G. de E.), conde de Osorno (con G. de E.), conde de Siruela (con G. de E.), condestable de Navarra (con G. de E.), XI marqués de la Algaba, marqués de Andrade, marqués de Ardales, XIII marqués de Barcarrota, XVIII marqués de Coria, marqués de Eliche, marqués de Mirallo, marqués de Modica, marqués de la Mota, marqués de Moya, marqués de Osera, marqués de Piedrahita, marqués de Salvatierra, marqués de San Leonardo, marqués de Sárria, marqués de Tarazona, marqués de Valdunquillo, marqués de Villanueva del Fresno, marqués de Villanueva del Río, conde de Ayala, conde de Casarrubios del Monte, conde de Fuentes de Valdepero, conde de Fuentiduena, conde de Galve, conde de los Gelves, conde de San Esteban de Gormaz, conde de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, conde de Villalba, vizconde de la Calzada.

Alba Bonifaz, Santiago (b. Dec. 24, 1872, Zamora, Castilla-León, Spain - d. April 8, 1949, San Sebastián, Spain), foreign minister of Spain (1922-23). He was also minister of marine (1906), education and fine arts (1912, 1918), interior (1912-13, 1915-16), and finance (1916-17, 1918) and president of the Cortes (1933-36).

Alba Delibes, Jaime (b. Nov. 30, 1908, Valladolid, Spain - d. Oct. 25, 1998, Madrid, Spain), Spanish diplomat. He was ambassador to the Philippines (1962-63), Brazil (1963-67), Belgium and Luxembourg (1967-72), and the United States (1974-76) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1972-73).

Alba Góngora, Luis Alfonso de (b. March 3, 1957, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico), Mexican diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2011-13) and ambassador to Austria (2013-16) and the United Arab Emirates (2022- ).

Alba Quiroz, Wenceslao, finance minister of Bolivia (1978-79). He was also president of the Central Bank (1970-71).

Alban, Reginald George Evelyn William (b. Aug. 21, 1899 - d. 1983, London, England), British acting political agent and consul in Muscat and Oman (1925, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1942) and political agent in Bahrain (1940-42).

Albán Holguín, Carlos (b. Oct. 21, 1930, Cali, Colombia - d. March 11, 1995, Bogotá, Colombia), Colombian politician. He was mayor of Bogotá (1970-73), minister of education (1981-82), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1983-87).

Albán Mestanza, Belisario (b. 1853, Quito, Ecuador - d. Aug. 14, 1925, Quito), foreign minister (1897) and interior minister (1907) of Ecuador. He was also education minister (1897) and president of the Supreme Court of Justice (1904, 1906, 1910, 1913, 1920).

Albán Peralta, Walter (Jorge) (b. Nov. 10, 1954, Lima, Peru), interior minister of Peru (2013-14).

Albanese

Albanese, Anthony (Norman) (b. March 2, 1963, Darlinghurst, Sydney, N.S.W.), prime minister of Australia (2022- ). He has also been minister of infrastructure and transport (2007-13), regional development and local government (2007-10, 2013), and broadband, communications, and the digital economy (2013), deputy prime minister (2013), and leader of the Australian Labor Party (2019- ).

Albano, Ildefonso de Abreu (b. Feb. 12, 1885, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil - d. Dec. 22, 1956, Rio de Janeiro), acting governor of Ceará (1923-24). He was also mayor of Fortaleza (1912-14, 1921-23).

Albarda, (Johan) Willem (b. June 5, 1877, Leeuwarden, Netherlands - d. April 19, 1957, The Hague, Netherlands), Dutch politician. He was leader of the Social Democratic Workers' Party (1925-40), minister of water management (1939-45), and acting finance minister (1941-42).

Albares

Albares (Bueno), José Manuel (b. March 22, 1972, Madrid, Spain), foreign minister of Spain (2021- ). He was also ambassador to France (2020-21).

Albarracín (Portocarrero), Augusto S. (b. 1851?, Arica, Peru [now in Chile] - d. May 13, 1906, Lima, Peru), justice and education minister of Peru (1895).

Albarracín Crespo, Alberto (b. Oct. 28, 1922, La Paz, Bolivia - d. July 2006, Canada), member of the military junta of Bolivia (1970).

Albats, Hermanis (b. Aug. 24, 1879, Velku parish, Russia [now in Latvia] - d. Feb. 9, 1942, Kirov oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), foreign minister of Latvia (1925-26). He was also ambassador to the Vatican (1925-40).

Albayrak, Berat (b. Feb. 21, 1978, Istanbul, Turkey), treasury and finance minister of Turkey (2018-20); son-in-law of Recep Tayyip Erdogan. He was also minister of energy and natural resources (2015-18).

Albedinsky, Pyotr (Pavlovich) (b. Sept. 16 [Sept. 4, O.S.], 1826, Moscow, Russia - d. May 31 [May 19, O.S.], 1883, Warsaw, Poland, Russian Empire), governor-general of Livonia, Estonia, and Courland (1866-70), Vilna, Kovno, and Grodno (1874-80), and Warsaw (1880-83); son-in-law of Knyaz Sergey (Alekseyevich) Dolgoruky.

Albee, Harry Russell (b. Sept. 8, 1867, Rockford, Ill. - d. Dec. 31, 1950, Portland, Ore.), mayor of Portland (1913-16).

Albemarle, George Keppel, (3rd) Earl of, (3rd) Viscount Bury, (3rd) Baron Ashford (of Ashford, Kent) (b. April 5, 1724, London, England - d. Oct. 13, 1772), governor of Jersey (1761-72) and Cuba (1762-63); son of William Anne Keppel, Earl of Albemarle.

Albemarle, William Anne Keppel, (2nd) Earl of, (2nd) Viscount Bury, (2nd) Baron Ashford (of Ashford, Kent) (b. June 5, 1702, Whitehall, England - d. Dec. 22, 1754, Paris, France), governor of Virginia (1737-54).

Alberdi, Juan Bautista (b. Aug. 29, 1810, San Miguel de Tucumán, Río de la Plata [now in Argentina] - d. June 19, 1884, Paris, France), Argentinian diplomat. A political philosopher who influenced the Argentine constitution of 1853, he was chargé d'affaires in Chile (1852-54) and France (1854-56) and minister to France (1856-58) and the United Kingdom (1858-61).

Alberger, Franklin A(ugustus) (b. Jan. 14, 1825, Baltimore, Md. - d. Aug. 24, 1877), mayor of Buffalo (1860-62).

Alberings, Arturs (b. Jan. 8, 1877, Rujiena parish, Russia [now in Latvia] - d. April 26, 1934, Riga, Latvia), prime minister (1926) and finance minister (1926) of Latvia. He was also minister of agriculture (1928-30, 1931).

Albernaz, Bernardo Antonio de Faria (b. Sept. 22, 1847, Jaraguá, Goiás, Brazil - d. April 18, 1922, Goiás, Goiás), acting president of Goiás (1891, 1898, 1901).

Alberni (Teixidor), Pedro de, Catalan Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor (b. Jan. 30, 1747, Tortosa, Tarragona province, Catalonia, Spain - d. March 11, 1802, Monterey, California), acting governor of California (1800).

Albers, A.K., byname Doc Albers, mayor of El Paso (1894).

Alberson, Isaac, originally Samuel Seeley, Chickasaw name Sho-me-cha (d. 1850), chief of the Chickasaw District (1844-46).

Albert I

Albert I, in full Albert Léopold Clément Marie Meinrad (b. April 8, 1875, Brussels - d. Feb. 17, 1934, Marche-les-Dames, near Namur, Belgium), king of Belgium (1909-34). He was a nephew of King Léopold II and at first not considered a possible heir presumptive to the throne. But then Léopold's son died at the age of 10; Albert's older brother, Prince Baudouin, was mysteriously killed; and Albert's father, Philip, count of Flanders, younger brother of the king, renounced his claim to the throne. Albert mingled with the Belgian workers and once went incognito to America, becoming a newspaper reporter in Brooklyn. In 1900 he married Elisabeth, a Bavarian princess. As king, he improved social conditions in Belgium and the Belgian Congo. In 1914, he reaffirmed Belgian neutrality to France and Germany and rejected the German ultimatum of August 2 demanding free passage of German troops across Belgian territory. Two days later, Germany invaded. He assumed leadership of the Belgian army, going up and down the trenches encouraging his soldiers. He was forced to retreat until German troops occupied the entire country except for the southwestern districts of Flanders, where he maintained his headquarters until the end of the war. In September 1918 he commanded the Franco-Belgian northern army group which recaptured the Belgian coast. Eleven days after the Armistice he reentered Brussels to the joyous outbursts of his subjects. He appealed to the Allies to abolish Belgian neutrality and guided the nation's reconstruction effort. He was named financial dictator of Belgium for a period of six months beginning July 15, 1926, during the turbulent period in which the French franc was stabilized. He slipped and fell to his death while rock-climbing.

Albert II

Albert II, in full Albert Félix Humbert Théodore Christian Eugène Marie of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (b. June 6, 1934, Brussels, Belgium), king of Belgium (1993-2013). The second son of King Léopold III and Queen Astrid, Albert entered the Belgian navy in 1953. As the heir to the throne he became a member of the Belgian Senate. He has been president of the Belgian Red Cross since 1958. On July 2, 1959, he married Paola Ruffo di Calabria, a glamorous Italian princess once refused entrance to the Vatican because she was wearing a miniskirt. The couple had three children: Philippe (b. April 15, 1960), Astrid (b. June 5, 1962), and Laurent (b. Oct. 19, 1963). In 1962 he was called upon to serve as honorary chairman of the Belgian Office of Foreign Trade, and in this capacity he led almost 100 economic missions and became an expert on shipping. However, that tenure was tainted by a 1979 kickback scandal involving Belgium's largest conglomerate and the construction of a hospital in Saudi Arabia. During the lengthy reign of his older brother, King Baudouin, the prince acquired a reputation as a jet-setter. He enjoyed fast cars and boats and has been known to challenge the speed limits on his motorcycle. After the childless Baudouin died in 1993, Albert was sworn in as sixth king of the Belgians. Paola then shared the title of queen with Baudouin's widow, Fabiola. Having shown little interest in becoming the king, Albert surprised many when he chose not to abdicate in favour of his elder son, Prince Philippe. Although groomed for the throne, Philippe was thought by some in the government to be less ready than his father to act as head of state for a country troubled by increasing divisiveness between French-speaking Wallonia and Flemish-speaking Flanders. Albert played a major role in ending a political crisis in 2010-11, when the country went for a record 541 days without a regular government. He abdicated in 2013 for age and health reasons. In 2020, following a court-ordered DNA test, he acknowledged being the father of Delphine Boël (b. 1968), the result of an extramarital affair that allegedly spanned from 1966 to 1984.

Albert II

Albert II, in full Albert Alexandre Louis Pierre, Marquis des Baux (b. March 14, 1958, Monaco), prince of Monaco (2005- ). The only son of Prince Rainier III and his wife Grace Kelly, he took part in five Winter Olympics in bobsledding and has headed Monaco's Olympic Committee since 1994. He long remained unmarried, causing such concern that the constitution was revised in 2002 to ensure the continuation of the dynasty, by allowing power to pass from a reigning prince who has no descendants to his siblings. His older sister, Princess Caroline, thus followed him in the line of succession. On March 31, 2005, he assumed the duties of his ailing father, and he succeeded him when he died on April 6; the ceremonial enthronement took place on July 12 (with an additional ceremony on November 19). Earlier in July he had acknowledged that he has an illegitimate child, Alexandre (b. Aug. 24, 2003), with a flight attendant from Togo, Nicole Coste; the child would not be in line to the throne. In June 2006 he acknowledged a second illegitimate child, Jazmin Grace (b. March 4, 1992), by American Tamara Rotolo. In July 2011 he married former Olympic swimmer Charlene Wittstock. On Dec. 10, 2014, she gave birth to twins, Jacques Honoré Rainier (to be heir) and Gabriella Thérèse Marie.

C. Albert

Albert, Carl (Bert) (b. May 10, 1908, McAlester, Okla. - d. Feb. 4, 2000, McAlester, Okla.), speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1971-77). He served in the Army during World War II and was discharged as a lieutenant colonel in 1946. That was the year the incumbent congressman from the 3rd District announced that he would not run again. Albert won the Democratic nomination in regular and runoff primaries and went on to win a seat in the 80th Congress in the general election in November. In 1955, then-Speaker Sam Rayburn (Dem., Tex.) brought him into the ranks of the Democratic House leadership, making him whip, or assistant majority leader. Under the almost automatic operation of the seniority system, Albert became majority leader in 1962 and speaker in 1971. Albert was, in the days immediately after the startling resignation of Vice Pres. Spiro T. Agnew (1973), first in line of succession to the presidency. At that time, as he was said to have done throughout his years at the apex of government, he steered a low-key, middle-of-the road course. In 1974, before Nelson Rockefeller became Gerald Ford's vice president, Albert was again next in line for the White House. Another moment in which Albert stood in the spotlight of history came in 1968, when he served as chairman of the tumultuous Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The year 1975 was not a good one for Albert. Ford, an old friend and colleague, kept denouncing Congress while vetoing the bills it passed. When the House failed to override the vetoes, Albert was blamed. House Democrats complained that he did not represent their positions with sufficient vigour. On June 5, 1976, Albert announced his decision to retire from Congress.

D. Albert

Albert, Delia (Domingo), née Domingo (b. Aug. 11, 1942, Baguio City, Philippines), foreign secretary of the Philippines (2003-04). She was ambassador to Australia (1996-2002) and Germany (2005-10).

Alberti, Jean-Baptiste (b. Oct. 10, 1881, Santo-Pietro-di-Venaco, Corse, France - d. Jan. 7, 1938, Fort-de-France, Martinique), governor of Martinique (1936-38).

Alberti, Peter Adler (b. June 10, 1851, Copenhagen, Denmark - d. June 14, 1932, Copenhagen), justice minister of Denmark (1901-08). He was also minister for Iceland (1901-04).

Albertí Picornell, Jeroni (b. Oct. 26, 1927, Banyalbufar, Mallorca, Baleares, Spain - d. Feb. 22, 2024, Palma de Mallorca, Mallorca), president of the General Inter-Island Council of Baleares (1978-82). He was also president of the Council of Mallorca (1979-82, 1983-87).

Albertini, Remo (b. Sept. 10, 1920, Rovereto, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy), president of Trento (1952-56).

Albertz, Heinrich (b. Jan. 22, 1915, Breslau, Germany [now Wroclaw, Poland] - d. May 18, 1993, Bremen, Germany), governing mayor of (West) Berlin (1966-67).

Albicker

Albig

Albin

Albicker, Heinz (b. March 13, 1950), president of the government of Schaffhausen (2005).

Albig, Torsten (b. May 25, 1963, Bremen, West Germany), minister-president of Schleswig-Holstein (2012-17). He was lord mayor of Kiel in 2009-12.

Albin, Igor (Nikolayevich), original surname (until 2014) Slyunyayev (b. Oct. 4, 1966, Isilkul, Omsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), governor of Kostroma oblast (2007-12). In 2012-14 he was Russian minister of regional development. After leaving that post, he changed his name, saying genealogical research had shown Albin was his family's name until it had to be changed to Slyunyayev in the 19th century.

Albiñana i Olmos, Josep Lluís (b. 1943, Valencia, Spain), president of the Council of the Valencian Country (1978-79).

Albizu

Albizu Campos, Pedro (b. Sept. 12, 1891, Tenerias village, Ponce, Puerto Rico - d. April 21, 1965, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico), leader of the Puerto Rican independence movement. Heading the radical Nationalist Party from the early 1930s, he was imprisoned (1937-43) in Atlanta, Ga., for his revolutionary activities. In 1950, when Nationalists tried to assassinate Pres. Harry S. Truman, Albizu Campos was charged with inciting the would-be assassins and jailed once again. In 1954 several party members fired shots in the U.S. House of Representatives, wounding five congressmen, and Albizu Campos, who had been pardoned, was sentenced to life imprisonment. He was pardoned a second time in 1964.

Albores González, María Luisa (b. July 18, 1976, Ocosingo, Chiapas, Mexico), Mexican politician. She was minister of welfare (2018-20) and environment and natural resources (2020-24).

Albornoz (Ruiz), Félix Miguel (Ángel) (b. Jan. 7, 1917, Quito, Ecuador - d. March 17, 2012, Mexico City, Mexico), Ecuadorian politician. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1976-86) and a minor presidential candidate (1988).

Albornoz Tabares, Miguel Ángel (b. Aug. 9, 1873, Ambato, Ecuador - d. Aug. 2, 1964, Quito, Ecuador), finance minister (1924-25) and interior minister (1930-31) of Ecuador. He was also president of the Chamber of Deputies (1916-18) and the Senate (1942-44). He was the government party's presidential candidate in the election that was to be held in June 1944 but cancelled after the overthrow of Pres. Carlos Arroyo del Río.

Albornoz y Liminiana, Álvaro de (b. June 13, 1879, Luarca, Oviedo province, Spain - d. Oct. 20, 1954, Mexico City, Mexico), prime minister and foreign minister of Spain in exile (1947-51). He was also minister of development (1931) and justice (1931-33 and in exile 1945-47).

Albrand, François Fortuné (Joachim) (b. 1795 - d. 1826), commandant of Sainte-Marie de Madagascar (1823).

Albrecht, Ernst (Carl Julius) (b. June 29, 1930, Heidelberg [now in Baden-Württemberg], Germany - d. Dec. 13, 2014), minister-president of Niedersachsen (1976-90) and president of the Bundesrat (1985-86).

Albrecht, Jerzy, pseudonym Jureczek (b. Oct. 7, 1914, Wrzeszczewice, Poland - d. Sept. 8, 1992, Warsaw, Poland), finance minister of Poland (1960-68). He was also chairman of the Presidium of the People's Council of Warsaw (1949-56).

H. Albright

Albright, Horace M(arden) (b. Jan. 6, 1890, Bishop, Calif. - d. March 28, 1987, Van Nuys, Calif.), director of the National Park Service (1929-33).

M. Albright

Albright, Madeleine (Korbel), née Marie Jana Körbelová (b. May 15, 1937, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic] - d. March 23, 2022, Washington, D.C.), U.S. secretary of state (1997-2001); daughter of Josef Korbel. Following the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939, her family fled to England. The family returned to Czechoslovakia after World War II, but fled again after the Communist coup of 1948. They settled in the United States. She was a coordinator for Democratic Sen. Edmund Muskie's failed 1972 presidential campaign, and in 1976-78 she served as Muskie's chief legislative assistant. In 1978-81 she worked for Zbigniew Brzezinski, Pres. Jimmy Carter's national security advisor. During the subsequent Republican administrations, her Washington, D.C., home was an informal meeting place for prominent Democrats. She acted as an adviser to Democratic presidential candidates Walter Mondale (1984) and Michael Dukakis (1988), but was more successful in 1992, when she endorsed Bill Clinton's candidacy. During the campaign she served as Clinton's senior foreign policy adviser, and after his election he named her ambassador to the United Nations. At the UN she was a forceful promoter of American interests and encouraged increased U.S. participation in UN operations, particularly those with a military component. On Jan. 23, 1997, Albright, known for her tough-mindedness, was sworn in as the first woman to hold the post of U.S. secretary of state. Considerably more hawkish than her predecessor, Warren Christopher, Albright was a strong advocate of the use of U.S. military and political power to accomplish foreign policy goals, stating "My mind-set is Munich. Most of my generation's is Vietnam." (The betrayal of Czechoslovakia at the 1938 Munich Conference proved an enduring influence in her political life.)

Albuquerque, Antonio Coelho de Sá e (b. Oct. 18, 1821, Muribeca, Sergipe, Brazil - d. Feb. 22, 1868, on board the Paraná, near São Salvador da Bahia [now Salvador], Brazil), foreign minister of Brazil (1861, 1866-67). He was also president of Paraíba (1851-53), Alagoas (1854-57), Pará (1859-60), and Bahia (1862-63) and minister of agriculture (1862).

Albuquerque, Antonio Francisco de Paula e Holanda Cavalcânti de Albuquerque, visconde de (b. Aug. 21, 1797, Jaboatão [now Jaboatão dos Guararapes], Pernambuco, Brazil - d. April 14, 1863, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), principal minister of Brazil (1832). He was also minister of finance (1830-31, 1832, 1846-47, 1862-63), navy (1840-41, 1844-47), and war (1845-46). He was made viscount in 1854.

Albuquerque, Caetano Alexandre de Almeida e (b. April 15, 1824, Benfica parish, Lisbon, Portugal - d. Sept. 8, 1916, Lisbon), governor of Cape Verde (1869-76) and governor-general of Angola (1876-78) and Portuguese India (1878-82).

Albuquerque, Caetano Manuel de Faria e (b. Jan. 11, 1857, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil - d. Feb. 10, 1925, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Mato Grosso (1915-17).

Albuquerque, Carlos Cavalcanti de (b. March 22, 1864, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Feb. 23, 1935, Rio de Janeiro), president of Paraná (1912-16).

Albuquerque, Delfino Augusto Cavalcanti de (b. Dec. 23, 1820, Pernambuco province [now state], Brazil - d. Oct. 1, 1906, Recife, Pernambuco), president of Rio Grande do Norte (1871-72) and Piauí (1875-76).

Albuquerque, Domingos Jesuino de, Junior (b. July 5, 1855, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil - d. June 11, 1939, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), prefect of Alto Acre (1907).

Albuquerque, Etelvino Lins de (b. Nov. 20, 1908, Alagoa de Baixo [now Sertânia], Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Oct. 18, 1980, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), federal interventor (1945) and governor (1952-55) of Pernambuco.

Albuquerque, Euclides Deocleciano de (b. June 11, 1842, Aracati, Ceará, Brazil - d. Feb. 1, 1883, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil), acting president of Rio Grande do Norte (1879).

Albuquerque, Felix Antonio Ferreira de (b. c. 1795, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil - d. [assassinated] 1831), president of Paraíba (republican government, 1824).

Albuquerque, Fernando Prestes de (b. June 26, 1855, Itapetininga, São Paulo, Brazil - d. Oct. 25, 1937, São Paulo, Brazil), president of São Paulo (1898-1900 and [acting] 1910).

Albuquerque, Francisco Antonio de Almeida e (d. April 20, 1878, Paraíba [now João Pessoa], Paraíba, Brazil), acting president of Paraíba (1851); brother of Frederico de Almeida e Albuquerque.

Albuquerque, Francisco de Paula Almeida e (b. Sept. 29, 1795, Pernambuco captaincy [now state], Brazil - d. July 7, 1868, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), justice minister and acting principal minister of Brazil (1839); brother of José Paulino de Almeida e Albuquerque.

Albuquerque, Frederico de Almeida e (b. Paraíba captaincy [now state], Brazil - d. Sept. 8, 1879, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Paraíba (1851 [acting], 1853 [acting], 1870-72), Piauí (1855-56), Pernambuco (1869-70), and Maranhão (1876).

Albuquerque, João Pessoa Cavalcânti de (b. Jan. 24, 1878, Umbuzeiro, Paraíba, Brazil - d. [assassinated] July 26, 1930, Recife, Brazil), president of Paraíba (1928-30); nephew of Epitácio da Silva Pessoa.

Albuquerque, Joaquim Teixeira Peixoto de (d. af. 1843), president of Paraíba (1838).

Albuquerque, José Francisco de Paula Cavalcanti de, governor of Rio Grande do Norte (1806-11) and Mozambique (1817-18).

Albuquerque, José Paulino de Almeida e (b. Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. [assassinated] Jan. 22, 1831, Recife), president of Rio Grande do Norte (1827-30); grandson of Antonio José Victoriano Borges da Fonseca.

Albuquerque, Júlio Prestes de, commonly known as Júlio Prestes (b. March 15, 1882, Itapetininga, São Paulo, Brazil - d. Feb. 9, 1946, São Paulo, Brazil), president of São Paulo (1927-30); son of Fernando Prestes de Albuquerque. He was elected president of Brazil in 1930, but the supporters of his opponent, Getúlio Vargas, organized a successful coup before he could take office.

Albuquerque, Lourenço Augusto de Sá e (b. Oct. 14, 1852, Ipojuca, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Dec. 24?, 1919, Paris, France), president of Maranhão (1891).

Albuquerque, Lourenço Cavalcante de (b. Oct. 10, 1842, Águas Belas, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Aug. 31, 1918, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), foreign minister of Brazil (1882-83). He was also president of Santa Catarina (1878) and Pernambuco (1879-80) and minister of agriculture (1882-83, 1889).

Albuquerque, Luiz de França (b. May 9, 1883, Viçosa, Alagoas, Brazil - d. June 6?, 1962), federal interventor in Alagoas (1931, 1932-33).

Albuquerque, Manoel Clemente Cavalcante de (b. 1798, Pilar, Paraíba, Brazil - d. Nov. 2, 1826, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil), president of Sergipe (1825-26).

Miguel Albuquerque

Albuquerque, Miguel (b. May 4, 1961, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal), president of the government of Madeira (2015- ).

Albuquerque, Paulo Caetano de (d. Dec. 10, 1732), governor of Angola (1726-32).

Albuquerque, Pedro de Barros Cavalcanti de (b. May 6, 1839, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Nov. 13, 1907, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Rio Grande do Norte (1869-70).

Albuquerque, Walter Pires de Carvalho e (b. June 6, 1915, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Aug. 14, 1990, Rio de Janeiro), army minister of Brazil (1979-85).

Alby, (Maximilien) Gustave (b. Feb. 12, 1855, Marseille, France - d. 1920), administrator of Kwangchowan (1900-02, 1903-06).

Alby, Jean Louis Edmond (b. July 30, 1865, Figeac, Lot, France - d. ...), French resident of Grande Comore (1899).

Alcalá-Zamora y Torres, Niceto (b. July 6, 1877, Priego, Córdoba province, Spain - d. Feb. 18, 1949, Buenos Aires, Argentina), prime minister (1931) and president (1931-36) of Spain. He was also minister of development (1917-18) and war (1922-23).

Alcalay, Milos (b. Nov. 8, 1945), Venezuelan diplomat. He was ambassador to Romania (1990-92), Israel (1992-95), and Brazil (1997-2000) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2001-04).

Alcalde (Luján), Luisa María (b. Aug. 24, 1987, Mexico City, Mexico), interior minister of Mexico (2023- ). She was also minister of labour and social security (2018-23).

Alcalde (Velasco), Manuel (b. Aug. 14, 1819, Santiago, Chile - d. July 1869), foreign and interior minister of Chile (1861-62); son of Juan Agustín Alcalde y Bascuñán. He was also acting minister of justice, worship, and education (1862).

Alcalde Álvarez, Humberto (Enrique) (b. July 27, 1933, San Sebastián, Táchira, Venezuela), defense minister of Venezuela (1983-84).

Alcalde y Bascuñán, Juan Agustín, IV conde de Quinta Alegre (b. 1784, Santiago, Chile - d. November 1860, Santiago), Chilean politician. He was president of the Senate (1819-20, 1821).

Alcântara, Benedito Clayton Veras, byname Beni Veras (b. Aug. 18, 1935, Crateús, Ceará, Brazil - d. Nov. 6, 2015, Fortaleza, Ceará), governor of Ceará (2002-03). He was also Brazilian minister of planning, budget, and coordination (1994-95).

Alcántara (Mejía), Héctor Virgilio (b. Nov. 29, 1943, Bayaguana, Dominican Republic), Dominican Republic diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1990-93, 2011-14) and ambassador to Canada (1993, 2014-17), Japan (1993-94), South Korea (1998-99), and Portugal (2017-20).

Alcântara, João Inácio da Cunha, barão e visconde de (b. June 23, 1781, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil - d. Feb. 14, 1834, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), principal minister of Brazil (1830). He was also justice minister (1829-31, 1831). He was made baron in 1825 and viscount in 1826.

Alcântara, Lúcio Gonçalo de (b. May 16, 1943, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil), governor of Ceará (2003-07). He was also mayor of Fortaleza (1979-82).

Alcántara de T.

Alcántara de Toledo (Silva Mendoza) y Salm-Salm, Pedro, duque del Infantado, duque de Lerma, duque de Pastrana, marqués de Távara, conde de Villada (b. July 20, 1768, Madrid, Spain - d. Nov. 27, 1841, Madrid), Spanish politician. He was president of the Regency of the "Resistance" (1812), president of the Regency (1823), and first secretary of state (1825-26).

Alcántara Herrán (y Zaldúa), Pedro (b. Oct. 19, 1800, Bogotá, New Granada [now Colombia] - d. April 26, 1872), foreign minister (1838-39) and president (1841-45) of New Granada. He was also minister of war and navy (1830, 1854-55), governor of Bogotá (1837-38), and minister to the United States (1847-49, 1855-60) and Costa Rica (1856-70).

Alckmin

Alckmin, Geraldo (José Rodrigues), Filho (b. Nov. 7, 1952, Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo, Brazil), governor of São Paulo (2001-06, 2011-18) and vice president of Brazil (2023- ). He has also been mayor of Pindamonhangaba (1977-82) and minister of development, industry, and commerce (2023- ). A member of the Social Democracy Party (and its president in 2017-19), he twice resigned as governor to run (unsuccessfully) for the Brazilian presidency.

Alcock, Sir Rutherford (b. May 1809, London, England - d. Nov. 2, 1897), chairman of the British North Borneo Chartered Company (1882-93); knighted 1862. He was also British minister to Japan (1859-65) and China (1865-71).

Alcoforado, José Bernardo Galvão, Junior (b. Sept. 2, 1840, Pernambuco province [now state], Brazil - d. Feb. 8, 1913, Recife, Pernambuco), president of Rio Grande do Norte (1875-76).

Alcolumbre (Tobelem), Davi(d Samuel) (b. June 19, 1977, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil), Brazilian politician. He was president of the Senate (2019-21).

Alconada Aramburú, Carlos (Román Santiago) (b. July 25, 1920, La Plata, Buenos Aires province, Argentina - d. Oct. 4, 2003, La Plata), interior minister (1957-58) and justice and education minister (1963-66, 1983-86) of Argentina.

Alcoreza Melgarejo, Javier, finance minister of Bolivia (1979, 1981-82).

Alcorn, James L(usk) (b. Nov. 4, 1816, near Golconda, Ill. - d. Dec. 19, 1894, Coahoma county, Miss.), governor of Mississippi (1870-71).

Alcorn, Meade, in full Hugh Meade Alcorn, Jr. (b. Oct. 20, 1907, Suffield, Conn. - d. Jan. 13, 1992, Suffield), chairman of the Republican National Committee (1957-59).

Alcorta (Palacio), Amancio (Mariano) (b. March 27, 1842, Buenos Aires, Argentina - d. May 5, 1902, Buenos Aires), foreign minister (1890 [acting], 1895-1902) and interior minister (1897-98) of Argentina. He was also minister of justice and education (1890).

Alcoy, Federico Roncali (y Ceruti), (I) conde de (b. May 30, 1806, Cádiz, Spain - d. April 4, 1857, Madrid, Spain), war minister (1846) and prime minister and foreign minister (1852-53) of Spain and governor of Cuba (1848-50). He was given the title conde de Alcoy in 1846.

Alcudia, Antonio de Saavedra y Jofré, (VII) conde de la (b. Feb. 1, 1777, Valencia, Spain - d. Feb. 13, 1842, Genoa, Kingdom of Sardinia [now in Italy]), acting first secretary of state of Spain (1832).

Alden, Augustus E. (b. 1837, Augusta, Maine - d. April 23, 1886, Seattle, Wash.), mayor of Nashville (1867-69).

Alderdice

Alderdice, Frederick C(harles) (b. Nov. 10, 1872, Belfast, Ireland [now in Northern Ireland] - d. Feb. 28, 1936, St. John's, Newfoundland [now in Canada]), prime minister of Newfoundland (1928, 1932-34). In 1924 he was appointed to the Legislative Council. In the summer of 1928 he assumed the office of prime minister following the resignation of his cousin, Walter S. Monroe, from that post. After the defeat of his United Newfoundland Party in the general election of October 1928, Alderdice led the opposition in the House of Assembly until 1932 when he and his United Newfoundland Party were elected to office. Alderdice was to be the last prime minister of Newfoundland before Confederation. Following the election he also took on the portfolios of Minister of Education and Minister of Finance and Customs, holding the latter office only until August 1932. In 1934 responsible government was officially replaced by commission government (no national referendum was ever held on this constitutional change). Alderdice served as Commissioner for Home Affairs and Education in the new Commission of Government until his death.

Alderete, Carlos (Elbio), labour minister of Argentina (1987).

Alderete, (Huáscar) Eduardo (b. 1941), governor of Jujuy (1990-91).

Alders, Hans, byname of Johannes Gerardus Maria Alders (b. Dec. 17, 1952, Nijmegen, Gelderland, Netherlands), minister of housing, regional planning and environment of the Netherlands (1989-94) and queen's commissioner of Groningen (1996-2007).

Aldisio, Salvatore (b. Dec. 29, 1890, Gela, Caltanissetta province, Sicilia, Italy - d. July 27, 1964, Rome, Italy), interior minister of Italy (1944). He was also high commissioner of Sicilia (1944-46) and minister of merchant marine (1946-47), public works (1950-53), and industry and commerce (1954).

Aldredge, Sawnie R(obertson) (b. Nov. 13, 1890, Dallas, Texas - d. May 13, 1949, Dallas), mayor of Dallas (1921-23).

Aldrich, Charles H(enry) (b. Aug. 28, 1850, La Grange county, Ind. - d. April 13, 1929, Chicago, Ill.), U.S. solicitor general (1892-93).

Chester Aldrich

Aldridge

Aldrich, Chester Hardy (b. Nov. 10, 1862, Pierpont, Ohio - d. March 10, 1924, Superior, Neb.), governor of Nebraska (1911-13).

Aldrich, Winthrop W(illiams) (b. Nov. 2, 1885, Providence, R.I. - d. Feb. 25, 1974, New York City), U.S. diplomat. He was ambassador to the United Kingdom (1953-57).

Aldridge, Edward C(leveland), Jr., byname Pete Aldridge (b. Aug. 18, 1938, Houston, Texas), U.S. secretary of the Air Force (1986-88).

Aldunate (Toro), José Santiago (b. April 20, 1796, Melipilla, Chile - d. June 21, 1864, Santiago, Chile), war and marine minister of Chile (1842-46). He was also intendant of Chiloé (1826-29), Coquimbo (1832-33, 1833-35), and Valparaíso (1846-47, 1861-64).

Aldunate (Carrera), Luis (b. March 2, 1842, Santiago, Chile - d. April 3, 1908, Viña del Mar, Chile), finance minister (1881-82) and foreign minister (1882-84) of Chile.

Aldunate (León), Roberto (b. March 14, 1898, Santiago, Chile - d. March 24, 1980, Santiago), foreign minister of Chile (1954-55). He was also minister of mining (1954).

Aldunate Bascuñán, Santiago (b. Dec. 7, 1857, Santiago, Chile - d. April 17, 1918, Washington, D.C.), war and navy minister (1894) and foreign minister (1906) of Chile. He was also ambassador to the United States (1917-18).

Aldunate Echeverría, Luis (Justo Pastor) (b. Aug. 9, 1872, Santiago, Chile - d. Nov. 4, 1948, Santiago), foreign minister of Chile (1920). He was also chargé d'affaires in Belgium and the Netherlands (1906-08), minister to Spain (1922-24) and Portugal (1922-23), and ambassador to Argentina (1925-27).

Aldunate Errázuriz, Carlos (b. 1880, Santiago, Chile - d. 19...), foreign minister of Chile (1931). He was also minister of lands and colonization (1931) and ambassador to the Vatican (1937-39).

Aldunate Solar, Carlos (b. May 11, 1856, Santiago, Chile - d. June 14, 1931, Santiago), foreign minister of Chile (1922, 1924-25). He was also president of the Senate (1913-14).

Alebua

Alebua, Ezekiel (b. 1947, Avuavu, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands - d. Aug. 7, 2022, Haimatua, Guadalcanal), foreign minister (1981-82) and prime minister (1986-89) of the Solomon Islands. He was also minister of home affairs and provincial government (1984-85) and agriculture and lands (1985-86). On April 1, 1998, he became premier of Guadalcanal province. On June 1, 2001, he was wounded by assailants with shotguns in an assassination attempt. Police said the motive for the shooting was not known. However, he had antagonized some of his Guadalcanal constituents by not advancing moves to declare the province a state. By 2003 he had been replaced as premier by Waeta Ben Tabusasi. In August 2005 he was arrested and charged with larceny. It was alleged that between January 16 and May 22, 2001, while Guadalcanal premier, he used SI$302,000 of provincial government money for his own private purposes. The money was part of a SI$2.5 million compensation package paid to the provincial government by the Solomons government to be disbursed to relatives of 25 Guadalcanal murder victims who were killed during the country's ethnic tensions. In July 2007 the Central Magistrates Court sentenced him to 3½ years in prison on two counts of embezzlement; six other counts were dismissed.

Alegrett

Alegrett (Ruiz), Sebastián (b. 1942, Caracas, Venezuela - d. Aug. 7, 2002, Lima, Peru), secretary-general of the Andean Community (1997-2002). He was also permanent secretary of the Latin American Economic System (1983-87) and Venezuelan ambassador to Brazil (1990-94) and Colombia (1996-97).

Aleixo, Pedro (b. Aug. 1, 1901, Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. March 3, 1975, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais), vice president of Brazil (1967-69). He was also president of the Chamber of Deputies (1937) and minister of education (1966).

Aleixo, Renato Onofre Pinto (b. June 12, 1890, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. June 13, 1963, Rio de Janeiro), federal interventor in Bahia (1942-45).

Alejo (López), Francisco Javier (b. Dec. 30, 1941, Mexico City, Mexico), Mexican politician. He was minister of national patrimony (1975-76) and ambassador to Japan and South Korea (1979-82) and Italy (1990-92).

Alekhin, Dmitry (Ivanovich), Soviet politician. He was minister of the building materials industry (1946-49) and local industry (1949-51), a deputy premier (1952-55), and first deputy premier (1955-57) of the Russian S.F.S.R.

Alekperov

Alekperov, Avaz (Akbar ogly), Azeri Äväz Äkbär oglu Äläkbärov (b. July 23, 1952), finance minister of Azerbaijan (1999-2006). He worked in various administrative jobs involving agricultural projects. From 1981 to 1991, he was deputy head of the economics department in the government before being appointed head of the Social Protection Fund.

Aleksandar I, in full Aleksandar Obrenovic (b. Aug. 14 [Aug. 2, O.S.], 1876, Belgrade, Serbia - d. [assassinated] June 11 [May 29, O.S.], 1903, Belgrade), king of Serbia (1889-1903); son of Milan I.

Aleksandar I

Aleksandar I (b. Dec. 16 [Dec. 4, O.S.], 1888, Cetinje, Montenegro - d. Oct. 9, 1934, Marseille, France), king of Yugoslavia (1921-34). He was the second son of Petar I (king of Serbia 1903-18 and king of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 1918-21) and Zorka of Montenegro. He became crown prince in 1909 when his elder brother Djordje was forced to renounce his right of succession after an exhibition of temper in which he knocked a groom downstairs, injuring him fatally. A distinguished commander in the Balkan Wars of 1912-13, Aleksandar was appointed regent of Serbia by the ailing king Petar (June 24, 1914) and when World War I broke out again took the field at the head of an army. After the war Montenegro united herself with Serbia, and the former Austro-Hungarian provinces of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina also joined the new state. In 1921 he succeeded his father as king and on June 8, 1922, he married Marie, a daughter of Ferdinand I of Romania. Until the end of 1928 Aleksandar sought to restore harmony among the different nationalities while keeping democratic forms, but in January 1929 he dissolved parliament and established a royal dictatorship. He changed the name of the country to Yugoslavia, outlawed all political parties based on ethnic, religious, or regional distinctions, reorganized the state administratively, and standardized legal systems, school curricula, and national holidays. A new constitution promulgated Sept. 3, 1931, did not materially lessen his power. Aleksandar, who had survived several earlier assassination attempts, was killed by an agent of Croatian separatists while making a state visit to France.

Aleksandar (II)

Aleksandar (II) (b. July 17, 1945, London, England), pretender to the Yugoslav throne. He is the son of King Petar II and Queen Aleksandra, who were in exile in London. The room in Claridge's Hotel where he was born was proclaimed Yugoslav territory by the British government, because by the constitution a king had to be born on Yugoslav soil. Petar, who never abdicated, died in the U.S. in 1970. Aleksandar decided at the time not to take the title of king, but never renounced his dynastic right to the throne. In 1972, he married Princess Maria da Glória of Orléans and Bragança (b. Dec. 13, 1946), of the imperial family of Brazil. They had three children: Petar (b. Feb. 5, 1980, Chicago, Ill.) and the twins Filip and Aleksandar (b. Jan. 15, 1982, Fairfax, Va.). The marriage ended in divorce in 1985, and the same year he married Katarina Batis (b. Nov. 13, 1943, Athens, Greece). In 1991 he first visited Yugoslavia. After Pres. Slobodan Milosevic was overthrown in 2000, the Yugoslav parliament returned some royal assets back to Aleksandar, and since the summer of 2001 he lives in the so-called Old Castle (Stari Dvor) in Belgrade. Today, he is a guest at any important social event, is engaged in charitable activities together with his wife, and the press and officials regularly address him as His Royal Majesty, Heir Apparent, Aleksandar Karadjordjevic. People still feel alienated from him, however, because his Serbian remains very poor.

Aleksandar Karadjordjevic (b. Oct. 11 [Sept. 29, O.S.], 1806, Topola, Serbia - d. May 4 [April 22, O.S.], 1885, Temesvár, Banat, Hungary [now Timisoara, Romania]), prince of Serbia (1842-43, 1843-58); son of Karadjordje.

Aleksandersen, Ingvild (b. 1968), governor of Finnmark (2016-18).

Aleksandr, secular name Andrey (Ivanovich) Svetlakov (b. Aug. 16 [Aug. 4, O.S.], 1839, Nizhnyaya Maza, Simbirsk province, Russia - d. Oct. 20 [Oct. 8, O.S.], 1895, Kaluga, Russia), Locum Tenens of Moscow (1893). He was bishop of Mozhaysk (1885-92), Dmitrov (1892-94), and Kaluga (1894-95).

Aleksandr, secular name Aleksandr (Feofilovich) Petrovsky (b. Sept. 4 [Aug. 23, O.S.], 1851, Lutsk, Volyn province, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. [in prison] May 24, 1940, Kharkov, Ukrainian S.S.R.), Locum Tenens of Kiev (1937-38). He was bishop of Uman (1932-33) and Vinnitsa (1933-37) and archbishop of Kharkov (1937-38).

Aleksandr, secular name Aleksandr (Ivanovich) Vvedensky (b. Sept. 11 [Aug. 30, O.S.], 1889, Vitebsk, Russia [now Vitsebsk, Belarus] - d. July 25, 1946, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), metropolitan of the Renewal Church (1941-46). He was also Renewal bishop of Krutitsy (1923-24).

Aleksandr I, in full Aleksandr Pavlovich (b. Dec. 23 [Dec. 12, O.S.], 1777, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Dec. 1 [Nov. 19, O.S.], 1825, Taganrog, Russia), emperor of Russia (1801-25); son of Pavel I; nephew of Friedrich I and Aleksandr Fridrikh Karl Vyurtembergsky.

Aleksandr II

Aleksandr II, in full Aleksandr Nikolayevich (b. April 29 [April 17, O.S.], 1818, Moscow, Russia - d. March 13 [March 1, O.S.], 1881, St. Petersburg, Russia), emperor of Russia (1855-81). He was the eldest son of the grand duke Nikolay Pavlovich (who in 1825 became Emperor Nikolay I) and his wife, Aleksandra Fyodorovna. In 1841 he married Maria of Hesse-Darmstadt. He succeeded to the throne following the death of his father, at the height of the Crimean War. Aleksandr realized that the backwardness of his country was to blame for the defeat in that war, and implemented a series of modernizing reforms, notably the abolition of serfdom by the Emancipation Act of Feb. 19, 1861. Tens of millions of human chattels were given their personal freedom and were endowed with modest allotments of land. The judicial statute of 1864 gave Russia, for the first time, a judicial system that in important respects could stand comparison with those of Western countries. The army statute of 1874 introduced conscription for the first time. He also rethought foreign policy: Russia now refrained from overseas expansion and concentrated on strengthening its borders. In 1867 Alaska was sold to the United States. His greatest foreign policy achievement was the successful war against the Ottoman Empire in 1877-78, resulting in the annulment of the conditions of the Treaty of Paris of 1856, imposed after Russia's defeat in the Crimean War. Beginning in 1879, there was a resurgence of revolutionary terrorism. Following unsuccessful attempts to shoot him, to derail his train, and finally to blow up the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, he was mortally wounded by a bomb thrown by Ignaty Grinevitsky, member of the People's Will revolutionary group.

Aleksandr III, in full Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (b. March 10 [Feb. 26, O.S.], 1845, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Nov. 1 [Oct. 20, O.S.], 1894, Livadiya, near Yalta, Russia [now in Ukraine]), emperor of Russia (1881-94); son of Aleksandr II.

Aleksandr (Mikhailovich), Veliky Knyaz (Grand Duke) (b. April 13 [April 1, O.S.], 1866, Tiflis, Russia [now Tbilisi, Georgia] - d. Feb. 26, 1933, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Alpes-Maritimes, France), Russian official; son of Veliky Knyaz Mikhail (Nikolayevich). He was head of the Chief Administration of Merchant Shipping and Ports (1902-05).

Aleksandrov, Chudomir (Asenov) (b. July 26, 1936, Sofia, Bulgaria - d. Sept. 18, 1998, Sofia), a deputy premier of Bulgaria (1984-86, 1990). He was also first secretary of the Communist Party committees of Stara Zagora district (1979) and Sofia city (1979-84).

Aleksandrov, Stoyan (Iliev) (b. June 14, 1949, Iliya, Bulgaria - d. Aug. 24, 2020, Sofia, Bulgaria), finance minister of Bulgaria (1992-94).

Aleksandrov, Valentin (Georgiev) (b. Sept. 23, 1946, Sofia, Bulgaria - d. July 10?, 2008), defense minister of Bulgaria (1992-94).

Aleksandur

Aleksandur (Yosif), originally Alexander Joseph Battenberg (b. April 5, 1857, Verona, Venice [Italy] - d. Nov. 17, 1893, Graz, Austria), prince of Bulgaria (1879-86). The second son of Prince Alexander of Hesse and a nephew of Aleksandr II of Russia, he served during 1877 with the Russian forces in the Russo-Turkish War (1877-78), which resulted in the autonomy of Bulgaria. When Bulgaria was made a hereditary principality under the provisions of the Congress of Berlin (1878), he was elected prince on April 29, 1879. He dissolved the national assembly in 1880 and suspended the constitution in 1881. Bulgarian politicians were infuriated, and real power fell into the hands of two Russian generals, Sobolev and Kaulbars, who had been specially despatched from St. Petersburg. To combat this influence he restored the constitution on Sept. 18, 1883. The annexation of Eastern Rumelia by Bulgaria (September 1885) further exacerbated relations with Russia, and passions were also aroused in Serbia. He successfully led Bulgarian troops against a Serbian invasion (November 1885), but Austria intervened and Bulgaria was forced to accept an armistice and a peace confirming the status quo (Treaty of Bucharest, March 1886). His success, however, sealed the union with Eastern Rumelia, which was recognized by the Great Powers in April 1886. A pro-Russian officers' coup on Aug. 21, 1886, forced him to abdicate, and he was conducted out of the country. He returned shortly to reclaim his crown after a counterrevolution overthrew the provisional government set up by the Russian party at Sofia, but he found his position untenable and formally abdicated on Sept. 7, 1886. He later assumed the title Graf von Hartenau (Feb. 6, 1889), became a naturalized Austrian subject, and served in the Austrian army.

Aleksankin, Aleksandr (Vasilyevich) (b. Aug. 29, 1929 - d. Aug. 11, 2014), Soviet politician. He was minister of melioration and water management of the Belorussian S.S.R. (1965-71) and a deputy premier of the Russian S.F.S.R. (1974-90).

Aleksentsev

Aleksentsev, Viktor (Andreyevich) (b. Sept. 3, 1948), prime minister of Ingushetia (2002-03).

Alekseyenko, Andrey (Anatolyevich) (b. April 23, 1978, Novopokrovskaya, Krasnodar kray, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the government of Kherson oblast (2022- ). He was also mayor of Krasnodar (2021-22).

Alekseyev, Aleksey (Ivanovich) (b. Aug. 25 [Aug. 13, O.S.], 1866 - d. 19...), acting governor of Semirechye oblast (1916-17).

Alekseyev, Vasily (Alekseyevich) (b. Jan. 7, 1893, Oraushi, Kazan province [now in Chuvashia republic], Russia - d. May 27, 1970, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Chuvash A.S.S.R. (1925-26).

Alekseyev, Yevgeny (Ivanovich) (b. May 23 [May 11, O.S.], 1843, Sevastopol, Russia - d. June 9 [May 27, O.S.], 1917, Yalta, Russia), governor of Kwantung (1899-1905) and viceroy of the Far East (1903-05).

Aleksic, Budimir (b. Sept. 15, 1968, Savnik, Montenegro), a deputy prime minister of Montenegro (2024- ).

Aleksiev, Hristo (Vladimirov) (b. Sept. 19, 1980, Plovdiv, Bulgaria), a deputy prime minister of Bulgaria (2022-23). He was also minister of transport and communications (2017, 2021, 2022-23) and information technologies (2017, 2021).

Aleksy I, secular name Aleksey (Alekseyevich) Opotsky (b. Dec. 24 [Dec. 12, O.S.], 1837, Opochka, Pskov province, Russia - d. Jan. 3, 1915 [Dec. 21, 1914, O.S.], Moscow, Russia), exarch of Georgia (1901-05). He was also bishop of Balakhna (1894-96) and Vyatka (1896-1901) and archbishop of Tver (1905-10).

Aleksy I, secular name Sergey (Vladimirovich) Simansky (b. Nov. 8 [Oct. 27, O.S.], 1877, Moscow, Russia - d. April 17, 1970, Peredelkino, Moscow oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), Locum Tenens (1944-45) and patriarch (1945-70) of Moscow and All Russia. He was also bishop of Tikhvin (1913-21) and Yamburg (1921-22), archbishop of Khutyn (1926-32), and metropolitan of Staraya Russa (1932-33), Novgorod (1933), and Leningrad (1933-45).

Aleksy II, secular name Aleksey (Vasilyevich) Molchanov (b. Oct. 17 [Oct. 5, O.S.], 1853, Kilmez, Vyatka province [now in Kirov oblast], Russia - d. June 2 [May 20, O.S.], 1914), exarch of Georgia (1913-14). He was also bishop of Chistopol (1900-05), Tavrida (1905-10), Pskov (1910-12), and Tobolsk (1912-13).

Aleksy II, secular name Aleksey (Mikhailovich) Ridiger (b. Feb. 23, 1929, Tallinn, Estonia - d. Dec. 5, 2008, Peredelkino, Moscow oblast, Russia), patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1990-2008). He was also bishop (1961-64), archbishop (1964-68), and metropolitan (1968-86) of Tallinn and metropolitan of Leningrad (1986-90).

A. Alemán

Alemán (Lacayo), (José) Arnoldo (b. Jan. 23, 1946, Managua, Nicaragua), mayor of Managua (1990-95) and president of Nicaragua (1997-2002). He was elected head of the National Assembly on Jan. 17, 2002, but was ousted from that position on Sept. 19, 2002, in a crucial step to try him on charges of stealing $100 million during his presidential term. On Dec. 12, 2002, lawmakers stripped his immunity from prosecution and he was placed under house arrest. He was taken to jail Aug. 11, 2003, but in late November he was released to a house arrest again. On Dec. 7, 2003, he was convicted on corruption charges and sentenced to 20 years imprisonment (later changed to house arrest) and a $10 million fine. He also faced money-laundering charges in the U.S., but under Nicaraguan law he could not be extradited. In January 2009 his 2003 conviction was overturned, and he declared his readiness to run for the presidency again in 2011. In the event, he finished only a distant third.

Alemán (Salvador), Mario (b. March 18, 1935, Quito, Ecuador), Ecuadorian diplomat. He was ambassador to Paraguay (1985-87) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1999-2002).

Miguel Alemán

Alemán (Valdés), Miguel (b. Sept. 29, 1900 [other sources say 1903], Sayula, Veracruz, Mexico - d. May 14, 1983, Mexico City), president of Mexico (1946-52). His career in politics began in 1930, when he was appointed senator from Veracruz. He also served as an appeals court judge and in 1936 was elected governor of Veracruz. In 1940 he resigned to run the successful presidential campaign of Gen. Manuel Ávila Camacho, who rewarded him with the post of minister of interior. Alemán became the official candidate for the presidency on the ticket of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Institutional Revolutionary Party) in 1946 and easily defeated Ezequiel Padilla, becoming the first non-military candidate ever to be elected to the presidency. He was an advocate of industrialization and improvements in agriculture. He also directed the construction of major highways and of the University City complex. After he left the presidency, there were allegations of corruption during his administration. From 1961 he served as president of a national tourism council that was formed at his suggestion, and he retained that position until his death. He also had the title of ambassador at large.

Alemán Healy, José Miguel (b. May 8, 1956, Panama City), foreign minister of Panama (1999-2003). He was a presidential candidate in 2004, finishing third with 16.4% of the vote.

Alemann, Roberto T(eodoro) (b. Dec. 22, 1922, Buenos Aires, Argentina - d. March 27, 2020), finance minister (1961-62) and economy minister (1981-82) of Argentina. He was also ambassador to the United States (1962-64).

Alemao

Alemao, Churchill Braz (b. May 16, 1949, Carmona, Goa, Portuguese India [now in India]), chief minister of Goa (1990).

Alemasov, Aleksandr (Mikhailovich) (b. 1902, Zlatoust, Ufa province [now in Chelyabinsk oblast], Russia - d. December 1972, Voronezh, Russian S.F.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Tatar A.S.S.R. (1937-42). He was also people's commissar of interior of the Tatar A.S.S.R. (1937) and first secretary of the party committees of Leninsk-Kuznetsky (1942-43), Tomsk (1943-44), and Kremenchug (1945-48) cities.

Alemayehu, Haddis (b. Oct. 15, 1910, Debre Markos, Gojam province, Ethiopia - d. Dec. 7, 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), foreign minister of Ethiopia (1960-61). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1956-59), education minister (1961), ambassador to the United Kingdom (1961-66), and planning and development minister (1966-69).

Alemparte (Quiroga), Arturo (b. Sept. 19, 1878, Concepción, Chile - d. Jan. 3, 1944, Santiago, Chile), justice (and education) minister of Chile (1917-18). He was also minister of agriculture, industry, and colonization (1924-25, 1926-27) and minister to Germany and the Netherlands (1928) and France and Belgium (1928-31).

Alencar, Antonio Antunes de (d. Jan. 18?, 1945, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), prefect of Alto Acre (1907-08).

Alencar, Augusto Cochrane de (b. April 28, 1865, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. June 30, 1927, Rio de Janeiro), acting foreign minister of Brazil (1919); son of José Martiniano de Alencar (1829-1877). He was also ambassador to the United States (1920-24).

Alencar (Gomes da Silva), José (b. Oct. 17, 1931, Itamuri, Muriaé municipality, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. March 29, 2011, São Paulo, Brazil), vice president (2003-11) and defense minister (2004-06) of Brazil.

Alencar, José Cochrane de (b. Nov. 19, 1898, Berlin, Germany - d. Sept. 10, 1971, Lisbon, Portugal), Brazilian diplomat; son of Augusto Cochrane de Alencar. He was minister to India (1948-49), Australia (1950-54), and Sweden (1954-56) and ambassador to Pakistan (1956), India (1956-61), and the United Kingdom (1961-63).

Alencar, José Martiniano de (b. Oct. 16, 1794, Barbalha, Ceará, Brazil - d. March 15, 1860, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Ceará (1834-37, 1840-41).

Alencar, José Martiniano de (b. May 1, 1829, Messejana [now part of Fortaleza], Ceará, Brazil - d. Dec. 12, 1877, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), justice minister of Brazil (1868-70); son of the above. He was also noted as a writer.

Alencar, José Odon Maia (b. Oct. 6, 1928, Picos, Piauí, Brazil - d. June 13, 2017, Teresina, Piauí), acting governor of Piauí (1966).

Alencar, Marcello Nunes de (b. Aug. 23, 1925, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. June 10, 2014, Rio de Janeiro), governor of Rio de Janeiro (1995-99). He was also mayor of Rio de Janeiro (1983-86, 1989-93).

Alencar

Alencar, Otto Roberto Mendonça de (b. Aug. 28, 1947, Ruy Barbosa, Bahia, Brazil), governor of Bahia (2002-03).

Alencastre, José Martins Pereira de (b. March 19, 1831, Rio Fundo, Bahia, Brazil - d. March 12, 1871, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Goiás (1861-62) and Alagoas (1866-67).

Alencastro, Antonio Pedro de (b. 1782, Santo Amaro, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. Jan. 11, 1861, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Mato Grosso (1834-36).

Alencastro, Antonio Pedro de (b. Oct. 8, 1815, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. March 13, 1883), president of Mato Grosso (1859-62); nephew of the above.

Alencastro, José Maria de (b. 1824, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. Sept. 3, 1885, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Mato Grosso (1881-83).

Alenius, Ele (Allan) (b. June 5, 1925, Tampere, Finland), finance minister of Finland (1966-70).

Alesana

Alesana, Tofilau Eti, original name Aualamalefalelima Alesana (b. June 4, 1924, Vaitogi, Tutuila, American Samoa - d. March 19, 1999, Apia, Samoa), prime minister (1982-85, 1988-98) and foreign minister (1984-85, 1988-98) of (Western) Samoa. In 1947 he acquired the talking chief title Va'aelua. In 1957 he entered the Legislative Council and a year later became health minister. Between 1958 and 1960 he was a member of the constitutional committee and signed the convention that set up the Independent State of Western Samoa. In 1979 when he joined Va'ai Kolone to form the Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), Samoa's first political party, its sole aim was to overthrow Prime Minister Tupuola Efi. In 1982 HRPP won power with Kolone as prime minister; Alesana became deputy prime minister and finance minister. Claims of bribery and corruption against Kolone were proved in court and Efi returned as leader until December 1982 when HRPP managed to defeat the budget and Alesana became prime minister (also finance minister until 1984, when he instead took up the foreign affairs portfolio). In 1985 he was forced out of office in a vote of no confidence led by parliamentarians from his own HRPP. They were unhappy about their exclusion from cabinet. He returned to power in the 1988 general elections. He led his party to a win and did not lose a general election since. He dominated power to such an extent that the HRPP eventually held an unprecedented two-thirds majority in the House. His government was frequently accused of corruption with government contracts often going to HRPP ministers and supporters. Alesana introduced universal suffrage to a country where previously only chiefs (matai) were allowed to vote in elections, and in 1991 he extended the term of a government from three years to five. He grimly hung on to office through severe illness for several years until handing over the reins of government in November 1998 to his deputy, Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi, who kept him in the cabinet as senior minister without portfolio.

Alesana-Gidlow, Gatoloaifaana Amataga, Samoan politician; daughter of Tofilau Eti Alesana. She was minister of health (2006-11).

Alessandri Besa, Arturo (b. Oct. 31, 1923, Santiago, Chile - d. July 13, 2022), Chilean presidential candidate (1993); grandson of Arturo Alessandri Palma; nephew of Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez and Fernando Alessandri Rodríguez.

A. Alessandri P.

Alessandri Palma, Arturo (Fortunato) (b. Dec. 20, 1868, Longaví, Linares province, Chile - d. Aug. 24, 1950, Santiago, Chile), president of Chile (1920-24, 1925, 1932-38). He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies from Curicó in 1897 and reelected five times; later he was several times elected to the Senate and held ministerial posts (industry and public works 1898-99, finance 1913, interior 1918). His election as president in 1920 occurred during the severe postwar slump in the nitrate industry, which culminated in prolonged labour troubles. As candidate of a liberal coalition, he heralded a platform of extensive social reform. He conducted a whirlwind campaign which appealed strongly to the middle classes and to labour. The contest was extremely close, and when numerous charges and countercharges of fraud were made, Congress appointed a court to decide the issue. The court gave 177 electoral votes to Alessandri as against 176 to his nearest opponent. In 1924 he lost the support of Congress and in September was forced to accept the supervision of a military junta. After a short while he resigned and left the country. The junta was itself overthrown in January 1925, and he was recalled. He prepared a new constitution, which was adopted by congressional vote. He resigned later that year but became president again in 1932, swept into office on a promise to restore the economic reputation of Chile. His finance minister, Gustavo Ross, succeeded in balancing the budget, but he alienated his former labour and middle-class supporters, who joined the Popular Front. After a railroad strike in 1936, he suspended Congress and declared martial law. In the end he had to ask for dictatorial powers to cope with Communism and Nazism. While delivering his last annual message to Congress, in May 1938, he was fired upon by a Nazi member, but was not hurt. Later he was president of the Senate (1945-49, 1949-50).

Alessandri Rodríguez, Fernando (b. May 21, 1897, Santiago, Chile - d. March 27, 1982, Santiago), Chilean presidential candidate (1946); son of Arturo Alessandri Palma; brother of Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez. He was also president of the Senate (1950-58).

J. Alessandri

Alessandri Rodríguez, Jorge (b. May 19, 1896, Santiago, Chile - d. Aug. 31, 1986, Santiago), president of Chile (1958-64); son of Arturo Alessandri Palma. In 1947-50 he was minister of finance and in this post was responsible for balancing the national budget while avoiding unemployment, eliminating the deficit, and accumulating the first budgetary surplus in 20 years. In 1957 he was elected to the Senate, representing Santiago, and the following year he won the presidential race with the support of the Conservative and Liberal parties. He pledged an austerity budget to return the country to financial stability and launched a public works program that helped absorb the masses of unemployed. Alessandri was a reserved and austere man, who shunned the presidential palace in favour of his apartment. He ran again for the presidency in 1970 but was narrowly defeated by Socialist Salvador Allende. A right-wing conservative, Alessandri initially supported the 1973 military coup that toppled Allende, but in 1980 he withdrew from political life when he could not reach agreement with the military government on a timetable for a return to democracy.

Alessi, Giuseppe (b. Oct. 29, 1905, San Cataldo, Italy - d. July 13, 2009, Palermo, Italy), president of Sicilia (1947-49, 1955-56).

Alessio, Giulio (b. May 13, 1853, Padua, Austria [now in Veneto, Italy] - d. Dec. 20, 1940, Padua), justice minister of Italy (1922). He was also minister of posts and telegraphs (1920) and industry and commerce (1920-21).

Alessio Robles, Miguel (b. Dec. 5, 1884, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico - d. Nov. 10, 1951, Mexico City, Mexico), Mexican politician. He was minister to Spain (1921-22) and minister of industry, commerce, and labour (1922-23).

Alevras, Ioannis (Nikolaou) (b. 1912, Messini, Peloponnese, Greece - d. April 6, 1995, Athens), acting president of Greece (1985). He was president of the parliament in 1981-89.

Alexander, secular name Aleksandr (Alekseyevich) Nemolovsky (b. Sept. 11 [Aug. 30, O.S.], 1876, Volyn, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. April 11, 1960, Brussels, Belgium), administrator (1917-19) and archbishop (1919-22) of the Aleutians and North America. He was also bishop of Alaska (1909-16) and Canada (1916-19) and archbishop of Belgium (1936-40, 1948-60) and Germany (1945-48).

Alexander (Jordán), Alfredo (b. Aug. 4, 1901, La Paz, Bolivia - d. [assassinated] March 14, 1970, La Paz), finance minister of Bolivia (1949). He was also president of the Central Bank (1946-49).

Alexander, Archie A(lphonso) (b. May 14, 1888, Ottumwa, Iowa - d. Jan. 4, 1958, Des Moines, Iowa), governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands (1954-55).

C.L. Alexander

Alexander, Clifford L(eopold), Jr. (b. Sept. 21, 1933, New York City - d. July 3, 2022, New York City), U.S. secretary of the army (1977-81).

Alexander, Donald C(richton) (b. May 22, 1921, Pine Bluff, Ark. - d. Feb. 3, 2009, Washington, D.C.), commissioner of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (1973-77).

Alexander, Donald W. (b. Sept. 30, 1904, Des Plaines, Ill. - d. Nov. 8, 1994), U.S. maritime administrator (1961-63).

Alexander, Edward Bruce (b. March 3, 1872 - d. March 21, 1955), acting governor of Ceylon (1925).

Alexander, George (b. Sept. 21, 1839, near Glasgow, Scotland - d. Aug. 2, 1923, Los Angeles, Calif.), mayor of Los Angeles (1909-13).

Alexander, George A(ndrew) (b. Sept. 8, 1884 - d. July 1, 1969), governor of Guam (1933-36).

Alexander, Héctor (b. April 9, 1943, Colón, Panama), finance minister of Panama (1985-88, 2007-09, 2019-24). He was also minister of planning and economic policy (1984-85).

Alexander, Jane (Quigley), née Quigley (b. Oct. 28, 1939, Boston, Mass.), chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts (1993-97).

Alexander, Joshua W(illis) (b. Jan. 22, 1852, Cincinnati, Ohio - d. Feb. 27, 1936, Gallatin, Mo.), U.S. secretary of commerce (1919-21).

Lamar Alexander

Alexander, (Andrew) Lamar (b. July 3, 1940, Maryville, Tenn.), governor of Tennessee (1979-87) and U.S. secretary of education (1991-93). He was also a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination (1996) and a U.S. senator from Tennessee (2003-21).

Alexander, Lee (b. May 18, 1927, Jersey City, N.J. - d. Dec. 25, 1996, Syracuse, N.Y.), mayor of Syracuse (1970-85). His political career began with unsuccessful local campaigns followed by a failed bid for Congress. But in 1966 he was elected to the Common Council of Syracuse and in 1969 he won the mayoralty. He was the first Democrat in decades to become mayor of the city. In his first two terms, he kept Syracuse solvent while other northeastern cities hovered near bankruptcy, and he attracted millions of dollars in state and federal aid that enabled the building of schools, firehouses, and thousands of units of public housing. He was mentioned as a possible ambassador, cabinet member, or governor, but in 1974 he lost a bid for the Democratic nomination for the Senate. Alexander, who called himself an "urbanologist," a spokesman for America's cities, was elected president of the U.S. Conference of Mayors in 1977, and for six years beginning in 1980 he was president of the National Conference of Democratic Mayors. He was reelected to third and fourth terms in 1977 and 1981 but his margins diminished each time amid rumours of corruption. In 1986 an Internal Revenue Service audit of a man who had received large city contracts showed a substantial business deduction, which the man described as a kickback to Alexander. A grand jury was convened, and other witnesses began telling their accounts to the government. In July 1987 Alexander was indicted as the mastermind of a scheme that brought him $1.5 million from city contractors. The next January he pleaded guilty to 3 of the 65 counts against him. He spent nearly six years in confinement for racketeering, tax evasion, and conspiracy to obstruct a federal investigation, before being released in February 1994.

Lincoln Alexander

Alexander, Lincoln (MacCauley), byname Linc (b. Jan. 21, 1922, Toronto, Ont. - d. Oct. 19, 2012, Hamilton, Ont.), lieutenant governor of Ontario (1985-91). Born to West Indian immigrants, he served in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II. After an unsuccessful bid in 1965, he became, in 1968, the first black member of the Canadian parliament, being elected from Hamilton West, Ontario, for the Progressive Conservative Party. He retained the seat in the next four successive elections. He served his party in the House of Commons as spokesman on such subjects as housing, labour, manpower, unemployment, immigration, and welfare. He was also designated observer to the United Nations (1976, 1978). When the Conservatives formed a government in 1979, Prime Minister Joe Clark appointed him minister of labour in his short-lived cabinet. In 1980 Alexander resigned his parliamentary seat to become chairman of the Ontario Workers' Compensation Board. He received the Man of the Year Award from the Ethnic Press Council of Canada in 1982, and the following year he was made a Commander of the Order of St. John. On Sept. 20, 1985, he was installed as the 24th lieutenant governor of Ontario, thus becoming the first black person to hold a vice-regal office in Canada. His duties as lieutenant governor included summoning and dissolving the provincial legislature, giving assent to legislative bills, and reading the speech from the throne at the opening of each legislative session. During his term in office he gave education and youth-related issues his full attention. In 1992 he received the Order of Ontario and was named a Companion of the Order of Canada. In 1996 he was asked to chair the Canadian Race Relations Foundation.

Alexander, Moses (b. Nov. 13, 1853, Obrigheim, Bavaria [Germany] - d. Jan. 4, 1932, Boise, Idaho), mayor of Boise (1897-99, 1901-03) and governor of Idaho (1915-19).

Alexander, Nathaniel (b. March 5, 1756, near Concord, N.C. - d. March 7, 1808, Salisbury, N.C.), governor of North Carolina (1805-07).

P.C. Alexander

T.A. Alexander

Alexander, P(adinjarethalakal) C(herian) (b. March 20, 1921, Pathanamthitta, Travancore [now in Kerala], India - d. Aug. 10, 2011, Chennai, India), governor of Tamil Nadu (1988-90), Maharashtra (1993-2002), and Goa (1996-98). He was India's high commissioner to the U.K. in 1985-88.

Alexander, Thomas A., mayor of Jersey City (1842-43).

Alexander of Hillsborough, Albert Victor Alexander, (1st) Earl (b. May 1, 1885, Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, England - d. Jan. 11, 1965, Hendon, Middlesex [now part of London], England), British defence minister (1946-50). He was also first lord of the Admiralty (1929-31, 1940-45, 1945-46) and chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1950-51). He was created Viscount Alexander of Hillsborough in 1950 and earl in 1963.

Alexander of T.

Alexander of Tunis, Harold (Rupert Leofric George) Alexander, (1st) Earl, also called (1946-52) Viscount Alexander of Tunis, or (1942-46) Sir Harold Alexander (b. Dec. 10, 1891, London, England - d. June 16, 1969, Slough, Buckinghamshire, England), governor general of Canada (1946-52). In 1911 he was commissioned in the Irish Guards. He fought on the western front in World War I and won the Military Cross in 1915. In 1937 he was promoted to major general. In World War II Alexander commanded the British 1st Corps at Dunkirk (1940), where he helped direct the evacuation of 300,000 troops; he was one of the last men to leave the beaches. In Burma (February 1942) he led the fighting retreat of the British forces before the advancing Japanese. In August 1942 Alexander was made British commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean theatre, where German and Italian forces were at el-Alamein and threatening Egypt. He and his chief field commander, Gen. Bernard Montgomery, reorganized British forces and rolled back the enemy across North Africa until the surrender of the Germans in Tunis in May 1943. In February 1943, Alexander was appointed deputy commander-in-chief to Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, and helped drive the Germans from Sicily and southern Italy. In June 1944 he was promoted to field marshal and in November 1944 he became commander-in-chief of all Allied forces in Italy. Shortly after V-E Day he was sent to Greece to help keep that country out of the hands of the Communists. In 1946 he was created a viscount and named governor general of Canada; then in 1952 he received an earldom and returned to London to serve as minister of defense in Winston Churchill's Conservative government until 1954. He was lord lieutenant of London in 1957-66.

B. Alexandre

Alexandre, Boniface (b. July 31, 1936, Ganthier, southeastern Haiti - d. Aug. 4, 2023, Port-au-Prince, Haiti), provisional president of Haiti (2004-06); nephew of Martial Célestin. He became one of the 12 Supreme Court members in 1990 and was appointed chief justice in June 2001. He was honoured for his honesty and high competence in a judicial system fraught with corruption.

Alexandre, Jean C. (b. June 6, 1942, Port-au-Prince, Haiti), Haitian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2002-04).

Alexandre, Rodolphe (b. Sept. 25, 1953, Cayenne, French Guiana), president of the Regional Council (2010-15) and president (2015-21) of French Guiana. He was also mayor of Cayenne (2008-10).

Alexandrini, Alexandru (b. May 2, 1902, Botosani, Romania - d. 1981), finance minister of Romania (1945-47).

Alexandrino, Belisario Cicero (b. April 20, 1845, Icó, Ceará, Brazil - d. Oct. 10, 1929, Fortaleza, Ceará), acting president of Ceará (1912).

Alexandris, Apostolos (b. 1879 - d. 1961), foreign minister of Greece (1922-23). He was also minister of ecclesiastical affairs and public education (1910-12), agriculture (1930-32), national economy (1946), interior (1947), mercantile marine, posts, telegraphs and telephones (provisional, 1947), and justice (1947), minister without portfolio (1946-47), and minister to Switzerland (1917-20) and Germany (1920-21).

Alexandros (b. July 20, 1893, Athens, Greece - d. Oct. 25, 1920, Tatoi palace, near Athens), king of Greece (1917-20); son of Konstantinos I. He died from blood poisoning after being bitten by a pet monkey.

Alexandru

Alexandru Ioan I, original name Alexandru Ioan Cuza Voievod (b. March 20, 1820, Husi, Moldavia - d. May 15, 1873, Heidelberg [now in Baden-Württemberg], Germany), prince of Romania (1861-66). Son of a lesser Moldavian noble, he participated in revolutionary activities in Moldavia in 1848. When Grigore Ghica (who had secretly supported and sheltered many Moldavian revolutionaries) became Moldavian prince in April 1849, Cuza became involved in Moldavian administration. In 1857 he was elected to the Moldavian assembly (divan ad hoc) and two years later, despite the Great Powers' determination that the Romanian principalities should enjoy separate autonomy, he was successively elected prince of Moldavia (January 1859) and of Walachia (February 1859), bringing about the de facto and, in 1861, actual unification of Romania. He attempted to rule in the plebiscitary manner of the French emperor Napoléon III and openly courted the peasantry as "the state's active force." In 1863 he expropriated the vast lands owned by the monasteries of Moldavia and Walachia, and the following year he enacted a large-scale land-redistribution program (August 1864), which not only provided the peasants with ownership of their own plots but also emancipated them from all manorial services and tithes; the program, however, was only partly successful. Intending to provide universal free and obligatory educational services, the prince built more schools at all levels and introduced a program to award scholarships to poor students. He also introduced electoral and judicial reforms and revised the state structure to enhance his own authority. His policies provoked the opposition of the great landowners and some middle-class elements; in 1866 a group of military conspirators forced him to abdicate and go into exile.

J.-E. Alexis

Alexis, Jacques-Édouard (b. Sept. 21, 1947, Gonaïves, Haiti), prime minister of Haiti (1999-2001, 2006-08). He was education minister and was first nominated for prime minister in July 1998, but was only confirmed by parliament in March 1999.

Alexis, Pierre Nord (b. Aug. 2, 1820, Cap-Henry [now Cap-Haïtien], Haiti - d. May 1, 1910, Kingston, Jamaica), president of Haiti (1902-08). He was also minister of war and navy (1902).

Aleynik

Aleynik, Sergey (Fyodorovich) (b. Jan. 28, 1965, Minsk, Belorussian S.S.R.), foreign minister of Belarus (2022-24). He was also ambassador to the Vatican (2008-22) and the United Kingdom and Ireland (2013-20).

Alfa, Ibrahim (Mahmud) (b. Aug. 14, 1942, Garikida [now in Adamawa state], Nigeria - d. March 15, 2000, Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria), administrator of Kaduna (1978-79). He was also Nigerian chief of air staff (1984-90).

Alfano

Alfano, Angelino (b. Oct. 31, 1970, Agrigento, Italy), justice minister (2008-11), deputy prime minister (2013-14), interior minister (2013-16), and foreign minister (2016-18) of Italy.

Alfaro (Delgado), (José) Eloy (b. June 25, 1842, Montecristi, Manabí province, Ecuador - d. Jan. 28, 1912, Quito, Ecuador), president of Ecuador (1895-1901, 1906-11). He kidnapped the governor of Manabí at age 22, then lived in Panama until 1875 and thereafter engaged in a number of unsuccessful revolutionary movements for 20 years before he overthrew Pres. Luis Cordero Crespo in 1895, backed by the military. However, he was unable to avoid political conflict or run an orderly government. During his first term in office he promoted religious freedom, instituted civil marriage, and encouraged state education. He also completed the Guayaquil-to-Quito railroad and in other ways improved economic conditions. Angered by the succession of Lizardo García as president in 1905, he again revolted and overthrew the government. He was known as an apostle of Pan-Americanism. After his second period as president he was forced into exile. Not content with political conditions, he started another revolt but was captured, imprisoned, and later dragged from his cell and lynched by an angry mob. His name was later appropriated by a left-wing guerrilla group called Alfaro Vive Carajo ("Alfaro Lives Dammit").

Alfaro de Alba, Eloy, Panamanian diplomat. He has been ambassador to the United States (1998-99) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2024- ).

Alfaro Jované, Ricardo Joaquín (b. Aug. 20, 1882, Panama City, Colombia [now in Panama] - d. Feb. 23, 1971, Panama City), vice president (1928-31), acting president (1931-32), and foreign minister (1945-47) of Panama. He was also minister to the United States (1922-31, 1932-36).

Alfaro Ramírez, Enrique (b. June 20, 1973, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico), governor of Jalisco (2018- ). He was also mayor of Guadalajara (2015-17).

Alfassa, Matteo (Mathieu Maurice) (b. July 13, 1876, Alexandria, Egypt - d. Aug. 12, 1942, Blois, Loir-et-Cher, France), lieutenant governor of Middle Congo (1919-22), acting governor-general of French Equatorial Africa (1924, 1925, 1929-30, 1932-33), and governor of Martinique (1934-35) and French Sudan (1935-36).

Alfau y Mendoza, Felipe (b. 1845, Dominican Republic - d. 1937, Casablanca, Morocco), governor of Ceuta (1910-12) and high commissioner of Spanish Morocco (1913).

Alfi, Hassan (Muhammad) al- (b. March 3, 1936, al-Sharqiya governorate, Egypt - d. Nov. 3, 2021), interior minister of Egypt (1993-97).

Raúl Alfonsín

Alfonsín (Foulkes), Raúl (Ricardo) (b. March 12, 1927, Chascomús, Buenos Aires province, Argentina - d. March 31, 2009, Buenos Aires, Argentina), president of Argentina (1983-89). He became a member of the city council of Chascomús in 1951 and was elected to the Buenos Aires provincial legislature in 1958. In 1963, he was elected to the national parliament. He became provincial president of the Radical Civic Union (UCR) in 1965, but was opposed to the concilitatory attitude toward the military and the Peronists that was adopted by party leader Ricardo Balbín. In 1972 Alfonsín founded the Movement for Renewal and Change within the UCR. He ran for the UCR nomination for the 1973 presidential election but lost to Balbín, who himself lost the election to the Peronists, who were overthrown by the military in 1976. After Argentina's defeat in the Falkland War (1982), the discredited military relinquished control and new presidential elections were held on Oct. 30, 1983. Alfonsín, who had been elected UCR leader in July 1983, defeated his Peronist opponent and became president. His government prosecuted members of the previous military regime for human rights abuses and several high-ranking officials received life prison sentences. He had less success with improving an economy plagued by hyperinflation, a severe national debt, and labour disputes. This paved the way for the victory of the Peronist candidate, Carlos Saúl Menem, in the 1989 presidential elections (Alfonsín himself was constitutionally debarred from seeking reelection). Menem pardoned several of the military officers, a move strongly criticized by Alfonsín. In September 1995 he resigned as UCR leader following the party's poor performance in the May 1995 presidential and congressional elections. He was elected a senator in 2001 but resigned in 2002.

Alfonsín (Barreneche), Ricardo (Luis) (b. Nov. 2, 1951, Chascomús, Buenos Aires province, Argentina), Argentinian diplomat; son of Raúl Alfonsín. He was ambassador to Spain (2020-23).

Alfonso XII, in full Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelagio de Borbón y de Borbón (b. Nov. 28, 1857, Madrid, Spain - d. Nov. 25, 1885, Madrid), king of Spain (1874-85); son of Isabel II.

Alfonso XIII, in full Alfonso León Fernando Santiago María Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Austria (b. May 17, 1886, Madrid, Spain - d. Feb. 28, 1941, Rome, Italy), king of Spain (1886-1931); posthumous son of Alfonso XII.

Alfonso (Cavada), José (Andrés) (b. Feb. 4, 1832, La Serena, Chile - d. March 23, 1909, Valparaíso, Chile), foreign minister (1875-78) and finance minister (1880-81) of Chile. He was also president of the Supreme Court (1895, 1902).

Alfonso Barrios, Pedro Enrique (b. March 25, 1903, Ovalle, Chile - d. Sept. 10, 1977, Santiago, Chile), interior minister (1938-39, 1950-51) and finance minister (1939-40) of Chile. He was also minister of economy and commerce (1945-46) and agriculture (1963) and a presidential candidate (1952).

Alford, Sir Robert (Edmund) (b. Sept. 10, 1904 - d. Nov. 23, 1979), governor of Saint Helena (1958-62); knighted 1960.

Alfred, Alfred, Jr., finance minister of the Marshall Islands (2020-21).

Alfredsdóttir

Algabid

Alfredsdóttir, Lilja Dögg (b. Oct. 4, 1973), foreign minister of Iceland (2016-17). She has also been minister of education, science, and culture (2017-21) and commerce and culture (2021- ).

Algabid, Hamid (b. 1941, Belbedji, near Tanout, Niger), prime minister of Niger (1983-88) and secretary-general of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (1989-96). He was also minister of commerce (1981-83) and transport (1982-83) and a presidential candidate (1999, 2004).

Ålgård, Ole (b. Sept. 9, 1921, Gjesdal, Rogaland, Norway - d. Jan. 26, 1995, Våler, Østfold, Norway), Norwegian diplomat. He was ambassador to China (1967-71) and Denmark (1982-89) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1971-82).

Alger, Frederick M(oulton), Jr. (b. Aug. 3, 1907, Detroit, Mich. - d. Jan. 5, 1967, Grosse Pointe, Mich.), U.S. diplomat; grandson of Russell A. Alger. He was ambassador to Belgium (1953-57).

Alger

Alger, Russell A(lexander) (b. Feb. 27, 1836, Lafayette township, Medina county, Ohio - d. Jan. 24, 1907, Washington, D.C.), governor of Michigan (1885-87) and U.S. secretary of war (1897-99).

Algie, Sir Ronald Macmillan (b. Oct. 22, 1888, Wyndham, Southland, N.Z. - d. July 23, 1978, Auckland, N.Z.), New Zealand politician; knighted 1964. He was minister of education (1949-57) and broadcasting and scientific and industrial research (1951-57) and speaker of the House of Representatives (1961-66).

Alhabo, Mahamat Ahmat, finance minister of Chad (1995-96). He was also minister of posts (1993-94).

Alhaji, Alhaji Abubakar, byname Triple A (b. Nov. 22, 1938, Sokoto, Nigeria), finance minister of Nigeria (1990-92); nephew of Ibrahim Dasuki dan Khaliru (who conferred on him the title Sardauna of Sokoto in 1991). He was also high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1992-96).

Alhucemas, Manuel García Prieto, marqués de (b. Nov. 5, 1859, Astorga, León province, Spain - d. Sept. 15, 1938, San Sebastián, Spain), prime minister of Spain (1912 [acting], 1917, 1917-18, 1918, 1922-23). He was also minister of interior (1905, 1918), justice (1905-06, 1931), development (1906, 1918), and foreign affairs (1910-12, 1917-18). He was created marquess in 1911.

Ali (II), (Abul Hasan) (b. Nov. 24, 1712 - d. May 26, 1782, Bardo palace, near Tunis, Tunisia), bey of Tunisia (1759-77).

Ali, Abdirahman Ahmed (Arabic `Abd al-Rahman Ahmad `Ali, Somali Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali), byname Tuur (b. 1931, Hargeysa, British Somaliland [now Republic of Somaliland] - d. Nov. 8, 2003, London, England), president of Somaliland (1991-93). He was Somalia's ambassador to The Sudan (1964-68, 1970-71), Ethiopia (1972-77), East Germany (1978-81), and the United Arab Emirates (1982-83). After the fall of the Muhammad Siad Barre regime he became the first president of the breakaway Republic of Somaliland, but he denounced Somaliland's independence in 1994. He returned from a long self-imposed exile in February 2003.

A.Mu. Ali

Ali, Abdisaid Muse, Somali Cabdisaciid Muuse Cali (b. 196..., Jowhar, Somalia), foreign minister of Somalia (2021-22). He was also national security advisor (2017-21).

A.Mo. Ali

A.H.M. Ali

Ali (Gaas), Abdiweli Mohamed, Somali Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali (b. July 2, 1965, Dhusamareeb, Somalia), prime minister of Somalia (2011-12) and president of Puntland (2014-19). He was also Somali minister of planning and international cooperation (2010-11). He has dual U.S. and Somali citizenship.

Ali, Abul Hasan Mahmud (b. Feb. 6, 1943, Dinajpur, India [now in Bangladesh]), foreign minister (2013-14, 2014-19) and finance minister (2024- ) of Bangladesh. He was also ambassador to Bhutan (1986-90), Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia (1992-95), and Nepal (1996) and high commissioner to the United Kingdom and ambassador to Ireland (1996-2001).

Ali, Ahmed Thasmeen (b. 1966, Male, Maldives), home affairs minister of Maldives (2005-07). He has also been minister of atolls development (2007-08), leader of the Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party (2010-13), and high commissioner to Singapore (2022- ).

Aires Ali

Ali, Aires (Bonifácio Baptista) (b. Dec. 6, 1955, Unango, Niassa province, Mozambique), prime minister of Mozambique (2010-12). He was also governor of Niassa (1995-2000) and Inhambane (2000-04), minister of education and culture (2005-10), and ambassador to China (2016-17).

Ali, Al Yasin (b. May 25, 1958, Weda, Maluku [now in Maluku Utara], Indonesia), acting governor of Maluku Utara (2023-24).

Ali (al-Khafaji al-Jaber), Alaa Hussein, Arabic `Ala´ al-Husayn `Ali (al-Khafaji al-Jabri) (b. 1948?, Kuwait), Kuwaiti officer who was appointed head of state after Iraq's invasion in 1990. After growing up in Kuwait, Ali studied in Baghdad and became a member of Iraq's ruling Ba`th Party. He held both nationalities. He was a lieutenant in the Kuwaiti army when Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait on Aug. 2, 1990. He was summoned to Baghdad, promoted to colonel, and named head of a 9-member "Provisional Kuwait Free Government." One week after the invasion, Ali was seen on Iraqi television asking Pres. Saddam Hussein to unite Kuwait with its big neighbour. Hours later, Baghdad announced that Iraq had annexed Kuwait and Ali disappeared from public view. In 1998 he fled to Norway. He had been trying to defect since 1994, but was refused permission to leave Iraq. In January 2000 he returned to Kuwait, where in 1993 he had been sentenced to be hanged for treason. He planned to appeal the decision, arguing that he had been coerced by the Iraqis to serve them. But a lower court found him again guilty of treason in May 2000 and sentenced him to death, and an appeals court upheld the sentence in July. In March 2001 the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.

A.S. Ali

Ali, Ali al-Sadiq, acting foreign minister of The Sudan (2022-24).

Ali, Amadou (b. 1943, Kolofata, French Cameroons [now in Cameroon] - d. Sept. 27, 2022, Switzerland), defense minister of Cameroon (1997-2001). He was also justice minister (2001-11) and a deputy prime minister (2004-19).

Ali, Eko Maulana (b. Sept. 26, 1951, Kelapa, Sumatera Selatan [now in Bangka Belitung], Indonesia - d. July 30, 2013, Jakarta, Indonesia), governor of Bangka Belitung (2007-13).

H.G. Ali

I. Ali

Ali, Haji Ghulam (b. 1955), governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2022-24). He was also mayor of Peshawar (2005-09).

Ali, (Mohamed) Irfaan (b. May 25, 1980, Leonora, Guyana), president of Guyana (2020- ). He was also minister of housing and water (2009-15) and tourism, industry, and commerce (acting, 2011-15).

Ali, Janab M. Asaf (b. 1888 - d. April 1, 1953, Bern, Switzerland), governor of Orissa (1948-52). He was also Indian ambassador to the United States (1947-48) and minister to Switzerland, Austria, and the Vatican (1952-53).

Ali, Kamal Hassan, Arabic Kamal Hasan `Ali (b. Sept. 18, 1921, Cairo - d. March 27, 1993), defense minister (1978-80), foreign minister and a deputy prime minister (1980-84), and prime minister (1984-85) of Egypt.

Ali, Mamman (Bello) (b. April 4, 1958, Jimeta [now in Adamawa state], Nigeria - d. Jan. 26, 2009, Miami, Fla. [Jan. 27, Nigeria time]), governor of Yobe (2007-09).

M.M. Ali

Ali, Mohammad Mansoor (b. 1919, Kuripara village, Sirajganj district, Bengal, India [now in Bangladesh] - d. [killed] Nov. 3, 1975, Dacca [now Dhaka], Bangladesh), prime minister of Bangladesh (1975). He was also minister of finance, commerce, and industry (1971-72), communications (1972-75), and home affairs and posts and telegraphs (1974-75).

Ali, Osman Hassan, byname Ato, Arabic `Uthman Hasan `Ali, Somali Cusmaan Xasan Cali "Caato" (b. 1940 - d. Aug. 5, 2013, Mogadishu, Somalia), co-chairman of the National Salvation Council of Somalia formed in 1997. He was public works and housing minister in 2004-06.

O.J. Ali

Ali, Osman Jama, byname Kalun, Arabic `Uthman Jama` `Ali, Somali Cusmaan Jaamac Cali "Kalluun" (b. 1941, Hargeysa, British Somaliland), deputy prime minister (2000-03) and acting prime minister (2001) of Somalia. He was also minister of fisheries (1973-84) and public works and housing (1989-91).

Ali, Sadiq (b. 1910, Udaipur [now in Rajasthan], India - d. April 17, 2001, New Delhi), governor of Maharashtra (1977-80) and Tamil Nadu (1980-82) and lieutenant governor of Pondicherry (1981).

Ali, Sir Saiyid Fazl (b. Sept. 19, 1886 - d. Aug. 22, 1959), governor of Orissa (1952-54) and Assam (1956-59); knighted 1941.

Ali, Salah Mohamed (b. 1936, Huddur, Somalia - d. March 20, 2014, Mogadishu, Somalia), Somali politician. He was minister of culture and higher education (1974-76) and ambassador to Italy (1978-81), China (1981-84), and the United Kingdom (1984-88).

Ali, Salah Omar al- (b. July 1, 1937, Tikrit, Iraq - d. May 26, 2024, Istanbul, Turkey), Iraqi politician. He was minister of culture and information (1970), ambassador to Sweden (1972-76) and Spain (1976-78), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1978-82).

Ali, Salem Rubayyi, Arabic Salim Rubay` `Ali (b. 1935, al-Mahal, Arabian Peninsula - d. June 26, 1978, Aden, Yemen), chairman of the Presidential Council (1969-78) of Yemen (Aden). On June 24, 1978, Ahmad al-Ghashmi, leader of neighbouring Yemen (Sana), was killed in the explosion of a bomb concealed in the briefcase of an envoy from Aden, who was also killed by the blast. As Ali's regime was blamed for the killing, a power struggle ensued with Abdul Fattah Ismail, the powerful general secretary of the United Political Organization. Ali had reportedly been unhappy with his country's growing involvement in Soviet-Cuban operations in the Horn of Africa and was trying to improve relations with Yemen (Sana) and its conservative ally Saudi Arabia. According to Arab diplomats, the pro-Soviet Ismail summoned the central committee to an emergency session on June 25 to discuss Sana's charge that Ali was responsible for Ghashmi's assassination; Ali claimed he was framed, but the committee voted 121-4 to suspend Ali from government and party activities pending an investigation; Ali and his three supporters left the meeting shortly after midnight; Ali then ordered the Aden army garrison stationed in barracks near the presidential palace to shell the central committee headquarters; Ismail and the others escaped to a hideout on the outskirts of the city; Ali sent out orders to three other garrisons to march on Aden but the central committee ordered Defense Minister Ali Antar to counterattack; Antar brought out militia forces to seal off the city and ordered the air force to strike at the presidential palace; Antar's militiamen marched on the palace, and shortly before dusk Ali surrendered. Ali was put on trial and executed by firing squad the same day.

Ali, Sardar Assef Ahmed (b. Oct. 21, 1940, Lahore, India [now in Pakistan] - d. May 19, 2022, Lahore), foreign minister of Pakistan (1993-96). He was also minister of state for economic affairs (1991-93) and minister of education (2010-11) and information technology (2010-11).

Ali, Syed Amjad (b. July 5, 1907, Delhi, India - d. March 5, 1997, Lahore, Pakistan), finance minister of Pakistan (1955-58). He was also ambassador to the United States (1953-55) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1964-67).

Ali, Tahsin (b. 1891, Baghdad, Ottoman Empire [now in Iraq] - d. 1970), defense minister of Iraq (1944). He was also minister of education (1941-43) and works (1944-46).

Ali, Tatari (b. 1928? - d. May 28, 1993, United States), governor of Bauchi (1979-83).

Ali Danis Bey, interior minister of the Ottoman Empire (1912). He was also governor of Salonika (1908-09) and Bursa (1912-13).

Ali Ferid Pasha (b. 1860, Cairo, Egypt - d. 1937, Istanbul, Turkey), war minister of the Ottoman Empire (1919, 1919). He was also governor of Salonika (1912).

Ali Galib Bey (b. 1849 - d. 1919), Ottoman official. He was minister to Greece (1891-92), ambassador to Persia (1893-95), Austria-Hungary (1895-96), and Germany (1896-97), minister of posts and telegraphs (1908-09), and governor of Aydin (1909).

Ali Galib Pasha, Müstedami (b. 1863 - d. 1918), Ottoman official. He was governor of Diyarbakir (1910-11), Kastamonu (1911-12), and Kosovo (1912).

Ali ibn Abdullah Al Thani, Sheikh (b. 1894 - d. Aug. 31, 1974), emir of Qatar (1949-60).

Ali ibn Khalifa Al Khalifa, Sheikh (b. 1814 - d. [killed in battle] Sept. 28, 1869, Rifa`a, Bahrain), ruler of Bahrain (1868-69).

Ali Kemal Bey (b. 1869, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. [lynched] Nov. 6, 1922, Izmit, Turkey), interior minister of the Ottoman Empire (1919). He was also minister of education (1919).

Ali Mazhar Bey, governor of Kosovo (1909-10), Adrianople (1910-11), Aleppo (1911-12), and Angora (1914-15).

Ali (III) Muddat (ibn al-Husayn), (Abul Hasan) (b. Aug. 14, 1817 - d. June 11, 1902, La Marsa, Tunisia), bey of Tunisia (1882-1902); brother of Muhammad as-Sadiq.

Ali Pasha, (Kokona), also called Zülüflü Ali Pasha or Sarapçi Ali Pasha (b. 1829, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. 1889, Beirut, Ottoman Empire [now in Lebanon]), Ottoman official. He was governor of Erzurum (1871), Trebizond (1871-72), Adrianople (1877), Bursa (1877-78), Aydin (1881-83), and Beirut (1887-89), mayor of Constantinople (1872-73), ambassador to France (1873-75), and chairman of the Council of State (1878-79).

Ali Pasha, Benderli (b. 1770, Bender, Ottoman Empire [now in Moldova] - d. [executed] June? 1821, Cyprus), grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1821).

Ali Pasha, Mehmed Emin (b. March 5, 1815, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. Sept. 7, 1871, Constantinople), foreign minister (1846-48, 1848-52, 1854-55, 1857-58, 1860-61, 1861-67, 1869-71) and grand vizier (1852, 1855-56, 1858-59, 1861, 1867-71) of the Ottoman Empire. He was also ambassador to the United Kingdom (1842-44) and governor of Smyrna (1853) and Bursa (1854). He received the Pasha title in 1848.

Ali Riza Efendi, Bursali (b. 1815, Bursa, Ottoman Empire [now in Turkey] - d. 1906), Ottoman official. He was minister of waqfs (1850-51, 1859-60) and privy purse (1860-61).

Ali Riza Pasha (b. 1859, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. Oct. 31, 1932, Istanbul), grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1919-20). He was also governor of Monastir (1903) and minister of war (1908-09, 1909), navy (1918-19), public works (1921-22), and interior (1921-22).

Ali Rüsdü Efendi, Bosnali (d. 1936), justice minister of the Ottoman Empire (1920).

Ali Sabah Al Salim Al Sabah, Sheikh (b. 1947? - d. April 13, 1997, London, England), Kuwaiti politician; son of Sheikh Sabah Al Salim Al Sabah; brother of Sheikh Salim Al Sabah Al Salim Al Sabah. He served as defense minister following the 1991 Gulf War, in which a U.S.-led coalition liberated the oil-rich emirate from seven months of Iraqi occupation. In 1994 he took over the Interior Ministry, where he served until a cabinet shuffle in late 1996.

Ali Saib Pasha, Gürcü (b. 1827, Talas, Ottoman Empire [now in Turkey] - d. Aug. 21, 1891), war minister of the Ottoman Empire (1875, 1885-91). He was also governor of Shkodra (1873) and Monastir (1874-75).

Ali Sefik Pasha (d. June 18, 1867), finance minister of the Ottoman Empire (1854-55). He was also minister of waqfs (1848-50, 1860-61, 1863) and privy purse (1850-53).

Ali Yaver Pasha, Musullu (d. 1868), Ottoman governor of Yemen (1862-64).

Alia, Edgar (Charlemagne), security minister of Benin (2006-07).

H. Alia

Alia, Hyacinth (Iormem) (b. May 14, 1966, Mbangur [now in Vandeikya local government area, Benue state], Nigeria), governor of Benue (2023- ).

R. Alia

Alia, Ramiz (Tafë) (b. Oct. 18, 1925, Shkodër, Albania - d. Oct. 7, 2011, Tiranë, Albania), head of state of Albania (1982-92) and first secretary of the Albanian Party of Labour (1985-91). In 1944, he joined the Communist-led guerrillas fighting against the retreating German forces. His first position in the Communist government that was set up at the end of World War II was that of youth leader. He held that job until 1955, except for a brief stint on the party's propaganda staff in 1948. In the latter year he was also elected a member of the Central Committee. He was named education minister in 1955, and three years later became a full-time party official. He became a candidate member of the Politburo in 1956 and a full member and member of the party secretariat in September 1960. He became titular head of state (chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly) in 1982 and effective ruler upon his election as the party's first secretary two days after Enver Hoxha's death in April 1985. He instituted limited economic reforms and relaxed the party's tight grip on society. Student protests forced him to accept a multiparty system in December 1990. In 1991 he gave up the party leadership and in 1992 he resigned as president. He was imprisoned in August 1993, sentenced to 9 years' imprisonment for abuse of power and violation of citizens' rights in July 1994, and released in July 1995. In February 1996 he was rearrested and charged with crimes against humanity. He was awaiting trial when, in March 1997, he took advantage of a wave of unrest to flee from jail in a mass breakout with over 1,000 other prisoners, and left the country. Reportedly, he first went to France and later to Sweden, staying with his daughter. He returned to Albania in December 1997 after the charges against him were dropped.

Aliaga (Lodtmann), Cluber (Fernando) (b. June 7, 1961), interior minister of Peru (2020).

Aliaga Carrasco, César, interior minister of Bolivia (1952).

Aliaga y Puente, Juan de (b. March 17, 1838, Lima, Peru - d. Aug. 30, 1896, Lima), interior, police, and public works minister of Peru (1884-85).

Alibert, Raphaël (Henri François) (b. Feb. 17, 1887, Saint-Laurent, Lot, France - d. June 5, 1963, Paris, France), justice minister of France (1940-41).

Alibux

Alibux, (Liakat Ali) Errol (b. Nov. 30, 1948, Paramaribo, Suriname), prime minister and foreign minister of Suriname (1983-84). He has also been minister of social affairs and housing (1980-82), natural resources (1996-2000), and finance (1999-2000) and ambassador to Brazil (1985-86) and Turkey (2013- ). He was sentenced in November 2003 to one year in prison for forgery and overbilling while finance minister; he served eight months in 2004.

Alican, (Ali) Ekrem (b. May 5, 1916, Adapazari, Ottoman Empire [now in Turkey] - d. June 17, 2000, Istanbul, Turkey), finance minister (1960) and a deputy prime minister (1962-63) of Turkey.

Alidou, Barkire (b. 1925, Niamey, Niger), Nigerien politician. He was minister of economic affairs, trade, and industry (1965-70) and justice (1970-74).

Alier, Abel (b. 1933, Bor district, Upper Nile province [now state], Sudan), chairman of the High Executive Council of Southern Sudan (1972-78, 1980-81). He was also Sudanese minister of housing (1969), supply and internal trade (1969-70), and public works (1970-71, 1983-85), minister of state for the South (1971-72), and a vice president (1971-82).

Aliero, (Alhaji Muhammad) Adamu (b. Jan. 1, 1957, Aliero [now in Kebbi state], Nigeria), governor of Kebbi (1999-2007) and minister of the National Capital Territory (2008-10).

Alifa, Mahamat Douba (b. Sept. 10, 1929, Bousso, Chad - d. July 15, 2008, N'Djamena, Chad), interior minister of Chad (1968-73).

A. Alikhanov

Alikhanov, Anton (Andreyevich) (b. Sept. 17, 1986, Sukhumi, Abkhaz A.S.S.R., Georgian S.S.R.), governor of Kaliningrad oblast (2016-24). He has also been Russian minister of industry and trade (2024- ).

Alikhanov, Enver (Nazar ogly) (b. April 30 [April 17, O.S.], 1917, Baku, Russia [now in Azerbaijan] - d. 1992), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Azerbaijan S.S.R. (1961-70). He was also minister of petroleum industry (1958-59).

Alimanisteanu, Dumitru (b. April 21, 1898, Bucharest, Romania - d. Feb. 27, 1973, Bucharest), finance minister of Romania (1945).

Alimi

Alimi, Rashad (Muhammad) al- (b. 1954, Taiz governorate, Yemen), interior minister (2001-08), a deputy prime minister (2006-11), and head of the Presidential Leadership Council (2022- ) of Yemen.

Alimov, Arif (Alimovich) (b. April 26, 1912, Tashkent, Russia [now in Uzbekistan] - d. Oct. 2, 2005, Tashkent), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek S.S.R. (1959-61). He was also first secretary of the party committees of Kokand city (1942-43) and Namangan (1946-48), Samarkand (1948-50, 1957-59), Bukhara (1951-52), and Tashkent (1952-56) oblasti and Uzbek minister of cotton (1950-51) and fruits and vegetables (1981-84).

Alimov, Rashid (Kutbudinovich) (b. June 23, 1953, Stalinabad, Tadzhik S.S.R. [now Dushanbe, Tajikistan]), foreign minister of Tajikistan (1992-94) and secretary-general of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2016-18). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1994-2005) and ambassador to China (2005-16).

Alimpic, Dusan (b. Jan. 4, 1921, Backa Palanka, Yugoslavia [now in Vojvodina, Serbia] - d. Sept. 18, 2002, Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia), secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vojvodina (1972-81) and president of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia (1984-85).

Alimpy, secular name Aleksandr (Kapitonovich) Gusev (b. Aug. 14, 1929, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Dec. 31, 2003, Moscow, Russia), Old Believer archbishop of Moscow (1986-88) and metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia (1988-2003). He became a church reader in the Kostroma region in 1959. Despite the renewed religious persecution of the time, he avoided imprisonment, became a deacon, and was eventually ordained a priest while visiting the Moldavian S.S.R. in 1985, the same year that one of his fellow priests was killed by the KGB. He took vows of celibacy, and adopted the monastic name Alimpy. When Mikhail Gorbachev began to enable all denominations to loosen the shackles, Alimpy set about the reconstruction of the Old Believer community. (The Russian words actually mean "old ritualists," and date from a mid-17th-century schism within the Russian Orthodox Church, when reforms proposed in ritual - not dogma - by Patriarch Nikon were bitterly opposed by the extreme traditionalism of Archpriest Avvakum, in events familiar through Modest Mussorgsky's opera Khovanshchina. In a curious way, its steadfastness had gained honour in the later tsarist days, with several merchant families, known for their integrity, gaining social respect.) Despite the constant threats of Soviet days, the Moscow Old Believer heritage had not been totally destroyed; the Pokrovsky cathedral at the Rogozhkoye cemetery was always a place of calm and beauty, and Alimpy made it his flock's headquarters, avoiding controversy and gaining respect in the process. There were, however, no serious moves to heal the schism. Alimpy and his governing council also achieved only limited success in recovering their lost church property. In many instances, the Moscow Patriarchate persuaded the secular authorities not to make the due restitution, which has kept the Old Believers impoverished. In 1997, Alimpy criticized the draft of Pres. Boris Yeltsin's law to give special status to the Russian Orthodox Church as a "traditional religion" alongside Islam and Judaism. In vain he claimed that no Russian faith could be more traditional than that of the Old Believers.

Alimuddin, Mohammed (b. 1920, Lilong [now in Thoubal district], Manipur, India - d. Feb. 3, 1983), chief minister of Manipur (1972-73, 1974).

Alimzhanov, Anuarbek (Turlybekovich) (b. May 2, 1930, Karlygash, Kazak A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. [now in Zhetysu oblast, Kazakhstan] - d. Oct. 9, 1993, Almaty, Kazakhstan), Soviet politician. A Kazakh writer, he was chairman of the Soviet of Republics (1991).

Alioto, Joseph L(awrence) (b. Feb. 12, 1916, San Francisco - d. Jan. 29, 1998, San Francisco), mayor of San Francisco (1968-76). He was fond of saying he got into politics by accident after the Democratic mayoral candidate he supported in 1967 died on a handball court two months before the election. He entered the race in that man's place and won with what he called "a kind of New Deal coalition of labor and minorities, plus flag-waving Italians." He was largely successful at keeping the peace in the city during the Vietnam War years. He said he wouldn't tolerate violence, and instead urged young black militants to "come to me with your problems before you take them to the streets." His political star rose quickly, and he gave the nominating speech for Hubert Humphrey at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Rumoured to be in the running for the vice-presidential nomination, his name also came up as a prospect to become California's governor. But his political fortunes sagged after Look magazine ran a story in 1969 linking him to organized crime. He responded with a $12.5 million libel suit that he eventually won, collecting $450,000. About the same time, the state of Washington and several other agencies sued him for taking a share of $2.3 million in attorneys fees for a $16 million price-fixing case he had won. Later, the federal government indicted him on charges of bribery in the way the fees were collected. He was eventually cleared of all civil and criminal charges. While the bad publicity didn't hinder his reelection in 1972, he said it stymied his statehouse run in 1970 and played a part in his loss to Jerry Brown in the 1974 Democratic gubernatorial primary. He retired from politics in 1976.

Alipiy, secular name Antony (Antonovich) Khotovitsky (b. Nov. 30 [Nov. 17, O.S.], 1901, Dorosyni, Volyn province, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. May 30, 1977, Odessa, Ukrainian S.S.R.), Locum Tenens of Kiev (1966). He was bishop of Poltava (1958-61, 1961-64) and Dnepropetrovsk (1961) and bishop (1964-66) and archbishop (1966-75) of Vinnitsa.

Aliu, Imer (b. March 26, 1977, Slatino, near Tetovo, Macedonia [now North Macedonia]), a deputy prime minister of Macedonia (2007-08). He was also minister of environment and physical planning (2006-07).

Aliyev, Akper (Fattakh ogly) (b. April 26, 1950, Negram, Nakhichevan A.S.S.R., Azerbaijan S.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party committee and chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of Nakhichevan (1991).

Atay Aliyev

Aliyev, Atay (Bashirovich) (b. June 7, 1954, Leninkent village, near Makhachkala, Dagestan A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), prime minister of Dagestan (2004-06).

Aliyev, Aziz (Mamed Kerimovich) (b. 1897, Erivan province, Russia [now in Armenia] - d. July 27, 1962, Baku, Azerbaijan S.S.R.), Soviet politician. He was people's commissar of health (1939-41?), chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1941-44), and deputy premier (1950-51) of the Azerbaijan S.S.R. and first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Dagestan A.S.S.R. (1942-48).

Aliyev, Gadzhi-Kasum (Shikhmurzayevich) (b. Dec. 27, 1901, Atlyboyun [now Leninkent], Dagestan oblast [now republic], Russia - d. June 22, 1981), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Dagestan A.S.S.R. (1954-62). He was also first secretary of the Communist Party committee of Khasavyurt city (1951-54).

H. Aliyev

Aliyev, Heydar (Alirza ogly), also spelled Geidar Aliev, Azeri Heydär Älirza oglu Äliyev (b. May 10, 1923, Nakhichevan - d. Dec. 12, 2003, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.), president of Azerbaijan (1993-2003); son-in-law of Aziz Aliyev. He began his career in the security service in Nakhichevan in 1941; later he worked for the security bodies of the Azerbaijan S.S.R. and in 1967 became chairman of the Azerbaijani KGB. He was first secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party in 1969-82. He became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1971, a candidate member of the Politburo in 1976, and a full member in 1982. Also in 1982, he became first deputy chairman of the U.S.S.R. Council of Ministers. In the shakeup that followed Mikhail Gorbachev's appointment as CPSU general secretary, Aliyev retired from the Politburo and government on grounds of ill health in 1987. In 1990 he returned to Nakhichevan and was elected a member of the Azerbaijani parliament. In 1991 he resigned from the Communist Party and was elected parliamentary leader of Nakhichevan. In June 1993 he was invited to Baku to attend talks in the parliament of the now independent Azerbaijan on the crisis brought about by the actions of rebel army commander Suret Huseynov and his troops. Pres. Abulfez Elchibey offered Aliyev the post of prime minister but Aliyev turned it down. Instead he was elected parliament speaker. When Elchibey left Baku as rebel troops advanced on the capital later that month, Aliyev assumed the powers of president. A presidential election on October 3, with Aliyev capturing 98.8% of the vote, legitimized his position. He won reelection in a 1998 poll which was harshly criticized as unfair, although most observers said he would have won anyway if he had chosen to play fair. He collapsed during a speech in April 2003 and was hospitalized since July 8. He then prepared his son Ilham to succeed him.

Aliyev, Ibragim (Mahkmud ogly) (b. 1890, Petrovsk-Port [now Makhachkala], Dagestan oblast [now republic], Russia - d. 1938), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Dagestan A.S.S.R. (1922). He was also people's commissar of justice (1920s) and social welfare (1920s).

Ilham Aliyev

Aliyev, Ilham (Heydar ogly), Azeri Ilham Heydär oglu Äliyev (b. Dec. 24, 1961, Baku, Azerbaijan S.S.R.), president of Azerbaijan (2003- ); son of Heydar Aliyev; grandson of Aziz Aliyev. In May 1994 he became first vice president of the state oil company, and in 1995 a member of parliament, holding those posts until 2003. On Aug. 1, 2003, he registered as a presidential candidate for the October 15 election, saying however he would support his father's candidature. It was believed the president planned to transfer power to Ilham, who was his deputy in the leadership of the ruling party. Indeed, on August 4, Ilham was elected prime minister, and as such he would take over as president if his father died. Two days later he took a leave from his new post because the election code of Azerbaijan prohibits a serving prime minister from running for president. On October 2 his father withdrew his candidacy, admitting that his ongoing health problems would prevent him from fulfilling his duties, and endorsed Ilham, who went on to win a large majority in the election, which the opposition claimed was rigged. He was reelected similarly in 2008 and 2013. In 2017 he made his wife Mehriban Aliyeva (b. Aug. 26, 1964, Baku) vice president.

Aliyev, Islam (Sadyk ogly) (b. 1897, Karabulak, Yelizavetpol province, Russia [now in Azerbaijan] - d. 1938), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Karakalpak A.S.S.R. (1933-37).

Aliyev, Kara (Esenovich) (b. 1907, Kordzhou village, Zakaspiyskaya oblast, Russia [now in Turkmenistan] - d. Feb. 1, 1973, Ashkhabad, Turkmen S.S.R. [now Ashgabat, Turkmenistan]), foreign minister of the Turkmen S.S.R. (1944-51). He was also people's commissar/minister of automobile transport (1941-44), cotton (1950-53), and agriculture (1958-59).

Aliyev, Mir Ismail (Mir Ali ogly) (b. 1941), chairman of the Council of Ministers of Nakhichevan (1990-91).

Aliyev, Mukhtar (Aliyevich) (b. Feb. 2, 1933, Tyumen-Aryk, Kazakh A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. [now in Kazakhstan] - d. Jan. 12, 2015, Almaty, Kazakhstan), Soviet politician. He was health minister of the Kazakh S.S.R. (1982-87).

Mukhu Aliyev

Aliyev, Mukhu (Gimbatovich) (b. Aug. 6, 1940, Tanusi village, Khunzah district, Dagestan A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), president of Dagestan (2006-10). He was also first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Dagestan A.S.S.R. (1990-91) and speaker of the People's Assembly of Dagestan (1995-2006).

Aliyev, Rakhat (Mukhtarovich) (b. Dec. 10, 1962, Alma-Ata, Kazakh S.S.R. [now Almaty, Kazakhstan] - d. [suicide in prison] Feb. 24, 2015, Vienna, Austria), Kazakh diplomat; son of Mukhtar Aliyev; son-in-law (1983-2007) of Nursultan Nazarbayev. He was ambassador to Austria (2002-05, 2007) and Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro, and Macedonia (non-resident, 2002-05).

Aliyev, Samed Aga (Agamali ogly) (b. Dec. 27 [Dec. 15, O.S.], 1867, Kyrakh-Kesemen, Yelizavetpol province, Russia [now in Azerbaijan] - d. Oct. 6, 1930, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Azerbaijan S.S.R. (1922-29) and co-chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Transcaucasian S.F.S.R. (1923-30).

Aliyev, Teymur (Makhmudovich) (b. 1896, Shusha, Yelizavetpol province, Russia [now in Artsakh, Azerbaijan] - d. [executed] April 21, 1938), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Nakhichevan S.S.R. (1922-23). He was also people's commissar of external trade (1921-22) and finance (1924-29) and chairman of the State Planning Committee (1929-31) of the Azerbaijan S.S.R.

Aliyev, Yashar (Teymur ogly), Azeri Yasar Teymur oglu Äliyev (b. Aug. 19, 1955, Baku, Azerbaijan S.S.R.), Azerbaijani diplomat. He has been chargé d'affaires (1993-94, 2001-02) and permanent representative (2002-06, 2014- ) to the United Nations and ambassador to Cuba (2005-06), the United States (2006-11), and Mexico (2007-09).

Aliyeva, Sakina (Abbas kyzy) (b. April 15, 1925 - d. 2010), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Nakhichevan A.S.S.R. (1963-90).

A. Aliyu

Aliyu, Ahmad (b. Jan. 1, 1970, Sokoto, Nigeria), governor of Sokoto (2023- ).

Aliyu, Dabo (b. 1947? - d. Dec. 13, 2020, Kaduna, Nigeria), administrator of Anambra (acting, 1993) and Yobe (1993-96).

Aliyu, Ibrahim (b. May 5, 1947, Biu [now in Borno state], Nigeria), administrator of Jigawa (1993-96).

Alizoti, Fejzi Bej (b. Sept. 22, 1876, Gjirokastër, Ottoman Empire [now in Albania] - d. [executed] April 14, 1945), chairman of the Central Government (1914) and finance minister (1918-20, 1927, 1939-40) of Albania.

Aljovín

Aljovín (Gazzani), (Lucía) Cayetana (b. Sept. 6, 1966, Lima, Peru), foreign minister of Peru (2018). She was also minister of development and social inclusion (2016-17) and energy and mines (2017-18).

Alkalaj, Sven (b. Nov. 11, 1948, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), foreign minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2007-12). He has also been ambassador to the United States (1994-2000, 2023- ) and Belgium (2004-07), executive secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2012-14), and permanent representative to the UN (2019-23).

Alkali, Ibrahim (b. June 15, 1940, Potiskum [now in Yobe state], Nigeria), governor of Kwara (1987-89).

Alkatiri

Alkatiri, Mari (bin Amude) (b. Nov. 26, 1949, Dili, Portuguese Timor [now Timor-Leste]), chief minister (2001-02) and prime minister (2002-06, 2017-18) of Timor-Leste. He began working for independence while still at school, mobilizing his friends against the Portuguese colonial regime that ruled East Timor for over 300 years. In 1974, he was part of a group of young activists that established the Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin). Shortly after Portugal's withdrawal in 1975, Indonesia invaded and began what would be a bloody, 24-year occupation. Alkatiri left the country to live in exile in Mozambique. In 1999, after East Timor voted overwhelmingly for independence in a UN-sponsored referendum, Alkatiri returned and took up a post as finance minister in the UN administration. He became head of Fretilin, which controlled two-thirds of the national assembly elected in August 2001. He was forced from office as prime minister in 2006 following allegations that he knew about a hit squad to eliminate political rivals.

Alkhanov

Alkhanov, Alu (Dadashevich) (b. Jan. 20, 1957, Kazakh S.S.R.), president of Chechnya (2004-07). He became interior minister of Chechnya on April 18, 2003. He was the Kremlin-backed candidate in the Aug. 29, 2004, presidential elections. His deputy Ruslan Alkhanov took over the interior ministry on June 21 when Alkhanov went on leave and joined the presidential race. The election, which he won by a wide margin, was called undemocratic by international observers. On Feb. 15, 2007, he was dismissed by Pres. Vladimir Putin, after days of speculation that he was engaged in an intense power struggle with Prime Minister Ramzan Kadyrov, who was alleged by human rights groups to be responsible for abductions and detention of civilians and suspected separatist rebels. Kadyrov was believed to completely control law enforcement in the republic and to hold the real power in Chechnya, while Alkhanov was reportedly just a figurehead. His dismissal as president was combined with his appointment as deputy justice minister of Russia; it was said that he had submitted a letter seeking an appointment to Moscow earlier in the month.

Alkmin, José Maria (b. June 11, 1901, Bocaiúva, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. April 22, 1974, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais), finance minister (1956-58) and vice president (1964-67) of Brazil.

Alladaye, Michel (b. 1940, Abomey, Dahomey [now Benin]), foreign minister of Benin (1972-80). He was also minister of justice (1980-82), interior and public security (1982-84), and secondary and higher education (1984-85).

Allaf, Mowaffak (b. May 17, 1927, Damascus, Syria - d. July 4/5, 1996, Cairo, Egypt), Syrian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1975-78).

Allaf, Muhammad F(ahd) al- (b. Nov. 26, 1950, Amman, Jordan), Jordanian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2007-10).

Allagany, Gaafar M. (b. 1936), Saudi diplomat. He was acting permanent representative to the United Nations (1979-83, 1993-99).

Allain, William A. (b. Feb. 14, 1928, Washington, Miss. - d. Dec. 2, 2013, Jackson, Miss.), governor of Mississippi (1984-88).

Allain-Targé, François (Henri René) (b. May 7, 1832, Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France - d. July 16, 1902, Parnay, Maine-et-Loire), finance minister (1881-82) and interior minister (1885-86) of France. He was also prefect of the départements of Maine-et-Loire (1870) and Gironde (1870-71).

Allam, Abdul Qadir (b. October 1919 - d. July 8, 2003), foreign minister of Libya (1960-61). He was also minister of defense (1956-57), communications (1957-58), and economy (1960).

Allam-mi, Ahmad (b. 1948, Chad), foreign minister of Chad (2005-08). He was also ambassador to France (1983-91, 1993-95) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2008-13). In 2013 he became secretary-general of the Economic Community of Central African States.

Allamand

Allamand (Zavala), Andrés (b. Feb. 7, 1956, Santiago, Chile), defense minister (2011-12) and foreign minister (2020-22) of Chile and secretary-general of the Ibero-American Secretariat (2022- ).

Allan, Sir Colin (Hamilton) (b. Oct. 23, 1921, Wellington, New Zealand - d. March 5, 1993), British resident commissioner of the New Hebrides (1966-73) and governor of Seychelles (1973-76) and the Solomon Islands (1976-78); knighted 1977.

Jacinta Allan

Justine Allan

Allan, Jacinta (Marie) (b. Sept. 19, 1973, Bendigo, Vic.), premier of Victoria (2023- ).

Allan, Justine (Rachael Anne) (b. 1969), administrator of Ascension (2018).

Allande, Pedro María de (b. 1745, Santa Ana, California - d. 18...), governor of New Mexico (1816-18).

Allard Pinto, Julio (Bernabé) (b. June 11, 1885, La Serena, Chile - d. May 29, 1975, Viña del Mar, Chile), interior minister of Chile (1943). He was also commander-in-chief of the navy (1938-44).

Allardyce, Sir William Lamond (b. Nov. 14, 1861, Bombay [now Mumbai], India - d. June 9, 1930, Wokingham, Berkshire, England), acting governor of Fiji and high commissioner for the Western Pacific (1901-02) and governor of the Falkland Islands (1904-15), the Bahamas (1915-20), Tasmania (1920-22), and Newfoundland (1922-28); knighted 1916.

Allawi, Ali (Abdul-Amir), Arabic `Ali (`Abd al-Amir) `Allawi (b. 1947, Baghdad, Iraq), defense minister (2004) and finance minister (2005-06, 2020-22) of Iraq; nephew of Ahmad Chalabi; cousin of Iyad Allawi. He was also trade minister (2003-04).

I. Allawi

Allawi, Iyad (Hashem), also spelled Ayad Allawi, Arabic Iyyad (Hashim) `Allawi (b. May 31, 1944, Baghdad, Iraq), president of the Governing Council (2003) and prime minister (2004-05) of Iraq; brother-in-law of Nuri al-Badran. He joined the Ba`th Party underground movement as a young man, but when it came to power, he fell out with the rising strongman Saddam Hussein in the early 1970s and was forced to go into exile. In 1978, while living in the United Kingdom, he was badly wounded in an assassination attempt in London believed to have been ordered by Saddam. He went on to co-found the Iraqi National Accord party in 1990, which from its foundation supported the idea of fostering a coup from within the Iraqi army to overthrow Saddam, but its attempts ended disastrously. He was well-connected politically in Washington and London and after the U.S.-led invasion of 2003 he returned to Iraq and was included in the Governing Council. On May 28, 2004, he was designated by the council to become prime minister after the "handover of sovereignty" on June 30, but he took office already on June 1 when the council decided to dissolve. In 2005, his political bloc won only 40 seats in elections to the 275-member National Assembly and was not included in the new government. He became a vice president in 2014; in 2015 Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi scrapped the three vice-presidential posts, but in 2016 the Supreme Court ruled that decision unconstitutional.

Allbaugh

Allbaugh, Joe (b. July 27, 1952, Blackwell, Okla.), director of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (2001-03).

Allègre, Vincent Gaëtan (b. Aug. 7, 1835, Six-Fours, Var, France - d. May 18, 1899, Mèze, Hérault, France), mayor of Toulon (1870-73) and governor of Martinique (1881-87).

Allemand, François Hippolyte (b. April 5, 1820, Marseille, France - d. 1895), commandant of the Naval Division of the Western Coasts of Africa (1877-79).

Allen, Alfred Ernest (b. May 20, 1912, Onehunga, Auckland, N.Z. - d. March 9, 1987), New Zealand politician. He was speaker of the House of Representatives (1972).

Allen, Alpian (Rudolph Otway), foreign minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1994-98). He was also minister of tourism (1994-98), information (1996-98), and education, culture, and women's affairs (1998-2001).

Allen, Charles Herbert (b. April 15, 1848, Lowell, Mass. - d. April 20, 1934, Lowell), governor of Puerto Rico (1900-01).

Allen, Cotton H(ayden) (b. 1834 - d. Jan. 26, 1900, St. Louis, Mo.), mayor of Columbus (1895-96).

Allen, Edward N(ormand) (b. April 18, 1891, Hartford, Conn. - d. Nov. 14, 1972, West Hartford, Conn.), mayor of Hartford (1947-48).

Allen, Frank G(ilman) (b. Oct. 6, 1874, Lynn, Mass. - d. Oct. 9, 1950, Boston, Mass.), governor of Massachusetts (1929-31).

G.F. Allen

Allen, George F(elix) (b. March 8, 1952, Whittier, Calif.), governor of Virginia (1994-98). In 1982, the Republican was elected to the Virginia Assembly, where he was a conservative backbencher; in a 1991 special election, he won a seat in the U.S. House, which was promptly redistricted out from under him. So he started running for governor. The initial favourite was Attorney General Mary Sue Terry, a moderate from Southside Virginia, who backed some forms of gun control and was pro-choice on abortion. Allen opposed gun control and called for abolishing parole; he is anti-abortion, though thinks states should decide the issue, and for cutting taxes and government spending. Allen manoeuvred smartly to get the support of religious conservatives at the 13,000-delegate June 1993 state convention, one of the largest deliberative bodies in the history of democracy, whose real enthusiasm was reserved for its lieutenant governor nominee, home schooling advocate Michael Farris. Democrats thought gun control and association with the religious right would hurt Republicans. But Allen won by a whopping 58%-41% margin. Allen also proved more successful in office with his agenda than many had expected. His achievements included a more permissive concealed weapons law, abolition of parole, parental notification for abortions, a $163 million incentive package for Disney's northern Virginia theme park (plans which Disney later cancelled), and welfare reform that requires recipients to work after 90 days and cuts off benefits after two years. But in 1995, the legislature rejected Allen's proposed tax cuts, his education initiatives, and most of his prison construction program.

Allen, Harvey A(bner) (b. 1818 - d. Sept. 20, 1882), commander of the Military District of Alaska (1871-73).

Allen, Henry J(ustin) (b. Sept. 11, 1868, Pittsfield, Pa. - d. Jan. 17, 1950, Wichita, Kan.), governor of Kansas (1919-23).

Allen, Henry W(atkins) (b. April 29, 1820, Prince Edward county, Va. - d. April 22, 1866, Mexico City, Mexico), Confederate governor of Louisiana (1864-65).

I. Allen

Allen, Ivan, Jr. (b. March 15, 1911, Atlanta, Ga. - d. July 2, 2003, Sandy Springs, Ga.), mayor of Atlanta (1962-70). He became active in the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, and as its president helped negotiate the desegregation of downtown lunch counters in 1961. Earlier, Martin Luther King and student protesters had been arrested trying to eat at a downtown restaurant. Allen desegregated city government the day he took office as mayor. The "colored" and "white" signs were taken down and he hired blacks for many city jobs, including police officer and firefighter. Allen also brought big-time professional sports to the South, luring baseball's Braves from Milwaukee and getting the National Football League to start the Atlanta Falcons. His tenure as mayor coincided with tremendous growth for Atlanta and the surrounding area, with new roads and highways completed around the city. His two terms also coincided with the beginning of white flight to the city's suburbs.

Allen, J.P., mayor of Oklahoma City (1897-99).

Allen, Sir James (b. Feb. 10, 1855, Adelaide, South Australia - d. July 28, 1942, Dunedin, N.Z.), defence minister (1912-20), finance minister (1912-15, 1919-20), and foreign minister (1919-20) of New Zealand; knighted 1917. He was also education minister (1912-15) and high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1920-26).

Allen, James E(dward), Jr. (b. April 25, 1911, Elkins, W.Va. - d. [plane crash] Oct. 16, 1971, Pine Mountain forest, Ariz.), U.S. commissioner of education (1969-70).

Allen, John R(utherford) (b. Dec. 15, 1953, Fort Belvoir, Va.), acting commander of U.S. Central Command (2010). He was also president of the Brookings Institution (2017-22).

Allen, John W(illiam) (b. August 1802, Litchfield, Conn. - d. Oct. 5, 1887, Cleveland, Ohio), mayor of Cleveland (1841-42).

Allen, Jonathan (Guy) (b. March 1974), British diplomat. He was ambassador to Bulgaria (2012-15) and chargé d'affaires at the United Nations (2020).

L. Allen

Allen, Lew, Jr. (b. Sept. 30, 1925, Miami, Fla. - d. Jan. 4, 2010, Potomac Falls, Va.), director of the National Security Agency (1973-77) and chief of staff of the U.S. Air Force (1978-82).

Allen, Lucien Arthur (b. Dec. 28, 1888, London, England - d. 1971, London), British resident in Brunei (1921-23).

Allen, Sir Milton (Pentonville) (b. June 22, 1888, St. Christopher [St. Kitts] - d. Sept. 17, 1981), governor of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (1969-75); knighted 1972.

Allen, Orlando (b. Jan. 10, 1803, New Hartford, Conn. - d. Sept. 4, 1874), mayor of Buffalo (1848-49).

Allen, Oscar K(elly) (b. Aug. 8, 1882, near Winnfield, La. - d. Jan. 28, 1936, Baton Rouge, La.), governor of Louisiana (1932-36).

Patrick Allen

Allen, Sir Patrick (Linton) (b. Feb. 7, 1951, Fruitful Vale, Portland, Jamaica), governor-general of Jamaica (2009- ); knighted 2009.

Allen, Philip (b. Sept. 1, 1785, Providence, R.I. - d. Dec. 16, 1865, Providence), governor of Rhode Island (1851-53).

Allen, Richard V(incent) (b. Jan. 1, 1936, Collingswood, N.J.), U.S. national security advisor (1981-82).

Allen, Samuel (b. 1636, England - d. May 5, 1705, Newcastle, New Hampshire), governor of New Hampshire (1698-99).

Allen, Stephen (b. July 2, 1767, New York City - d. [steamboat disaster] July 28, 1852, Riverdale, Westchester county [now in Bronx county, New York City], N.Y.), mayor of New York City (1821-24).

Allen, Sir Stephen Shepherd (b. Aug. 2, 1882, Cheadle, Staffordshire, England - d. [motor accident] Nov. 4, 1964, near Maramarua, N.Z.), administrator of Western Samoa (1928-31); knighted 1933.

W. Allen (1704-80)

W.E. Allen

Allen, William (b. Aug. 5, 1704, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - d. September 1780, Philadelphia), mayor of Philadelphia (1735-36).

Allen, William (b. Dec. 27, 1803, Edenton, N.C. - d. July 11, 1879, near Chillicothe, Ohio), governor of Ohio (1874-76).

Allen, William E., acting chief of the U.S. Bureau of Investigation (1919).

Allenby, Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby, (1st) Viscount (b. April 23, 1861, Brackenhurst, near Southwell, Nottinghamshire, England - d. May 14, 1936, London, England), British high commissioner of Egypt (1919-25). He was also lord rector of the University of Edinburgh (1936). He was created viscount in 1919.

Allende, José (b. 1793, Lima, Peru - d. 1873), prime minister and war and navy minister of Peru (1864-65, 1871).

S. Allende

Allende (Gossens), Salvador (Guillermo)¹ (b. June 26, 1908, Valparaíso [or possibly Santiago, where birth registration and baptism took place in July 1908], Chile - d. Sept. 11, 1973, Santiago, Chile), president of Chile (1970-73). He helped found Chile's Socialist Party in 1933, was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1937, served as minister of health (1939-42), became leader of the Socialist Party in 1942, and was elected to the Senate in 1945 (of which he was president in 1965-69). He ran four times for president. In 1952 he finished a distant fourth; in 1958 he was a close second to Conservative-Liberal candidate Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez; in 1964 he was decisively defeated by Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva (by this time the U.S. government was already lending considerable support to Allende's opponents); finally, in 1970, as the candidate of Popular Unity, a bloc of Socialists, Communists, Radicals, and some dissident Christian Democrats, he won a narrow plurality (36%), and his election was confirmed by Congress. In what he called the "Chilean road to socialism" he initiated profound social and economic change while upholding democratic institutions. He nationalized industries, including the U.S.-owned copper multinationals, and pushed extensive land reform. The Chilean people became highly polarized as and instability was further fueled by soaring inflation and widespread shortages, caused in part by a U.S. economic blockade and the undercover activities of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. Nevertheless Allende retained the support of many workers and peasants; his coalition won 44% of the vote in the March 1973 congressional elections. On Sept. 11, 1973, Allende was overthrown by Gen. Augusto Pinochet Ugarte in a CIA-directed military coup. Official reports said that Allende committed suicide during the coup, though many believe that he was killed.
¹ In some sources his full name is given as "Salvador Isabelino del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús Allende Gossens"; this appears to be the result of a malicious fabrication.

Allende Bussi, (María) Isabel (b. Jan. 18, 1945, Santiago, Chile), Chilean politician; daughter of Salvador Allende. She was president of the Chamber of Deputies (2003-04) and the Senate (2014-15).

Allendesalazar (y Muñoz de Salazar), Manuel (b. Aug. 24, 1856, Guernica, Vizcaya province, Spain - d. March 13, 1923, Madrid, Spain), prime minister of Spain (1919-20, 1921). He was also mayor of Madrid (1900), minister of finance (1900-01), education and fine arts (1902-03), agriculture, industry, commerce, and public works (1903-04), interior (1904), foreign affairs (1907-09), development (1920), and navy (1920), and president of the Senate (1919-21).

Alley

Alley, Alphonse (Amadou) (b. April 9, 1930, Bassila, Dahomey [now Benin] - d. March 28, 1987, Cotonou, Benin), head of state of Dahomey (1967-68).

Alleyne, Sir Brian G(eorge) K(eith) (b. April 28, 1943, Roseau, Dominica), foreign minister of Dominica (1990-95). In 1995-96 he was leader of the Dominica Freedom Party. He was appointed a judge of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court and assigned to Grenada in July 1996. He later served in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and in September 2003 was appointed to the Court of Appeal of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court. In March 2005 he was appointed acting chief justice of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (the substantive chief justice, Sir Dennis Byron, being on three years leave of absence, serving with the international tribunal in Rwanda). He was knighted in 2007 and retired from the court in April 2008.

Alleyne, Doddridge (Henry Newton), byname Dod Alleyne (b. Nov. 20, 1927, Charlotteville, Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago - d. Oct. 8, 2010), Trinidad and Tobago diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1983-88).

Alleyron, Louis Eugène (b. Nov. 10, 1825, Grenoble, France - d. April 30, 1891, Rochefort, Charente-Inférieure [now Charente-Maritime], France), governor of New Caledonia (1874-75).

Alli, Ambrose (Folurunsho) (b. Sept. 22, 1929, Idoani [now in Ondo state], Nigeria - d. Sept. 21, 1989, Lagos, Nigeria), governor of Bendel (1979-83).

Alli, (Mohammed) Chris (b. Dec. 25, 1944, Kotonkarfe [now in Kogi state], Nigeria - d. Nov. 19, 2023, Lagos, Nigeria), governor (1985-86) and administrator (2004) of Plateau. He was also Nigerian chief of army staff (1993-94).

Alliali, Camille (b. Nov. 23, 1926, Zahakro, Ivory Coast [now Côte d'Ivoire]), foreign minister of Ivory Coast (1963-66). He was also ambassador to France (1961-63) and justice minister (1966-83).

Allimadi, (Eric) Otema (earlier appearing as Erifasi Otema Allimadi) (b. Feb. 11, 1929, Kitgum, Uganda - d. Aug. 5, 2001, Kampala, Uganda), foreign minister (1979, 1979-80) and prime minister (1980-85) of Uganda. He was also ambassador to the United States (1966-71) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1967-71).

Allin

Allin, Roger (b. Dec. 18, 1848, Devonshire, England - d. Jan. 1, 1936, Park River, N.D.), governor of North Dakota (1895-97).

Alliot-Marie

Alliot-Marie, Michèle (Yvette Marie-Thérèse), née Marie (b. Sept. 10, 1946, Villeneuve-le-Roi, Seine-et-Oise [now in Val-de-Marne], France), French politician. She was secretary of state for education (1986-88) and minister for youth and sports (1993-95) and on Dec. 4, 1999, was elected chairwoman of the Rally for the Republic, thus becoming the first woman leading a major French political party. In 2002 she became defense minister. She was to be the last president of the RPR, which in 2002 joined with other parties to form the new Union for a Popular Movement (UPM), headed by Alain Juppé. In 2007 she was shifted to the interior ministry, in 2009 to the justice ministry, and in 2010 to the foreign ministry; she resigned in 2011 after a series of scandals over her relations with the overthrown regime of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Tunisia. She was also mayor of the town of Saint-Jean-de-Luz, near the border with Spain, in 1995-2002.

A.K. Allison

Allison, Abraham K(urkindolle) (b. Dec. 10, 1810, Jones county, Ga. - d. July 8, 1893, Quincy, Fla.), acting governor of Florida (1865).

Allison, Alexander (b. c. 1799 - d. Nov. 3, 1862), mayor of Nashville (1847-48).

Allmand, (William) Warren (b. Sept. 19, 1932, Montreal, Que. - d. Dec. 7, 2016, Montreal), Canadian politician. He was solicitor general (1972-76) and minister of Indian affairs and northern development (1976-77) and consumer and corporate affairs (1977-79).

Allon

Allon, Yigal, original surname Paicovitch (b. Oct. 10, 1918, Kfar Tavor, Palestine [now in Israel] - d. Feb. 29, 1980, Afula, Israel), Israeli politician. He was one of the first recruits of the Palmach, the commando strike force of the Haganah, a Zionist military organization representing the majority of the Jews in Palestine after World War I. The Palmach smuggled Jewish survivors from Europe into Palestine in defiance of British restrictions on immigration. During World War II he fought as a volunteer alongside British soldiers against the Vichy French in Lebanon and Syria. He became commander of the Palmach in 1945. Israel proclaimed independence on May 15, 1948, and the Haganah surfaced as the Israeli army. Allon fought major battles against the Arabs on various fronts; pursuing Egyptian forces from the Negev into Sinai, he captured many prisoners of war including Gamal Abdel Nasser, then a junior officer. Allon's refusal to place the Palmach under the Haganah's command earned him the enmity of David Ben-Gurion, the first Israeli prime minister. Allon entered politics in 1955 when he was first elected to the Knesset (parliament) as representative of his own Ahdut ha-Avoda. He served in the cabinets of Ben-Gurion, Levi Eshkol, Golda Meir, and Yitzhak Rabin, being minister of labour (1961-68), immigrant absorption (1968-69), education and culture (1969-74), and foreign affairs (1974-77) and deputy prime minister (1968-77); in 1969 he was acting prime minister after Eshkol's death. He was best known as the architect of the Allon Plan, a peace initiative that he formulated after Israel captured Arab territory in the 1967 Six-Day War. The plan proposed restoring most of the West Bank territory to Jordan while retaining Israeli paramilitary settlements along the Jordan River. The plan was never adopted. Allon's unexpected death occurred while he was seriously being considered for the leadership of the Labour Party.

Allred

Allred, James (Burr) V (V is a name, not an initial) (b. March 29, 1899, Bowie, Texas - d. Sept. 24, 1959, Corpus Christi, Texas), governor of Texas (1935-39).

Allsebrook, Geoffrey Pole (b. March 9, 1918, Gloucestershire, England - d. June 3, 2010, Cark-in-Cartmel, Cumbria, England), administrator of the British Virgin Islands (1956-59).

Allston, Robert F(rancis) W(ithers) (b. April 21, 1801, All Saints Parish, S.C. - d. April 7, 1864, near Georgetown, S.C.), governor of South Carolina (1856-58).

Allyn, Timothy M(ather) (b. Sept. 7, 1800, Hartford, Conn. - d. Aug. 25, 1882, Hartford), mayor of Hartford (1858-60).

Allys, (Léopold Arthur) André (b. April 2, 1888, Saint-Louis, Senegal - d. April 16, 1968, Marvivo, near La Seyne-sur-Mer, Var, France), acting governor of Martinique (1938).

Almada, Antão de (b. April 19, 1718 - d. Jan. 26, 1797), captain-general of the Azores (1766-76); grandson of Lourenço de Almada.

Almada, Fidélis (Policarpo) Cabral d' (b. Feb. 26, 1929, Mansoa, Portuguese Guinea [now Guinea-Bissau]), foreign minister of Guinea-Bissau (1983-84). He was also minister of justice (1973-83) and education, culture, and sport (1984-89) and minister of state at the presidency (1989-92).

Almada, Lourenço de (b. c. 1650 - d. May 2, 1729, Lisbon, Portugal), captain-general of Madeira (1688-90), governor of Angola (1705-09), and governor-general of Brazil (1710-11).

Almagro

Almagro (Lemes), Luis (Leonardo) (b. June 1, 1963, Cerro Chato, Paysandú, Uruguay), foreign minister of Uruguay (2010-15) and secretary-general of the Organization of American States (2015- ). He was ambassador to China in 2007-10.

Almakayev, Pyotr (Afanasyevich) (b. Aug. 20, 1916, Yuzh-Toleshevo, Vyatka province [now in Mari El republic], Russia - d. March 27, 1998), acting first secretary of the Communist Party committee (1967) and chairman of the Presidium of Supreme Soviet (1968-79) of the Mari A.S.S.R.

Almaráz, José G., interior and justice minister of Bolivia (1933). He was also minister of development and communications (1933).

Almatov, Zokirjon (Almatovich) (b. 1949, Tashkent, Uzbek S.S.R.), interior minister of Uzbekistan (1991-2005).

Almazov, Ilyas (Abdullayevich), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Chechen-Ingush A.S.S.R. (1958-70?).

Almeida, António José de (b. July 18, 1866, Penavoca, Portugal - d. Oct. 31, 1929, Lisbon, Portugal), prime minister (1916-17) and president (1919-23) of Portugal. He was also minister of interior (1910-11) and colonies (1916-17).

Almeida, Antonio Leite Ribeiro de (baptized April 24, 1848, Barra Mansa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. ...), president of Espírito Santo (1887-88).

Almeida, Antônio Martins de (b. Oct. 22, 1900 - d. June 11, 1963), federal interventor in Maranhão (1933-35).

Almeida, Antônio Olivério Garcia de, byname Antonio Denarium (b. March 3, 1964, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil), federal interventor/governor of Roraima (2018- ).

Almeida, Antonio Roberto de (b. March 18, 1809, Barra, Bahia, Brazil - d. Dec. 6, 1882, Santa Luzia do Sabará [now Sabará], Minas Gerais, Brazil), acting president of São Paulo (1855-56, 1857).

Almeida, Armindo Vaz d' (b. 1953 - d. July 21, 2016), prime minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (1995-96).

Almeida, Arnóbio Marques de, Júnior, byname Binho Marques (b. Oct. 29, 1962, São Paulo, Brazil), governor of Acre (2007-11).

D.V. d'Almeida

Almeida, Damião Vaz d' (b. April 28, 1951, Príncipe), president of Príncipe (1995-2002) and prime minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (2004-05). He was also minister of labour, employment, and solidarity (2002-03, 2003-04) and ambassador to Portugal (2009-12) and Angola (2012-17).

Almeida, David (Antônio Abisai Pereira de) (b. Feb. 8, 1969, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil), governor of Amazonas (2017). He has also been mayor of Manaus (2021- ).

Almeida, Edmundo Pinto de, Neto (b. June 21, 1953, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil - d. [assassinated] May 17, 1992, São Paulo, Brazil), governor of Acre (1991-92).

Almeida, Félix Gaspar de Barros e (b. Jan. 15, 1865, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil - d. May 10, 1907, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), justice and interior minister of Brazil (1906).

Almeida, Francisco Furquim Werneck de (b. Sept. 29, 1846, Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Feb. 18, 1908, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro), prefect of Distrito Federal (1895-97).

Almeida, Franklin Washington da Silva e (d. Jan. 16, 1938), acting governor of Amazonas (1929-30).

Almeida, Ignacio Accioli de (b. São Salvador da Bahia [now Salvador], Brazil - d. ...), acting president of Santa Catarina (1872, 1873).

Almeida, João Clímaco d' (b. March 30, 1910, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil - d. Sept. 9, 1995, Teresina), acting governor of Piauí (1970-71).

Almeida, João de (b. Oct. 5, 1873, Vila Garcia parish, Guarda municipality, eastern Portugal - d. 1953, Lisbon, Portugal), Portuguese colonial official. He was minister of colonies briefly in 1926 and in the same year was appointed governor of Cape Verde, but did not take up that post.

Almeida, José Américo de (b. Oct. 1, 1887, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil - d. March 10, 1980, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil), federal interventor (1930) and governor (1951-56) of Paraíba. He was also Brazilian minister of transport (1930-34, 1953-54).

Almeida, José Augusto da Costa (b. June 14, 1912, Lourenço Marques [now Maputo], Mozambique - d. Sept. 18, 1998, Lisbon, Portugal), governor-general of Mozambique (1964-68).

Almeida, José Bernardino Batista Pereira de (b. May 20, 1783, Vila de São Salvador [now Campos dos Goytacazes], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Jan. 29, 1861, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro), finance minister of Brazil (1828). He was also justice minister (1828).

Almeida, José Ludovico de (b. Feb. 6, 1906, Itaberaí, Goiás, Brazil - d. Aug. 25, 1989, Goiânia, Goiás), governor of Goiás (1955-59); nephew of Pedro Ludovico Teixeira.

Almeida, José Manoel de (b. 1785 - d. Nov. 18, 1835, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Minas Gerais (1830-31). He was also Brazilian navy minister (1831, 1831).

Almeida, José Maria Magalhães de (b. July 28, 1883, Codó, Maranhão, Brazil - d. Oct. 4, 1945, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Maranhão (1926-30).

Almeida, José Xavier de (b. Jan. 23, 1871, Goiás, Goiás, Brazil - d. February 1956, Morrinhos, Goiás), president of Goiás (1901-05).

Almeida, Landulfo Alves de (b. Sept. 4, 1893, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil - d. Oct. 16, 1954, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), federal interventor in Bahia (1938-42).

Almeida, Luiz Antonio Barbosa de (b. July 15, 1812, São Salvador da Bahia [now Salvador], Brazil - d. Aug. 8, 1892, Salvador), president of Bahia (1864-65).

Almeida, Manuel Quintas de (b. 1957? - d. Dec. 26, 2006, Portugal), chairman of the National Salvation Junta of São Tomé and Príncipe (1995).

Almeida, Miguel Calmon du Pin e (b. April 19, 1843, Santo Amaro, Bahia, Brazil - d. Dec. 30, 1886, Porto Alegre, Brazil), president of Ceará (1885-86) and Rio Grande do Sul (1886).

Almeida, Miguel Calmon du Pin e (b. Sept. 18, 1879, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil - d. Feb. 25, 1935, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Brazilian politician. He was minister of industry, transport, and public works (1906-09) and agriculture (1922-26).

Almeida, Miguel Calmon du Pin e, Sobrinho (b. May 2, 1912, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil - d. May 7, 1967, Salvador), finance minister of Brazil (1962-63); son of Francisco Marques de Góes Calmon; nephew of Miguel Calmon du Pin e Almeida (1879-1935); grandnephew of Miguel Calmon du Pin e Almeida (1843-1886); cousin of Pedro Calmon Muniz de Bittencourt.

Almeida, Plínio Reis de Cantanhede (b. July 27, 1910, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Feb. 4, 1986, Rio de Janeiro), prefect of Distrito Federal (1964-67).

Almeida, Sebastião Paes de (b. Nov. 22, 1912, Estrela do Sul, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Nov. 19, 1975, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), finance minister of Brazil (1959-61). He was also president of the Bank of Brazil (1956-59).

Almeida, Thomaz José Coelho de (b. Dec. 27, 1837 [by other sources Nov. 28, 1838], Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Sept. 20, 1895), war minister of Brazil (1888-89). He was also minister of agriculture (1875-78) and navy (1889).

Almeida, Thomaz Xavier Garcia de (b. July 14, 1792, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil - d. Jan. 11, 1870, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of São Paulo (1827-28), Pernambuco (1828-30, 1844-45), and Bahia (1838-40).

Almenara (Irigoyen), Guillermo (b. Jan. 22, 1890, Lima, Peru - d. Nov. 2, 1974, Miraflores, Lima province, Peru), Peruvian politician; son of Francisco Almenara Butler; nephew of Domingo M. Almenara Butler. He was minister of public health, labour, and social security (1938-39).

Almenara Butler, Domingo M(elquíades) (b. Aug. 4, 1848, Moquegua, Peru - d. June 20, 1931, Lima, Peru), prime minister and finance minister of Peru (1900-01). He was also president of the Supreme Court (1914-16).

Almenara Butler, Francisco (b. 1849, Moquegua, Peru - d. 1930, Lima, Peru), Peruvian politician; brother of Domingo M. Almenara Butler. He was minister of development and public works (1898-99).

Almendra, Antonio de Sampaio (b. 1829, José de Freitas, Piauí, Brazil - d. February 1871, Teresina, Piauí), acting president of Piauí (1863-64).

Almendra, Jacob Manoel Gayoso e (b. Oct. 3, 1899, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil - d. May 10, 1976, Teresina), governor of Piauí (1955-59).

Almendras

Almendras, Jose Rene (D.) (b. March 12, 1960, Cebu City, Philippines), foreign secretary of the Philippines (2016). He was also energy secretary (2010-12) and cabinet secretary (2012-16).

Almeyda Medina, Clodomiro (b. Feb. 11, 1923, Santiago, Chile - d. Aug. 25, 1997, Santiago), foreign minister (1970-73) and defense minister (1973) of Chile. He was minister of labour (1952-53) and mines (1953) and a member of Congress in the 1960s before becoming minister in the leftist government of Pres. Salvador Allende, which was toppled in a bloody coup led by Gen. Augusto Pinochet in 1973. Confined to a concentration camp after the coup, Almeyda was allowed to go into exile in January 1975 and was given refuge in East Germany. In 1987, he returned to Chile, challenging a ban issued by the Pinochet regime, and was exiled to a remote mountain village. The military government also stripped him of his political rights for 10 years, but the Supreme Court overturned the order. After the return of civilian rule, Almeyda became Chilean ambassador to Moscow (1990-92). He sheltered former East German ruler Erich Honecker at the embassy in 1991 and eventually arranged for his exile in Chile.

Almirante

Almirante, Giorgio (b. June 27, 1914, Salsomaggiore, Emilia-Romagna, Italy - d. May 22, 1988, Rome, Italy), Italian politician. During World War II Almirante served in the Army in North Africa as war correspondent for the Fascist daily Il Tevere ("The Tiber"). In 1943 he joined the Ministry of Culture in the Italian Social Republic, Benito Mussolini's last government in northern Italy. Almirante came out of hiding after World War II when a 1946 amnesty for minor Fascist officials was announced. In 1948 he was a founder of the right-wing Italian Social Movement (MSI) and became its secretary-general. The same year he also was elected to the Chamber of Deputies (lower house). He was ousted as secretary-general of the MSI in 1950, but he reclaimed control in 1969. The Chamber of Deputies suspended Almirante's parliamentary immunity in 1979 and charged him with reviving the outlawed Fascist Party; he escaped prosecution when he was promptly reelected to parliament, and the immunity-lifting process had to begin again. He was twice accused of aiding right-wing terrorists (1981 and 1984), but the charges were dropped in a 1987 general amnesty. Almirante's low-key style brought respectability to the neo-Fascist party, which remained Italy's fourth largest party with 5.9% in the 1987 election. He relinquished control of the MSI in December 1987 and died a day after his frequent rival Pino Romualdi, another founding MSI member and editor of the party newspaper. They were buried together in an openly Fascist funeral that was broadcast live on national television.

Almodóvar, Ildefonso Díez de Rivera (y Muro), conde de (b. Jan. 22, 1777, Granada, Spain - d. Jan. 26, 1846, Valencia, Spain), war minister (1835-36, 1837) and foreign minister (1836, 1842-43) of Spain. He was also president of the Senate (1841-42). He became conde de Almodóvar by marriage in 1815.

J.L. Almond

Almond, J(ames) Lindsay, Jr. (b. June 15, 1898, Charlottesville, Va. - d. April 14, 1986, Richmond, Va.), governor of Virginia (1958-62).

L.C. Almond

Almond, Lincoln C(arter) (b. June 16, 1936, Pawtucket, R.I. - d. Jan. 2, 2023), governor of Rhode Island (1995-2003). The Republican got involved in local government in Lincoln in 1963, at 26. He ran for Congress in 1968 and lost, then served as U.S. Attorney from 1969 to 1977, ran for governor in 1978 and lost, and was U.S. Attorney again from 1981 to 1993. He ran for governor again in 1994, and this time won. It was an upset not only in the general but in the primary, for 1st District congressman Ron Machtley was the favourite, leading incumbent Democrat Bruce Sundlun 61%-20% in one poll and Almond 63%-28% in another. But Almond rallied more party support and won the primary 58%-42%. Meanwhile, Sundlun, who had been unpopular since his first-term tax increases and had only won his 1992 primary by 52%-48% over Warwick mayor Frank Flaherty, fell before liberal state senator Myrth York by a humiliating 57%-27% margin. In the general election, the two disagreed on casino gambling; Almond was totally opposed, York said it was up to the people; curiously, the Mashantucket Pequot's Foxwoods casino in Connecticut has become a major employer of Rhode Islanders. Ultimately, Almond won by the narrow margin of 47%-44%. This was the first time Rhode Island has elected a governor to a four-year term, with a two-term limit. Almond attracted national attention in May 1995 when he signed into law a comprehensive gay-rights bill banning discrimination towards homosexuals in housing, employment, credit, and public accommodation. He was reelected in 1998, again defeating York, this time 51%-42%.

Almquist, (Eric) Victor (b. March 7, 1817, Ed socken, Stockholm county, Sweden - d. Dec. 13, 1872, Umeå, Västerbotten, Sweden), governor of Västerbotten (1864-72).

Almqvist, Ludvig (Theodor) (b. Jan. 4, 1818, Gränna, Jönköping, Sweden - d. Aug. 26, 1884, Överselö socken, Södermanland, Sweden), justice minister of Sweden (1879-80). He was also minister of civil affairs (1856-60).

Almqvist, Malin (Jeanette) (b. March 23, 1971), acting governor of Kalmar (2016-17).

Almunia

Almunia (Amann), (José) Joaquín (b. June 17, 1948, Bilbao, Spain), Spanish politician. He joined the Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) in the early 1970s when Felipe González was still in exile waiting for the fall of Gen. Francisco Franco's military dictatorship. With Franco dead, the Socialist party returned to Spain with González at the helm, and Almunia became a parliamentary deputy for Madrid in 1979. Almunia went on to serve as minister of labour and social security (1982-86) and public administration (1986-91) in the first Socialist administration. Almunia later became a prominent figure in the party as its parliamentary spokesman. So it was no surprise when he found himself launched into a leadership battle when González announced in 1997 that he was stepping down and called for a "change of generations" in the Socialist hierarchy. After winning overwhelming approval from party members, Almunia declared the party more united than ever and pledged to return the Socialists to power in Spain as Lionel Jospin and Tony Blair have in France and Britain. But when asked if his leadership approach would be akin to Jospin or Blair, he made clear he had his own ideas. "My name is Almunia, of Arab origin, but unmistakenly Spanish," he said brusquely. He never matched González's stature and when he lost the 2000 elections he immediately announced that he would step aside as party leader. Later he was European commissioner for economic and monetary affairs (2004-10) and competition (2010-14) and a vice president of the Commission (2010-14).

Alofi, Sagato (b. Sept. 18, 1936), ruler of Alo (1997-2002).

Alois

Alois (Philipp Maria) (b. June 11, 1968, Zürich, Switzerland), heir apparent of Liechtenstein; son of Prince Hans-Adam II. He took over executive authority in 2004.

Aloisi Masella, Benedetto Cardinal (b. June 29, 1879, Pontecorvo, Lazio, Italy - d. Sept. 30, 1970, Rome, Italy), chamberlain of the Roman Catholic Church (1958-70).

Aloisia, civil name Aloisia Brial, née Tautu'u (d. July 12, 1972), queen of `Uvea (Wallis) (1953-58).

Aloneftis, Andreas (P.) (b. Aug. 24, 1945, Nicosia, Cyprus), defense minister of Cyprus (1988-93). He was also chairman of the Board of Governors of the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation (2003-06).

Alonso (Hidalgo), Martha Erika (b. Dec. 17, 1973, Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico - d. [helicopter crash] Dec. 24, 2018, Santa María Coronango, Puebla), governor of Puebla (2018); wife of Rafael Moreno Valle (Rosas).

Alonso Leguisamo, Justo (María) (b. 1912 - d. April 28, 1997), defense minister of Uruguay (1981-85). He was also minister of public health (1974-76).

Alonso Martínez, Manuel (b. Jan. 1, 1827, Burgos, Spain - d. Jan. 13, 1891, Madrid, Spain), finance minister (1865-66) and justice minister (1874, 1881-83, 1885-88) of Spain. He was also minister of development (1855-56, 1863-64), civil governor of Madrid (1856), and president of the Congress of Deputies (1889-90).

Alonso Reyes, Miguel (Alejandro) (b. Sept. 20, 1971, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico), governor of Zacatecas (2010-16). He was also mayor of Zacatecas (2001-04).

Alonso Suárez, José Antonio (b. March 28, 1960, León, Spain - d. Feb. 2, 2017, Madrid, Spain), interior minister (2004-06) and defense minister (2006-08) of Spain.

Alonso Vega, Camilo (b. May 29, 1889, El Ferrol, La Coruña province, Spain - d. July 1, 1971, Madrid, Spain), interior minister of Spain (1957-69). He was also director-general of the Guardia Civil (1943-55).

Alonzo, Rubén, minister of war, navy, and development of Nicaragua (1895-96).

Alor	Alperovich

Alor (Kuol), Deng, foreign minister of The Sudan (2007-10) and of South Sudan (2011, 2016-18). He has also been Sudanese minister of cabinet affairs (2005-07) and South Sudanese minister of regional cooperation (2010-11), cabinet affairs (2011-13), and East African Community affairs (2020- ).

Alorna, Pedro Miguel de Almeida (Portugal), (3º) conde de Assumar, marquês de Castelo Novo, (1º) marquês de (b. Sept. 29, 1688 - d. Nov. 10, 1756), viceroy of Portuguese India (1744-50).

Alounkeo Kittikhoun (b. Oct. 10, 1951, Pakse, Laos), Laotian diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (1993-2006) and ASEAN special envoy to Myanmar (2024- ).

Alpaslan, (Hasan) Fehmi (b. 1918, Artvin, Ottoman Empire [now in Turkey] - d. May 6, 2008, Istanbul, Turkey), justice minister of Turkey (1972-73).

Alperovich, José (Jorge) (b. April 13, 1955, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina), governor of Tucumán (2003-15).

Alphand, Hervé (b. May 31, 1907, Paris, France - d. Jan. 13, 1994, Paris), French diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1955-56) and ambassador to the United States (1956-65).

Alphandéry

Alsberg

Alphandéry, Edmond (Gérard) (b. Sept. 2, 1943, Avignon, Vaucluse, France), economy minister of France (1993-95).

Alptemoçin, Ahmet Kurtcebe (b. 1940, Istanbul, Turkey), finance minister (1984-89) and foreign minister (1990-91) of Turkey.

Als, Robert (b. Feb. 12, 1897, Kleinbettingen, Luxembourg - d. Feb. 14, 1991, Luxembourg, Luxembourg), interior minister of Luxembourg (1945). He was also minister to Belgium (1947-52) and ambassador to France (1954-62).

Alsaker, Svein (b. March 11, 1940, Bergen, Norway), governor of Finnmark (1990-98) and Hordaland (1998-2010).

Alsberg, Carl L(ucas) (b. April 2, 1877, New York City - d. Oct. 31, 1940, Berkeley, Calif.), chief of the U.S. Bureau of Chemistry (1912-21).

Alsén, Hans (Olof) (b. Aug. 16, 1926, Enköping, Uppsala, Sweden - d. Feb. 1, 2023, Uppsala, Sweden), governor of Uppsala (1986-92).

Alsér, Kristina (Marie) (b. Nov. 7, 1956, Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden), governor of Kronoberg (2007-16).

Alsina, Adolfo (b. Jan. 14, 1829, Buenos Aires, Argentina - d. Dec. 29, 1877, Carhué, Buenos Aires province, Argentina), governor of Buenos Aires (1866-68) and vice president (1868-74) and war minister (1874-77) of Argentina.

V. Alsina

Alsina Burgués, Victòria (b. Feb. 21, 1983, Barcelona, Spain), foreign minister of Catalonia (2021-22).

Alsogaray, Álvaro (Carlos) (b. June 22, 1913, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina - d. April 1, 2005, Buenos Aires, Argentina), Argentine presidential candidate (1983, 1989). He was also minister of industry (1955-56) and economy (1959-61, 1962) and ambassador to the United States (1966-68).

Alsop, John T., Jr. (b. 1874? - d. May 11, 1958), mayor of Jacksonville (1923-37, 1941-45).

Alston, Joseph (b. 1779, All Saints parish, S.C. - d. Sept. 10, 1816, Charleston, S.C.), governor of South Carolina (1812-14).

Alston, Robert John (b. Feb. 10, 1938), governor of Pitcairn Island (1994-98). He was also British ambassador to Oman (1986-90) and high commissioner to New Zealand and Western Samoa (1994-98).

Alströmer, Carl Jonas Oscar (b. Oct. 31, 1811, Fuxerna, Älvsborg [now in Västra Götaland], Sweden - d. Aug. 10, 1888, Marstrand, Göteborg och Bohus [now in Västra Götaland], Sweden), governor of Halland (1860-76).

Alsufyev, Aleksey (Vladimirovich) (b. May 18, 1973, Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the government of Arkhangelsk oblast (2015- ).

Altamirano (Castillo), Adolfo (b. 1871, Estelí, Nicaragua - d. May 7, 1906, Managua, Nicaragua), foreign minister of Nicaragua (1903-06). He was also minister to El Salvador (1903) and interior, police, justice, and education minister (1903-05). He was killed by his cabinet colleague Julián Irías in a rage of jealousy.

Altamirano (Aracena), (Pedro) Eulogio (b. Aug. 1, 1835, San Felipe, Chile - d. March 17, 1905), foreign minister (1871) and interior minister (1871-76) of Chile. He was also minister of justice and education (1870-71) and intendant of Valparaíso (1876-84, 1891).

Altamirano Talavera, Luis (b. July 5, 1867, Concepción, Chile - d. July 25, 1938, Santiago, Chile), war and navy minister (1923-24), interior minister (1924), and junta chairman (1924-25) of Chile; son of Eulogio Altamirano.

Altangerel, Bat-Ochiryn (b. Feb. 10, 1934), a deputy premier of Mongolia (1987-89). He was also minister of food industry (1961-63) and first secretary of the party committee of Ulaanbaatar (1963-87).

Altangerel, Shukher(iyn) (b. Jan. 5, 1951, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia), foreign minister of Mongolia (1996-98). He was also ambassador to Belgium (1999-2001), France (2010-13), and Russia (2013-16).

Altankhuyag

Altankhuyag, Norov(yn) (b. Jan. 20, 1958, Ulaangom, Uvs province, Mongolia), prime minister of Mongolia (2012-14). He was also minister of agriculture and industry (1998-99) and finance (2004-06).

Altgeld

Altgeld, John Peter (b. Dec. 30, 1847, Niederselters, Prussia [now in Hessen, Germany] - d. March 12, 1902, Joliet, Ill., U.S.), governor of Illinois (1893-97). A member of the Democratic Party, he developed a reputation for protecting the rights of the poor and in 1874 was elected district attorney of Andrew County, Missouri. He resigned this post after a year and moved to Chicago, Ill., where he wrote Our Penal Machinery and Its Victims (1884), arguing that the U.S. criminal system favoured the rich. He was elected to the superior court of Cook County (1886-91) and in 1892 was elected governor with farm and labour support. He embarked on an ambitious program of social reform, including child labour legislation and the inspection of factories. In 1893 he was asked to review the sentences of the three living prisoners (four had been hanged) convicted after the Haymarket Riot, a labour protest meeting in which seven Chicago policemen were killed at Haymarket Square on May 4, 1886. Studying the case, Altgeld concluded that the judge was prejudiced, the jury packed, and the evidence flimsy, and he issued a pardon for the survivors. His decision was hailed by labour leaders but evoked an outcry by both business and the conservative press, which branded the governor as a friend to anarchists. He also introduced a law prohibiting discrimination against trade union members. In 1894, during the Pullman Strike, he refused to send in troops against the striking railway workers. Pres. Grover Cleveland sent in federal troops, and Altgeld's protest against this violation of state's rights produced further vitriolic attacks. In 1896 he was defeated for reelection by the Republican candidate, and a run for mayor of Chicago in 1899 also ended in failure.

D. Althaus

Althaus, Dieter (b. June 29, 1958, Heiligenstadt, East Germany [now Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Thüringen, Germany]), minister-president of Thüringen (2003-09).

Althaus Dartnell, Emilio (b. Dec. 26, 1875, Lima, Peru - d. Oct. 8, 1934, Paris, France), acting foreign minister of Peru (1910-11, 1913-14).

Alting von Geusau, George August Alexander (b. April 24, 1864, Arnhem, Netherlands - d. Oct. 9, 1937, The Hague, Netherlands), war minister of the Netherlands (1918-20). He was also acting navy minister (1918).

Altinok, Selami (b. Jan. 20, 1966, Narman, Erzurum, Turkey), interior minister of Turkey (2015). He was also governor of Aksaray (2012-14).

Altmaier, Peter (b. June 18, 1958, Ensdorf, Saarland, Germany), acting finance minister of Germany (2017-18). He was minister of environment (2012-13), special tasks (2013-18), and economy and energy (2018-21).

Altmeier, (Johann) Peter (b. Aug. 12, 1899, Saarbrücken, Prussia [now in Saarland], Germany - d. Aug. 28, 1977, Koblenz, Rheinland-Pfalz, West Germany), minister-president of Rheinland-Pfalz (1947-69).

Altmeyer

Altmeyer, Arthur J(oseph) (b. May 8, 1891, De Pere, Wis. - d. Oct. 16, 1972, Madison, Wis.), chairman of the U.S. Social Security Board (1937-46) and commissioner of the Social Security Administration (1946-53).

Altolaguirre (y Pando), Jacinto (Mariano del Carmen) de (b. July 15, 1754, Buenos Aires, Argentina - d. Aug. 26, 1787, Madrid, Spain), governor of the Falkland Islands (1781-83).

Altrincham, Edward William Macleay Grigg, (1st) Baron (b. Sept. 8, 1879, Madras [now Chennai], India - d. Dec. 1, 1955, Tormarton, Gloucestershire, England), governor of Kenya (1925-30). He was knighted in 1920 (K.C.V.O.) and 1928 (K.C.M.G.) and created baron on Aug. 1, 1945.

Altynbayev, Mukhtar (Kapashevich) (b. Dec. 10, 1945, Karaganda, Kazakh S.S.R.), defense minister of Kazakhstan (1996-99, 2001-07, 2009 [acting]). He was also commander of the Air Force (1993-96) and Air Defense Forces (1999-2001).

Alunan, Rafael (Rivas) (b. Dec. 16, 1885, Talisay, Negros [now in Negros Occidental], Philippines - d. [plane crash] May 18, 1947, off Mt. Ragang, Lanao, Philippines), finance secretary (1933) and interior secretary (1938-41) of the Philippines. He was also secretary of agriculture and commerce (1928-32, 1941-42) and public works and communications (acting, 1933) and, under the Japanese occupation, commissioner of agriculture and commerce (1942-43) and minister of agriculture and natural resources (1943-45).

Alunan, Rafael, III, in full Rafael Moreno Alunan, byname Raffy Alunan (b. May 17, 1948, Manila, Philippines), interior secretary of the Philippines (1992-96); grandson of Rafael Alunan. He was also secretary of tourism (1991-92).

Alupo

Alupo, Jessica (Rose Epel) (b. May 23, 1974, Kamwokya district, Uganda), vice president of Uganda (2021- ). She was also minister of education and sports (2011-16).

Aluvihare, (Wanisekara Bandaranayake Wasala Mudiyanse Ralahamilage) Alick (b. Dec. 20, 1926 - d. May 17, 2009, Colombo, Sri Lanka), Sri Lankan politician. He was minister of posts and telecommunications (1989-91), ports and shipping (1991-94), and home affairs, provincial councils, and local government (2001-04).

Alva, Leonel Mário d' (b. 1935), prime minister (1974-75), foreign minister (1975-78), and interim president (1991) of São Tomé and Príncipe. He was also president of the National People's Assembly (1975-80) and National Assembly (1991-94) and minister of education and sport (1978-80).

M. Alva

Alva, Margaret, née Nazareth (b. April 14, 1942, Mangalore, Mysore [now Karnataka], India), governor of Uttarakhand (2009-12), Rajasthan (2012-14), Gujarat (2014), and Goa (2014).

Alva (Luperdi), María Antonieta (b. March 7, 1985, Lima, Peru), economy and finance minister of Peru (2019-20).

Alva (Prieto), María del Carmen, byname Maricarmen Alva (b. Feb. 24, 1967, Miraflores, Lima province, Peru), Peruvian politician; niece of Javier Alva Orlandini. She was president of Congress (2021-22).

Alva Castro, Luis (Juan) (b. Feb. 17, 1942, Trujillo, Peru), prime minister and economy and finance minister (1985-87) and interior minister (2007-08) of Peru. He was also second vice president (1985-90), president of the Chamber of Deputies (1987-88), a presidential candidate (1990), and president of Congress (2009-10).

Alva Orlandini, Javier (b. Dec. 11, 1927, Cajamarca, Peru - d. June 1, 2020), Peruvian politician. He was minister of interior and police (1965-66), second vice president (1980-85), president of the Senate (1981-82) and the Constitutional Court (2002-05), and a presidential candidate (1985).

C. Alvarado

Alvarado (Quesada), Carlos (Andrés) (b. Jan. 14, 1980, San José, Costa Rica), president of Costa Rica (2018-22). He was also minister of human development and social inclusion (2014-16) and labour and social security (2016-17).

Alvarado (Muñoz), (Gerardo) Fabricio (b. May 30, 1974, Desamparados, San José province, Costa Rica), Costa Rican presidential candidate (2018, 2022).

Alvarado (Amador), Francisco Javier (b. 1808 - d. ...), mayor of Los Angeles (1835-36).

Alvarado, Ignacio (María), justice of the peace of Los Angeles (1841).

Alvarado (y Vallejo), Juan Bautista (Valentín) (b. Feb. 14, 1809, Monterey, Calif. - d. July 13, 1882, San Pablo, Calif.), governor of California (1836-42).

Alvarado, Julio, finance minister of Bolivia (1950-51).

Alvarado (y Toledo Pimentel), Rudecindo (b. March 1, 1792, Salta, Río de la Plata [now Argentina] - d. June 22, 1872, Salta), governor of Mendoza (1829 [provisional]) and Salta (1831 [provisional], 1855-56) and war minister of Argentina (1854).

Alvarado Arámburo, Alberto Andrés (b. Feb. 4 or 25, 1925, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico - d. [killed] Feb. 14, 1996, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Baja California Sur (1981-87).

Alvarado Correa, José Antonio (b. 1951, Granada, Nicaragua), interior minister (1997-98) and defense minister (1999-2000) of Nicaragua. He was also minister of education, culture, and sports (1998-99) and health (2003-04) and president of the Central American Parliament (2015-16).

Alvarado Dodero, Fausto (Humberto José) (b. June 12, 1950, Lima, Peru - d. Sept. 15, 2019), justice minister of Peru (2002-04).

Alvarado Fournier, Adolfo (Leonidas) (b. 1933?), interior minister of Peru (1990-91).

Alvarado Garaicoa, Teodoro (b. March 2, 1903, Guayaquil, Ecuador - d. Dec. 27, 1973), foreign minister of Ecuador (1952-53). He was also ambassador to the United States (1956) and the Netherlands (1961-62).

Alvarado Garrido, Luis (b. June 30, 1907, Lima, Peru - d. Feb. 6, 1986, Lima), foreign minister of Peru (1960-62). He was also minister of labour (1959-60).

Alvarado Puerto, Andrés (Avelino) (b. Jan. 21, 1917, Olanchito, Honduras - d. Jan. 9, 2004), foreign minister of Honduras (1957-62, 1971-72). He was also minister of natural resources (1956-57) and ambassador to Spain (1982-84).

Alvarado Rubio, Salvador (b. Sept. 16, 1880, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico - d. [executed] June 10, 1924, El Hormiguero farm, between Tenosique, Tabasco, and Palenque, Chiapas), governor of Yucatán (1915-17) and finance minister of Mexico (1920).

Alvarado y del Saz, Juan (b. March 17, 1855, Agüimes, Gran Canaria, Spain - d. June 1, 1935, Madrid, Spain), foreign minister of Spain (1917). He was also minister of navy (1906), finance (1909-10), and justice (1916-17).

Álvares

Álvares, Élcio (b. Sept. 28, 1932, Ubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Dec. 9, 2016, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil), governor of Espírito Santo (1975-79) and defense minister of Brazil (1999-2000). He was also minister of industry, commerce, and tourism (1994-95).

Alvares, Joaquim de Oliveira (b. Nov. 19, 1776, Madeira, Portugal - d. June 27, 1835, Paris, France), war minister of Brazil (1822, 1828-29).

Álvarez (Melendi), Adolfo Teodoro (b. 1919 - d. July 3, 2012), member of the Revolutionary Junta of Argentina (1966).

Álvarez (Cabrera), Alberto Inocente (b. Dec. 23 or 28, 1905, San Antonio de las Vegas, Cuba - d. February 1985 [or perhaps Feb. 24, 1993], Florida), foreign minister of Cuba (1945-47). He was also commerce minister (1944-45) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1949-50).

Álvarez (Desanti), Antonio (b. July 6, 1958, San José, Costa Rica), interior minister of Costa Rica (1988-90). He was also minister of agriculture (1987-88), president of the Legislative Asembly (1995-96, 2016-17), and a presidential candidate (2018).

Álvarez, Carlos (Alberto), byname Chacho Álvarez (b. Dec. 26, 1948, Buenos Aires, Argentina), vice president of Argentina (1999-2000). He was appointed ambassador to Peru in 2020 but did not take up the post.

Álvarez, Eufracio, justice and education minister of Peru (1932).

Álvarez (Armelino), Gregorio (Conrado), byname el Goyo (b. Nov. 26, 1925, Montevideo, Uruguay - d. Dec. 28, 2016, Montevideo), president of Uruguay (1981-85). He entered the nation's military academy in 1940. His first important military posting was as chief of mounted police in Montevideo in 1962. He became a general in 1971. He was then designated as chief of the Combined Armed Forces Command (Esmaco), which ran the counterinsurgency operation against the Tupamaros. He was reportedly one of the officers who used information obtained from captured guerrillas to crack down on corruption in Pres. Juan Bordaberry's administration. In February 1973 the Army issued a 19-point ultimatum under which the National Security Council (Cosena) assumed veto power over Bordaberry's regime. (Álvarez was permanent secretary of Cosena by virtue of his Esmaco position.) By 1977 he appeared to be losing influence. As commander of the 4th military region he was due for promotion to head the 1st, but he was passed over. He became commander in chief of the Army in February 1978 and held the post for a year. When his position was taken by his rival, Lt.Gen. Luis Queirolo, Álvarez's star again seemed to be in decline, but in the 1979 round of promotions many of his supporters moved up a rank. In the spring of 1981 a loan scandal involving gambling led to the dismissal of key opponents. Some claimed that Álvarez engineered the incident to ensure his presidential chances. On Sept. 1, 1981, he succeeded Aparicio Méndez as president. He was accused of multiple human rights abuses and of violently repressing labour unions, but covered by a 1986 amnesty. In October 2009, however, he was sentenced to 25 years in prison after a court in Montevideo found him guilty of 37 murders; the amnesty law did not apply because the victims were kidnapped in Argentina.

Álvarez (y Montaño), Jervasio (b. 1807, Huamanga, Ayacucho, Peru - d. 1880, Lima, Peru), minister of interior and worship (1856), justice (1856-57), and education (1856-57) of Peru.

J. Álvarez

Álvarez (Hurtado), Juan (Nepomuceno) (b. Jan. 27, 1790, Santa María de la Concepción Atoyac [now Atoyac de Álvarez, Guerrero], Mexico - d. Aug. 21, 1867, La Providencia ranch, Acapulco, Guerrero), provisional president of Mexico (1855-56). In 1810 he began his military career with José María Morelos and fought indefatigably for independence from Spain. He was in favour of a federalist and liberal republic and was prominent in Antonio López de Santa Anna's revolt of 1822-23, which overthrew the first ruler of independent Mexico, Agustín de Iturbide. In 1847 Álvarez fought in the war against the United States. On Oct. 27, 1849, he was named temporary governor of the new state of Guerrero, and was confirmed in elections in 1850. When Santa Anna reestablished his dictatorship in 1853, the liberal Álvarez accommodated himself to this situation as long as his hegemony in Guerrero was not threatened. In 1854, when Santa Anna tried to secure direct rule over Guerrero, Álvarez started the Revolution of Ayutla, and Santa Anna was sent into exile. Álvarez assumed control of the government, but soon resigned in favour of Ignacio Comonfort, his ally against Santa Anna. The work of Álvarez and Comonfort resulted in the liberal trend known as La Reforma ("The Reform") and in the constitution of 1857.

Álvarez (Álvarez), Luis H(éctor) (b. Oct. 25, 1919, Camargo, Chihuahua, Mexico - d. May 18, 2016, León, Guanajuato, Mexico), Mexican presidential candidate (1958). He was also mayor of Chihuahua (1983-86) and president of the National Action Party (1987-93).

Álvarez (Vera), Mariano (Alejo) (b. July 17, 1781, Arequipa, Peru - d. Feb. 15, 1855, Lima, Peru), foreign and interior minister of Peru (1829). He was also president of the General Constituent Congress (1828), minister to Bolivia (1830), and president of the Supreme Court (1834-35, 1845-47).

Alvarez, Pantaleon (Diaz) (b. Jan. 10, 1958), Philippine politician. He was secretary of transportation and communications (2001-02) and speaker of the House of Representatives (2016-18).

R. Álvarez

Álvarez (Gil), Roberto (b. June 7, 1944, Ciudad Trujillo [now Santo Domingo], Dominican Republic), foreign minister of the Dominican Republic (2020- ).

Álvarez Álvarez, José Luis (b. April 4, 1930, Madrid, Spain - d. Aug. 23, 2023, Cartagena, Spain), Spanish politician. He was mayor of Madrid (1978-79) and minister of transport and communications (1980-81) and agriculture, fisheries, and food (1981-82).

V. Álvarez

Álvarez Areces, Vicente (Alberto) (b. Aug. 4, 1943, Gijón, Spain - d. Jan. 17, 2019, Gijón), president of Asturias (1999-2011). He was also mayor of Gijón (1987-99).

Álvarez-Arenas Pacheco, Félix (b. Oct. 5, 1913, Ceuta, Spain - d. Oct. 3, 1992, Madrid, Spain), army minister of Spain (1975-77).

Álvarez Aybar, Ambrosio (b. Aug. 3, 1910, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic - d. May 3, 2004), foreign minister of the Dominican Republic (1961-62).

Álvarez-Buylla, Arturo (d. [executed] March 16, 1937, Ceuta, Spain), acting high commissioner of Spanish Morocco (1936).

Álvarez-Cascos (Fernández), Francisco (b. Oct. 1, 1947, Madrid, Spain), first deputy prime minister of Spain (1996-2000) and president of Asturias (2011-12). He was also minister of development (2000-04).

Álvarez de Lorenzana (y Guerrero), Juan (b. Aug. 29, 1818, Oviedo, Spain - d. July 15, 1883, Madrid, Spain), foreign minister of Spain (1868-69). He was also ambassador to the Holy See (1874-75).

Álvarez De Soto

Álvarez De Soto, Francisco (b. Nov. 11, 1968, Panama City, Panama), foreign minister of Panama (2012 [acting], 2014).

Álvarez de Toledo (Faix), Federico (b. March 20, 1875, Saladillo, Buenos Aires, Argentina - d. Feb. 13, 1939, Saladillo), federal interventor in Tucumán (1920-21). He was also Argentinian navy minister (1916-19), minister to the United Kingdom (1919-20), president of the Banco de la Nación Argentina (1921-24), and minister (1924-27) and ambassador (1927-30) to France.

Álvarez del Castillo (y Labastida), Enrique (b. Nov. 13, 1923, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico - d. May 3, 2006, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Jalisco (1983-88). He was also Mexican attorney general (1988-91).

Álvarez del Vayo (y Olloqui), Julio (b. Feb. 9, 1891, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid province [now autonomous community], Spain - d. May 2, 1975, Geneva, Switzerland), foreign minister of (republican) Spain (1936-37, 1938-39). He was also ambassador to Mexico (1931-33).

Álvarez García, Miguel, byname Capacha (b. 1880, Colima, Colima, Mexico - d. Dec. 14, 1931, Colima, Colima), governor of Colima (1919-23).

Álvarez Grau, Vladimiro (b. Jan. 4, 1943, Guayaquil, Ecuador), interior minister of Ecuador (1983-84, 1999-2000). He was also minister of labour and human resources (1981-83) and education and culture (1998-99) and a minor presidential candidate (1992).

Álvarez Guerrero, Osvaldo (b. 1940, Florida, Buenos Aires province, Argentina - d. July 27, 2008, Buenos Aires, Argentina), governor of Río Negro (1983-87).

Álvarez Lima, José Antonio (Cruz) (b. May 3, 1942, Apizaco, Tlaxcala, Mexico), governor of Tlaxcala (1993-99). He was also Mexican ambassador to Colombia (1985-87) and Portugal (1999-2001).

Álvarez Mendizábal, Juan (de Dios), originally Juan Álvarez Méndez (b. Feb. 25, 1790, Cádiz, Spain - d. Nov. 3, 1853, Madrid, Spain), finance minister (1835-36, 1836-37, 1843), acting prime minister (1835-36), and acting foreign minister (1835-36) of Spain.

E. Álvarez

Álvarez Montalván, Emilio (b. July 31, 1919, Managua, Nicaragua - d. July 2, 2014, Managua), foreign minister of Nicaragua (1997-98).

Álvarez Paz, Oswaldo (b. Feb. 10, 1943, Maracaibo, Venezuela), governor of Zulia (1989-93). He was also president of the Chamber of Deputies of Venezuela (1975-79).

Álvarez Pedreira, Vicente (b. June 27, 1933, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canarias, Spain - d. Aug. 18, 2002, Santa Cruz de Tenerife), president of the Junta of Canarias (1980-81).

Álvarez Plata, Federico (b. June 4, 1916, Chulumani, Bolivia - d. 2003, La Paz, Bolivia), interior and justice minister of Bolivia (1983-85). He was also minister of economy (1952-54) and education (1954-56) and ambassador to West Germany (1963-66).

G. Álvarez

Álvarez Ponce de León, Griselda (b. April 5, 1913, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico - d. March 26, 2009, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Colima (1979-85); daughter of Miguel Álvarez García.

Álvarez Restrepo, (Jesús) Antonio (b. Jan. 4, 1906, Sonsón, Antioquia, Colombia - d. April 14, 2003, Bogotá, Colombia), finance minister of Colombia (1951-53, 1957). He was also minister of education (1950-51) and development (1966-68) and ambassador to Italy (1968-71) and Romania (1970-71).

Álvarez Suárez, Humberto (b. May 10, 1895, La Serena, Chile - d. Jan. 24, 1982, Santiago, Chile), interior minister of Chile (1940). He was also justice minister (1936) and president of the Senate (1949).

Álvarez Torres, Francisco (Eloy) (b. Feb. 28, 1926, Mucurubá, Mérida, Venezuela), defense minister of Venezuela (1976-77).

Álvarez Vidaurre, Antonio (b. 1899 - d. January 1969, Madrid, Spain), Salvadoran diplomat. He was ambassador to Spain (1939-51, 1960-62) and Guatemala (1951-60), minister (1947-51) and ambassador (1961-62) to the Vatican, and permanent representative to the United Nations (1962-67).

Álvarez Villegas, Mariano Santos (b. Nov. 11, 1823, Lima, Peru - d. May 1893), prime minister of Peru (1887). He was also minister of justice, education, and worship (1863-64), foreign affairs (1882), and finance and commerce (1887) and minister to Venezuela (1866-67).

M.T. de Alvear

Alvear (Pacheco), (Máximo) Marcelo T(orcuato) de (b. Oct. 4, 1868, Buenos Aires, Argentina - d. March 23, 1942, Buenos Aires), president of Argentina (1922-28). He was a co-founder in 1890 of the Radical Civic Union (UCR) and took part in revolutions of 1890, 1893, and 1905 that helped to establish liberal democracy in Argentina; he then served as minister of public works in 1911, as a member of parliament in 1912-17, and as ambassador to France in 1917-22. In 1922 Hipólito Irigoyen, the UCR leader and president of Argentina, designated Alvear as his successor. Alvear secured enactment of some reforms, especially agricultural measures, but largely because of a split with Irigoyen his administration, on the whole, accomplished little. In 1928, he founded the Antipersonalist Union Party and formed an alliance with many conservatives. Irigoyen regained the presidency in the 1928 elections but was overthrown in a military coup in 1930. Alvear then rejoined the UCR. In 1931 he was declared ineligible to run for president because less than a full term had expired since he left office. In 1934 he was exiled in Europe for nine months after an unsuccessful revolt which the government blamed on the UCR. In 1937 he ran again for president but was defeated by Roberto M. Ortiz.

S. Alvear

Alvear Valenzuela, (María) Soledad (b. Sept. 17, 1950, Santiago, Chile), foreign minister of Chile (2000-04). In 1994-99 she was justice minister. Representing the Christian Democratic Party, she was a front-runner for the centre-left Concertación coalition's nomination for the December 2005 presidential election, but withdrew in May 2005, throwing her weight behind her former rival Michelle Bachelet.

A. Alves

Alves, Aluízio (b. Aug. 11, 1921, Angicos, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil - d. May 6, 2006, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte), governor of Rio Grande do Norte (1961-66). He was also Brazilian minister of administration (1985-89) and regional integration (1994-95).

Alves, Garibaldi, Filho (b. Feb. 4, 1947, Natal, Brazil), governor of Rio Grande do Norte (1995-2002). He was also mayor of Natal (1986-88), president of the Federal Senate (2007-09), and minister of social welfare (2011-15).

Alves, Henrique Eduardo (Lyra) (b. Dec. 9, 1948, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Brazilian politician. He was president of the Chamber of Deputies (2013-15) and minister of tourism (2015-16).

Alves, João, Filho (b. July 3, 1941, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil - d. Nov. 24, 2020, Brasília, Brazil), governor of Sergipe (1983-87, 1991-95, 2003-07) and interior minister of Brazil (1987-90). He was also mayor of Aracaju (1975-79, 2013-17).

Alves, João Luiz (b. May 23, 1870, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Nov. 15, 1925, Paris, France), justice and interior minister of Brazil (1922-25).

Alves, Joaquim José (b. June 22, 1834, Antonina, São Paulo [now in Paraná], Brazil - d. Aug. 16, 1905, Curitiba, Paraná), president of Paraná (1889).

Alves, Joaquim José Affonso (b. Dec. 20, 1815, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Aug. 10, 1899, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), president of Espírito Santo (1884).

Alves, Nito, byname of Alves Bernardo Baptista (b. July 23, 1945, Piri [now in Cuanza Norte province], Angola - d. 1977), interior minister of Angola (1975-76). After leading a coup attempt in May 1977, he was captured in July and probably executed soon afterward, although the government only confirmed this (without giving details) in 1992.

Alves, Thomaz, Junior (b. June 8, 1830, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. July 6, 1895, Rio de Janeiro), president of Sergipe (1860-61).

Alves, Vasco Lopes (b. July 4, 1898 - d. Oct. 31, 1976), governor-general of Angola (1943-47). He was Portuguese overseas minister in 1958-61.

Alvéstegui Laredo, David (b. May 30, 1887, Cochabamba, Bolivia - d. 1975, Cochabamba), foreign minister of Bolivia (1922-23, 1934-35). He was also minister of interior and posts and telegraphs (1922-23) and ambassador to Brazil (1932-34, 1939-44) and the Vatican (1935-36, 1938-39).

Alvi

Alvi, Arif (ur Rehman) (b. July 29, 1949, Karachi, Pakistan), president of Pakistan (2018-24).

Alvim, João de Souza Mello e (b. Oct. 6, 1823, Desterro [now Florianópolis], Santa Catarina, Brazil - d. April 17, 1885, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Ceará (1866-67); son of Miguel de Souza Mello e Alvim.

Alvim, José Cesário de Faria (b. June 7, 1839, Arraial do Pinheiro [now Pinheiros Altos], Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Dec. 3, 1903, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Rio de Janeiro (1884-86) and Minas Gerais (1889-90, 1891-92), interior minister of Brazil (1890-91), and prefect of Distrito Federal (1898-99).

Alvim, José Joaquim de Sá Freire (b. March 10, 1909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. July 9, 1981, Rio de Janeiro), prefect of Distrito Federal (1958-60).

Alvim, Miguel de Souza Mello e (b. March 9, 1784, Olaia farm, near Ourem, Portugal - d. Oct. 8, 1855, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), navy minister of Brazil (1828-29) and president of Santa Catarina (1830-31) and São Paulo (1841-42).

Alvord, William (b. Jan. 3, 1833, Albany, N.Y. - d. Dec. 21, 1904, San Francisco, Calif.), mayor of San Francisco (1871-73).

Alward

Alward, David (Nathan) (b. Dec. 2, 1959, Beverly, Mass.), premier of New Brunswick (2010-14).

Alwis, (Maha Amarasinghage) Anandatissa de (b. Aug. 21, 1919 - d. August 1996), governor of North Western province, Sri Lanka (1994-95). He was also speaker of the National State Assembly (1977-78) and minister of information (1988-89).

Alyaksyuk, Pavel (Pavlavich) (b. Nov. 28, 1892, Grodno, Russia [now in Belarus] - d. 19...), chairman of the Rada of Belorussia (1918).

Alyoshin, Boris (Sergeyevich) (b. March 3, 1955, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), a deputy prime minister of Russia (2003-04). He was also chairman of the State Committee for Standardization and Metrology (2001-03).

Alyshevsky, Vladimir (Vladimirovich) (b. Dec. 8, 1869 - d. af. 1921), governor of Baku (1905-15).

Alzamora (Mayo), Isaac (b. June 3, 1850, Lima, Peru - d. May 2, 1931, New York City), foreign minister (1888-89) and first vice-president (1899-1903) of Peru.

Alzamora (Mayo), Lizardo (b. Sept. 11, 1858, Tarma, Peru - d. March 10, 1929, Lima, Peru), justice and education minister of Peru (1901-02); brother of Isaac Alzamora. He was also interim rector of the University of San Marcos (1913) and president of the Supreme Court (1922-24).

Alzamora Freundt, José R(emigio) (b. July 23, 1891, Callao, Peru - d. Oct. 23, 1953, Lima, Peru), prime minister of Peru (1947). He was also minister of the navy (1945-46) and justice and worship (1947).

Alzamora Traverso, Carlos (Felipe) (b. May 20, 1926, Lima, Peru - d. Aug. 25, 2023, New York City), Peruvian diplomat. He was ambassador to France (1969-72) and the United States (2001) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1975-79, 1985-89).

Alzate Avendaño, Gilberto (b. Oct. 10, 1910, Manizales, Colombia - d. Nov. 26, 1960, Bogotá, Colombia), Colombian politician. He was president of the Senate (1951-52) and ambassador to Spain (1955-57).