Index Pa

Paasch

Paasikivi

Paasikivi, Juho Kusti, original name Johan August Hellstén (b. Nov. 27, 1870, Tampere, Finland - d. Dec. 14, 1956, Helsinki, Finland), prime minister (1918, 1944-46) and president (1946-56) of Finland. He was elected to the Finnish Eduskunta (parliament) in 1907 and became finance minister in 1908. He resigned from the government in 1909 in protest against illegal attempts at Russification. As the first prime minister after the war of independence in 1918, he favoured a pro-German policy and a monarchy for Finland. He headed the Finnish delegation at the peace talks with Soviet Russia in 1920. Appointed minister to Sweden in 1936, he was recalled in October 1939 to lead the delegation that unsuccessfully attempted to reach a peaceful settlement with the U.S.S.R. over that nation's territorial demands. During the Winter War of 1939-40 he did much to speed up the conclusion of peace; as chairman of the Finnish-Russian peace commission, he signed the treaty whereby Finland ceded to Russia about 10% of its territory in March 1940. The same month he was appointed minister to Moscow, but he resigned this post in May 1941 when it became clear that his government would side with Germany and "continue" the war. He was recalled to service to take part in abortive peace negotiations between Finland and the U.S.S.R. in the spring of 1944. In November 1944, the approaching Soviet victory was obvious to all, and the conciliatory Paasikivi was asked to serve as prime minister of a government pledged to peaceful cooperation with the Soviet Union. As president, he stood farther aloof from party politics than any of his predecessors. His policy was to remain uncompromising over Finnish independence and to resist Communist penetration in Finland, but otherwise to cultivate harmonious relations with the Soviet Union.

Paasio, Pertti (Kullervo) (b. April 2, 1939, Helsinki, Finland), foreign minister of Finland (1989-91); son of Rafael Paasio.

R. Paasio

Paasio, (Kustaa) Rafael, original surname Hällström (b. June 6, 1903, Uskela, Finland - d. March 17, 1980, Turku, Finland), prime minister of Finland (1966-68, 1972). He was editor in chief (1942-66) of Turun Päivälehti, a Social Democratic newspaper, and a member of the municipal council of Turku from 1945. He was a member of parliament from 1948 to 1975 and from 1949 to 1966 was chairman of its Foreign Affairs Committee; he was speaker in 1966 and 1970-72. He succeeded Väinö Tanner as chairman (1963-75) of the Social Democratic Party, which under his leadership became Finland's largest party. As prime minister (heading a coalition government in 1966-68 and a Social Democratic minority government in 1972) he sought to stabilize the country's economy and to reassure the Soviet Union of Finland's reliability as a neighbour.

Paavela, Paul (b. April 13, 1931, Suojärvi, Finland [now Suoyarvi, Karelia, Russia] - d. May 19, 1980, Vihti, Finland), finance minister of Finland (1975-76, 1977-79).

Paavola, Pekka (Kalervo) (b. Aug. 3, 1933, Tampere, Finland), justice minister of Finland (1972). He was also mayor of Tampere (1969-85).

Pablo Pardo (Gosset), Luis María de (b. Aug. 15, 1912, Buenos Aires, Argentina - d. May 27, 2007, Buenos Aires), foreign minister of Argentina (1955, 1970-72). In 1955 the appointment of Pablo Pardo, regarded as an ultra-nationalist, as interior minister led to the overthrow on the following day of Pres. Eduardo Lonardi. He also served as ambassador to Chile (1960-61) and to Switzerland (1976-77).

Pabón Núñez, Lucio (b. Oct. 21, 1913, Convención, Norte de Santander, Colombia - d. July 19, 1988, Bogotá, Colombia), war minister (1953) and interior minister (1953-56) of Colombia. He was also governor of Norte de Santander (1949-50), minister to Portugal (1950-52), education minister (1952-53), and ambassador to Argentina (1967-70).

Pabriks

Pacari

Pabriks, Artis (b. March 22, 1966, Jurmala, Latvian S.S.R.), foreign minister (2004-07) and defense minister (2010-14, 2019- ) of Latvia.

Pacari Vega, Nina, original name (until age 24) María Estela Vega Cornejo (b. Oct. 9, 1961, Cotacachi, Imbabura province, Ecuador), foreign minister of Ecuador (2003).

Pacavira, Manuel Pedro (b. Oct. 14, 1939, Golungo Alto, Angola - d. Sept. 12, 2016, Lisbon, Portugal), Angolan politician. He was minister of transport (1976-78) and agriculture (1978-81), ambassador to Cuba (1985-88) and Italy (2005-11), permanent representative to the United Nations (1988-91), and governor of Cuanza Norte (1991-2004).

Pace

Pace, Frank, Jr. (b. July 5, 1912, Little Rock, Ark. - d. Jan. 8, 1988, Greenwich, Conn.), U.S. government official. In 1936 he became assistant district attorney in the 12th judicial district in Arkansas. From 1938 to 1940 he was general counsel of the Arkansas state department of revenue. In 1942 he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the army air corps, and served for four years in the air transport command, reaching the rank of major. Early in 1946 he was made a special assistant to the U.S. Department of Justice dealing with tax matters, and in May of that year he became executive assistant to the postmaster general. In January 1948 he was appointed assistant director of the bureau of the budget, and a year later Pres. Harry S. Truman nominated him to the position of director of the budget. Late in March 1950 the president nominated him to become secretary of the army. He participated in the emergency planning involved in the defense of South Korea after the outbreak of the Korean War, and in the defense mobilization planning. It was under his authority, delegated from the president, that the U.S. Army seized the railroads of the nation on August 27 to avert a nationwide strike of trainmen and conductors. He served as army secretary until 1953 and later was a member of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (1961-73) and chairman of the board of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (1968-72).

A. Pachachi

Pachachi, Adnan, Arabic in full `Adnan Muzahim al-Bajaji (b. May 14, 1923, Baghdad, Iraq), foreign minister (1965-67) and president of the Governing Council (2004) of Iraq; son of Muzahim al-Pachachi. He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1959-65, 1967-69).

Pachachi, Hamdi al-, Arabic Hamdi al-Bajaji (b. 1891 - d. March 27, 1948, Baghdad, Iraq), prime minister (1944-46) and foreign minister (1945-46, 1948) of Iraq. He was also minister of social welfare (1941) and president of the Chamber of Deputies (1942-44).

Pachachi, Muzahim al-, Arabic in full Muzahim Amin al-Bajaji (b. Sept. 22, 1891, Baghdad, Ottoman Empire [now in Iraq] - d. Sept. 23, 1982, Geneva, Switzerland), foreign minister (1948, 1949-50) and prime minister (1948-49) of Iraq; cousin of Hamdi al-Pachachi. He was also minister of works (1924-25) and interior (1930), minister to the United Kingdom (1927-28), Italy (1935-39), and France (1939-42), and deputy prime minister (1949-50).

Pachachi, Nadim, Arabic Nadim al-Bajaji (b. March 18, 1914, Baghdad, Ottoman Empire [now in Iraq] - d. [following skiing accident] Feb. 29, 1976, Switzerland), secretary-general of OPEC (1971-72). He was also Iraqi minister of economy (1952-57), finance (1954-57), and construction (acting, 1957).

Pachano (Muñoz), Jacinto Regino (b. April 22, 1835, La Vela de Coro, Venezuela - d. June 17, 1903, Caracas, Venezuela), interior and justice minister (1864-65, 1866) and foreign minister (1901-02) of Venezuela. He was also minister of development (1865-66, 1877-78, 1887), public credit (1889), and posts and telegraphs (1899), minister to Haiti and the Dominican Republic (1891) and Brazil (1895-99), and president of the Senate (1899).

Pacheco (Leyes), (José) Gregorio (b. July 4, 1823, Livilivi, Upper Peru [now in Potosí department, Bolivia] - d. Aug. 30, 1899, Tatasi, Potosí, Bolivia), president of Bolivia (1884-88).

J. Pacheco

Pacheco, José (Condungua António) (b. Sept. 10, 1958, Búzi, Sofala, Mozambique), interior minister (2005-10) and foreign minister (2017- ) of Mozambique. He was also governor of Cabo Delgado (1998-2005) and agriculture minister (2010-17).

Pacheco, (José Antonio) Romualdo (b. Oct. 31, 1831, Santa Barbara, Alta California, Mexico [now Calif.] - d. Jan. 23, 1899, Oakland, Calif.), acting governor of California (1875). He was also U.S. minister to Guatemala and Honduras (1891-93) and Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and El Salvador (1891).

Pacheco, Wenceslao (b. Sept. 28, 1838, Mendoza, Argentina - d. Dec. 19, 1899, Buenos Aires, Argentina), finance minister (1885-89, 1889-90) and interior minister (1889) of Argentina.

J. Pacheco

A. Pacheco

Pacheco Areco, Jorge (Alejandro) (b. April 9, 1920, Montevideo, Uruguay - d. July 29, 1998, Montevideo), president of Uruguay (1967-72). He was also ambassador to Spain (1972-79), Switzerland (1979-80), and the United States (1980-82).

Pacheco de la Espriella, Abel (de Jesús) (b. Dec. 22, 1933, San José, Costa Rica), president of Costa Rica (2002-06).

Pacheco Villalobos, Carlos (b. Oct. 16, 1839, San Nicolás del Terrero [now General Carlos Pacheco, Balleza municipality], Chihuahua, Mexico - d. Sept. 15, 1891, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico), governor of Puebla (1876-77), Morelos (1877-79), the Distrito Federal (1880-81), and Chihuahua (1884-88). He was also Mexican minister of war and marine (1879-80) and development, colonization, and industry (1881-91).

Pacheco y Gutiérrez Calderón, Joaquín Francisco (b. Feb. 22, 1808, Écija, Sevilla province, Spain - d. Oct. 8, 1865, Madrid, Spain), prime minister (1847) and foreign minister (1847, 1854, 1864) of Spain. He was also ambassador to the Papal State (1847) and Mexico (1860-61).

Pacolli

Pacolli, Behgjet (Isa) (Albanian), Serbian Behdjet (often incorrectly Bedzet) Pacoli (b. Aug. 30, 1951, Marec [Marevce], near Pristina, Kosovo), president (2011) and foreign minister (2017- ) of Kosovo. In 2011-14 he was first deputy prime minister.

Pacoste, Cornel (b. July 15, 1930, Pesteana-Vulcan, Gorj county, Romania - d. July 12, 1999, Bucharest, Romania), a deputy prime minister of Romania (1986-89). He was also first secretary of the party committees of Arad (1980-82) and Timis (1982-85) counties and chairman of the executive committee of Timis county (1982-85).

Padacké

Padacké, Albert Pahimi (b. Nov. 15, 1966, Gouin, Torrock sub-prefecture, Chad), finance minister (1994-95) and prime minister (2016-18) of Chad. He was also minister of industrial, commercial, and arts and craft development (1997), mines, energy, and oil (2001), agriculture (2005-07), justice (2007-08), posts and new communication technologies (2008-10), and agriculture and irrigation (2010-11) and a presidential candidate (2006, 2011).

Paddon, (William) Anthony (b. July 10, 1914, Indian Harbour, Labrador - d. Jan. 5, 1995), lieutenant governor of Newfoundland (1981-86). He was the first Labradorian to hold the position.

Paderewski

Paderewski, Ignacy (Jan) (b. Nov. 18 [Nov. 6, O.S.], 1860, Kurylówka, Podolia province, Russian Poland [now Kurylivka, Ukraine] - d. June 29, 1941, New York City), prime minister of Poland (1919). A world-famous pianist, he was also a staunch patriot. In 1910, on the 500th anniversary of the Battle of Grunwald, he presented the city of Kraków with a monument commemorating the victory of the Poles over the Teutonic Order. During World War I he donated the income from his public appearances to the aid of Polish war victims. He became a member of the Polish National Committee and was appointed its representative to the United States. In 1916-17 he urged Pres. Woodrow Wilson to support the cause of Polish independence, and Wilson included it as the thirteenth of his Fourteen Points of Jan. 8, 1918. After the war the provisional head of state, Józef Pilsudski, asked Paderewski to form a government of experts; this was done on Jan. 17, 1919. Paderewski also took the portfolio of foreign affairs. He had difficulties with professional politicians, and his premiership was not a success. No political party supported him in his ambition to be elected president of the republic. On Nov. 27, 1919, he resigned as premier and returned to Switzerland, where he had settled in 1898. He never revisited Poland. At the beginning of World War II, in October 1939, a Polish government-in-exile was formed in Paris with Gen. Wladyslaw Sikorski as prime minister, and Paderewski accepted the chairmanship of the Polish National Council (exile parliament) in January 1940 but because of his physical condition went back to Switzerland. He later decided to go to the United States, where he arrived in November. He died soon after and, by order of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Padilla (Peñaloza), Ezequiel (b. Dec. 31, 1890, Coyuca de Catalán, Guerrero, Mexico - d. Sept. 6, 1971, Mexico City, Mexico), foreign minister of Mexico (1940-45). He was also attorney general (1928), minister of education (1928-30), minister to Italy and Hungary (1930-32), and a presidential candidate (1946).

Padilla (Victorica), Tiburcio (Alfredo Rafael) (b. Oct. 24, 1893, Buenos Aires, Argentina - d. July 1, 1963, Buenos Aires), acting foreign minister of Argentina (1963). He was also minister of social assistance and public health (1962-63).

D. Padilla

L. Padilla

Padilla Arancibia, (José) David (b. Aug. 13, 1927, Sucre, Bolivia - d. Sept. 25, 2016, La Paz, Bolivia), president of Bolivia (1978-79).

Padilla Nervo, Luis (b. Aug. 19, 1894, Zamora, Michoacán, Mexico - d. Sept. 9, 1985, Mexico City, Mexico), president of the UN General Assembly (1951-52) and foreign minister of Mexico (1952-58). He was also minister to Costa Rica (1934-37), El Salvador (1934-35), Panama (1935-36), Paraguay (1937), Uruguay (1937-38), and Denmark (1939-40), chargé d'affaires in the Netherlands (1938-39), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1945-52, 1958-63).

Padilla Tonos, Pedro (Luciano) (b. Jan. 18, 1937, Barahona, Dominican Republic), foreign minister of the Dominican Republic (1982). He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2000-03) and ambassador to Italy (2003-04).

Padiyara

Padiyara, Antony Cardinal (b. Feb. 11, 1921, Manimala, India - d. March 23, 2000, Cochin, India), Major Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly of the Syro-Malabar rite (1992-96). The Syro-Malabar rite dates back to the Apostle Saint Thomas who brought the faith to India and Ceylon. Through the influence of the missionary priests in his village he entered the regional seminary of St. Peter in Bangalore and left the Syro-Malabar rite behind in favour of the Latin rite which he was ordained into on Dec. 19, 1945, in the diocese of Coimbatore. Ten years later Pope Pius XII made him the first bishop of the diocese of Ootacamund on July 3, 1955, and he was installed on Oct. 15, 1955. He remained there for fifteen years until June 14, 1970, when Pope Paul VI accepted his request to return to his roots of the Syro-Malabar rite and he was made Archbishop of Changanacherry, about 500 km due north of Bombay on the western side of the country. The official title was Metropolitan Archbishop. With his return to his original rite, he was able to better inform his flock as to the similarities and unity of the two rites, both in union with Rome. On April 23, 1985, Pope John Paul II named him the first archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly. Three years later he was elevated to the cardinalate in the consistory of June 28, 1988, receiving the titular church of St. Mary Queen of Peace in Monte Verde and given curial membership in the Congregation for the Oriental Churches. On Dec. 16, 1992, his archdiocese was made a Major Archbishopric in the Syro-Malabar Church and he was enthroned on May 20, 1993, as the first Major Archbishop. Because of age, he retired on Nov. 11, 1996.

Padmanabhan

Pado

Padmanabhan, Anandam (b. 1928), governor of Mizoram (1998-2000).

Pado, Martin (b. May 15, 1959, Michalovce, Czechoslovakia [now in Slovakia]), interior minister of Slovakia (2006).

Padoan, Pier Carlo (b. Jan. 19, 1950, Rome, Italy), finance minister of Italy (2014-18).

Paek

Paek Nam Sun, formerly known as Paek Nam Jun (b. March 13, 1929, North Hamgyong province, Korea [now in North Korea] - d. Jan. 2, 2007), foreign minister of North Korea (1998-2007). He was ambassador to Poland in 1974-79.

Paelinck, Jean (Henri) (b. June 4, 1906, Hasselt, Belgium - d. Oct. 6, 1961, Brussels, Belgium), governor of Kasaï (1955) and Katanga (1956-58).

Paeniu

Paet

Paeniu, Bikenibeu (b. May 10, 1956, Tarawa, Gilbert and Ellice Islands [now in Tuvalu]), prime minister (1989-93, 1996-99) and finance minister (2002-06) of Tuvalu.

Paet, Urmas (b. April 20, 1974, Tallinn, Estonian S.S.R.), foreign minister of Estonia (2005-14). Previously he was minister of culture (2003-05).

Páez (Herrera), José Antonio (b. June 13, 1790, Curpa, near Acarigua, New Granada [now in Venezuela] - d. May 6, 1873, New York City), president (1830-35, 1839-43) and supreme chief (1861-63) of Venezuela. In 1810 he joined the revolutionary movement against Spain as the leader of a band of llaneros (horsemen of the plains). Becoming chief Venezuelan commander to Simón Bolívar, the liberator of northern South America, he administered serious defeats to the Spanish at Carabobo (1821) and Puerto Cabello (1823) that resulted in their complete withdrawal. In 1826, after rebelling against the authority of Gran Colombia, of which Venezuela was a province, he was conciliated by Bolívar, who made him military and civil chief of Venezuela. This paved the way for the war of Venezuelan independence in which Páez was the prime mover. He became the new republic's first head of state in 1830 and remained in effective control until 1847. A conservative oligarch and exponent of personalism, he leveraged his prestige and military prowess to maintain internal peace while establishing the country's social and economic infrastructures. He curbed the power of the church in secular affairs but supported its religious authority. In 1848-49 he headed a rebellion against Pres. José Tadeo Monagas, but was defeated and imprisoned for several months. He was forced into exile in 1850, returning to Venezuela during another period of civil unrest in 1858. After becoming minister to the United States in 1860, he came to power again in 1861, but was severely repressive and was again driven into exile when the federalist party defeated the centralists led by Páez.

Pagan Min¹ (b. June 21, 1811, Amarapura, Kingdom of Awa [now in Myanmar] - d. March 14, 1880, Ratnapura [Innwa], Kingdom of Awa), king of Awa (1846-53). He and his brothers confined their father, the insane king Tharawadi Min, in 1845. Killing his rival brothers, he became king when Tharawadi died in 1846. Although he was not one of Awa's more enlightened monarchs, he acted with tact and restraint during the crisis preceding the Second Anglo-Burmese War. In 1851 the governor of Pegu at Rangoon, Maung Ok, charged the captains of two British merchant ships with murder, embezzlement, and evading customs fees, forcing them to pay several hundred rupees before being allowed to return to Calcutta. On their complaints, Lord Dalhousie, the governor-general of India, sent an emissary, Commodore George Lambert, with a letter to the king requesting compensation that amounted to £920 and the dismissal of Maung Ok. Pagan agreed to replace Maung Ok, but on Jan. 6, 1852, when the new governor declined to meet with a British delegation, Lambert evacuated all British subjects and blockaded the coast. Within days British warships were firing on Rangoon. On February 7, Pagan wrote Dalhousie to protest the acts of aggression. A few days earlier, the governor had offered to pay the compensation for the two ship captains. On February 13, however, Dalhousie sent an ultimatum to the king, demanding the equivalent of £100,000 as compensation for the British war expenses, to be paid by April 1. Pagan did not answer the ultimatum, and a few days after its expiry British troops entered Burmese territory; in December Britain annexed the province of Pegu. On Feb. 18, 1853, Pagan was deposed by his brother Mindon Min, who favoured reconciliation with the British.
¹ Literally "Prince of Pagan," a style conferred before accession; used colloquially instead of the very complex official name as king.

Paganon, Joseph (b. March 19, 1880, Vourey, Isère, France - d. Nov. 2, 1937, Paris, France), interior minister of France (1935-36). He was also minister of public works (1933-34, 1935).

E. Page

Page, Sir Earle (Christmas Grafton) (b. Aug. 8, 1880, Grafton, N.S.W. - d. Dec. 20, 1961, Sydney, N.S.W.), Australian statesman. He was living in northern New South Wales at a time when a strong movement was developing there in favour of the establishment of a new state, free from the allegedly overbearing effect of Sydney urban interests. This agitation, which attracted him into politics, also gave great impetus to the growth of a primary producers' party. In 1919 he entered the federal parliament as one of the first representatives of what in 1920 became the Country Party (now the National Party), and as its leader from 1921 to 1939 he was a spokesman for its goal of rural economic development. The Country Party's influence forced the withdrawal of William Morris Hughes from the leadership of the Nationalist Party and the premiership in 1923. A Nationalist-Country coalition was then formed, in which Page led 5 Country Party members in a cabinet of 11. He had the portfolio of treasurer and was scarcely less influential than the prime minister, Stanley Melbourne Bruce. The Bruce-Page ministry, lasting until 1929, gave exclusive priority to the development of the national economy. Never again did Page or his party exercise so much influence as in the 1920s. He was minister of commerce (1934-39, 1940-41), was knighted in 1938, and served as prime minister for 19 days following the death of Joseph Lyons in 1939, but his deposition from the party leadership shortly afterward marked the deepening of a very long political twilight. As minister of health (1949-56), he introduced a comprehensive national health scheme in 1953. He remained in parliament until being defeated immediately before his death in 1961; he had represented Cowper, N.S.W., for 42 years.

Page, Théogène François (b. March 31, 1807, Vitry-le-François, Marne, France - d. Feb. 2 or 3, 1867, Paris, France), commandant of the French Settlements in Oceania (1852-54) and governor of Cochinchina (1859-61).

Page, Thomas Nelson (b. April 23, 1853, Oakland plantation, Hanover county, Va. - d. Nov. 1, 1922, Oakland plantation), U.S. diplomat. He was ambassador to Italy (1913-19).

Pagès, Pierre (André Michel) (b. Sept. 5, 1893, Argelès-sur-Mer, Pyrénées-Orientales, France - d. Dec. 12, 1980, Canet-en-Roussillon, Pyrénées-Orientales), governor of Cochinchina (1934-39). He was also prefect of Alger département (1940-42).

Paguaga Fernández, Enrique (b. July 24, 1937, Jinotepe, Nicaragua), Nicaraguan diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1997-98) and ambassador to Costa Rica (1998-2000).

Pahadia

Pahor

Pahadia, Jagannath (b. Jan. 15, 1932, Bhusawar village [now in Bharatpur district, Rajasthan], India), chief minister of Rajasthan (1980-81) and governor of Bihar (1989-90) and Haryana (2009-14).

Pahor, Borut (b. Nov. 2, 1963, Postojna, Slovenia), prime minister (2008-12) and president (2012- ) of Slovenia. He was speaker of the National Assembly in 2000-04.

Pahr

Paige

Pahr, Willibald (b. June 15, 1930, Vienna, Austria), foreign minister of Austria (1976-83). He was also ambassador to West Germany (1983-85) and secretary-general of the World Tourism Organization (1986-89).

Paige, Rod(erick Raynor) (b. June 17, 1933, Monticello, Miss.), U.S. secretary of education (2001-05).

Paik Too Chin (b. Oct. 7, 1908, Hwanghae province, Korea - d. Sept. 5, 1993), finance minister (1951-53) and prime minister (1952-54, 1970-71) of South Korea. He was also speaker of the National Assembly (1971-72, 1979).

Paine

Paine, Thomas (b. Jan. 29, 1737, Thetford, Norfolk, England - d. June 8, 1809, New York City), English-American political pamphleteer. He went to America in 1774, where the conflict between the colonists and England was just reaching its height, and after blood was spilled at the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, he argued that the cause of America should not just be a revolt against taxation but a demand for independence. He put this idea into Common Sense, a 50-page pamphlet which came out on Jan. 10, 1776, and sold more than 100,000 copies within three months. It impacted public opinion and the deliberations of the Continental Congress more than any other single publication, paving the way for the Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776. During the war of independence, Paine served as volunteer aide-de-camp to Gen. Nathanael Greene. He revived the flagging morale of the troops and the civilian population with his 16 Crisis papers. In 1777-79 he was secretary to the congressional committee of foreign affairs. After the war, he devoted his time to inventions, and in 1787 he left for Europe to promote his plan to build a single-arch bridge across the wide Schuylkill River near Philadelphia. But it was the French Revolution that soon filled his thoughts. He published Rights of Man (1791-92), which was banned in Britain. Paine himself was indicted for treason, but before he could be arrested, he went to France and was elected to a seat in the National Convention. When the radicals under Robespierre held power, Paine was imprisoned (1793-94). His last great treatises, The Age of Reason (1794-96), opposing organized religion, and Agrarian Justice (1797), attacking inequalities in property ownership, added to his many enemies in establishment circles. He returned to the U.S. in 1802.

Painlevé, Paul (Prudent) (b. Dec. 5, 1863, Paris, France - d. Oct. 29, 1933, Paris), prime minister of France (1917, 1925). He was also minister of public instruction and fine arts (1915-16), war (1917, 1925, 1925-26, 1926-29), finance (1925), and air (1930-31, 1932-33) and president of the Chamber of Deputies (1924-25).

Pairin Kitingan, (Datuk Seri Panglima) Joseph (b. Aug. 17, 1940, Papar, North Borneo [now Sabah, Malaysia]), chief minister of Sabah (1985-94).

Pais, Sidónio Bernardino Cardoso da Silva (b. May 1, 1872, Caminha, Viana do Castelo district, Portugal - d. Dec. 14, 1918, Lisbon, Portugal), finance minister (1911-12), prime minister, war minister, and foreign minister (1917-18), and president (1917-18) of Portugal. A leader in establishing the republic in 1910, he was also minister of development (1911) and minister to Germany (1912-16) until Portugal entered World War I. In December 1917, he overthrew the democratic regime and made himself president (confirmed by elections in April 1918). He exercised dictatorial powers that foreshadowed the António Salazar regime, although he was more populist than Salazar. In July 1918 he resumed relations with the Holy See. From October he was faced with a revolutionary movement; for a time he gained control of the situation, but in December his "New Republic" ended after only a year with his assassination by José Júlio da Costa.

Paisley, Ian: see Bannside, Ian Paisley, Baron.

Pajak, Antoni (b. 1893 - d. Nov. 26, 1965, London, England), prime minister of the Polish government in exile (1955-65).

Pajic, Dragan (b. March 14, 1956, Brcko, Bosnia and Herzegovina), mayor of Brcko (2009-11).

Pajtic

Pajtic, Bojan (b. May 2, 1970, Senta, Vojvodina, Serbia), chairman of the Executive Council (2004-09) and chairman of the government (2009-16) of Vojvodina.

Pajula, Merle (b. Jan. 13, 1960, Tallinn, Estonian S.S.R.), Estonian diplomat. She has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2000-04) and ambassador to Finland (2006-10) and Sweden (2015- ).

Pak Gil Yon (b. 1943, Chagang province, Korea [now in North Korea]), North Korean diplomat. He was permanent observer (1984-91) and permanent representative (1991-96, 2001-08) to the United Nations.

Pak Hon Yong (b. 1889 - d. [executed] Dec. 18, 1955), foreign minister of North Korea (1948-53).

Pak Kun (b. April 5, 1927), South Korean diplomat. He was ambassador to Switzerland (1975-76), Thailand (1976-79), and Belgium and Luxembourg (1979-82) and permanent observer to the United Nations (1986-88).

Pak Pong Ju

Pak Song Chol

Pak Pong Ju (b. April 10, 1939, Songjin [now Kimch'aek], North Hamgyong province, Korea [now in North Korea]), premier of North Korea (2003-07, 2013- ). He was also minister of chemical industry (1998-2003).

Pak Song Chol (b. Sept. 2, 1913, Kyongju, North Kyongsang province, Korea [now in South Korea] - d. Oct. 28, 2008), foreign minister (1959-70), premier (1976-77), and a vice president (1977-98) of North Korea. He was also ambassador to Bulgaria (1954-56).

Pak Tong Jin (b. Oct. 11, 1922, Daegu, Korea [now in South Korea] - d. Nov. 11, 2013), foreign minister of South Korea (1975-80). He was also ambassador to South Vietnam (1961-62), Brazil (1962-68), and the United States (1988-91), permanent observer to the United Nations (1973-75), and minister of unification (1985-86).

Pak Ui Chun (b. 1932), foreign minister of North Korea (2007-14). He was also ambassador to Russia (1998-2006).

Pakhno, Viktor (Stepanovich) (b. Dec. 23, 1938), acting head of the administration of Kaluga oblast (1996).

Pakkanen, Atte (Mikael Johannes) (b. Nov. 13, 1912, Urjala, Finland - d. Dec. 22, 1994, Helsinki, Finland), defense minister (1957) and interior minister (1958-59) of Finland.

Paksas

Paksas, Rolandas (b. June 10, 1956, Telsiai, Lithuanian S.S.R.), president of Lithuania (2003-04). Elected to the Vilnius city council in March 1997, he was shortly thereafter (April 10) elected mayor by his fellow councilmen. He was celebrated for his revitalization of the capital's historic old town, among the largest in Europe. He transformed the Rotushes (City Hall) building from a stuffy museum to an international conference and reception hall and relit and repainted much of the decaying capital. In 1999 he was appointed prime minister after Gediminas Vagnorius resigned. Paksas, a member of Vagnorius' Conservative Party, was a relative political novice and analysts doubted whether he had the power to pilot the government for the next 18 months until elections or the know-how to stabilize the economy. He had little influence in his party and no experience at high level politics, but he had the highest approval rating of any Conservative, making him an ideal compromise candidate and giving him the popular backing that Vagnorius lacked for many of his final months in office. Even Paksas himself had shown some reluctance to take the post. In October 1999 he stepped down after a 5½-month stint as prime minister, during which time he saw his ratings skyrocket to over 70%. He quit over the sale of the state-owned oil concern to U.S. energy group Williams, which he said forced too many obligations on the small Baltic state. He served again as prime minister in 2000-01, founded the Liberal Democratic Party in 2002, and was elected president in 2003. In 2004 the Constitutional Court ruled that he broke the constitution and his oath by granting his supporter Jurij Borisov citizenship, telling him he was under investigation by special services, and illegally influencing companies; the parliament then voted to remove him from office.

Pakvasa, Mangaldas Mancharam (b. May 7, 1882 - d. Nov. 6, 1968), governor of Madhya Pradesh (1947-52), Bombay (1954-55), and Maharashtra (1964).

Pal, Jagdambika (b. Oct. 21, 1950, Rameshwerpuri village, Basti district, Uttar Pradesh, India), chief minister of Uttar Pradesh (1998).

Pala

Pala, Ano (b. Sept. 15, 1952), foreign minister of Papua New Guinea (2011-12). He was also minister of justice (2010, 2014-17), agriculture and livestock (2010-11), and transport (2012-14).

Alfredo Palacio

Ana Palacio

Palacio (González), (Luis) Alfredo (b. Jan. 22, 1939, Guayaquil, Ecuador), vice president (2003-05) and president (2005-07) of Ecuador.

Palacio (Vallelersundi), Ana (Isabel) (surname shortened from de Palacio del Valle-Lersundi) (b. July 22, 1948, Madrid, Spain), foreign minister of Spain (2002-04).

Palacio (del Valle-Lersundi), (Ignacia de) Loyola de (b. Sept. 16, 1950, Madrid, Spain - d. Dec. 13, 2006, Madrid), Spanish politician; sister of Ana Palacio. She was minister of agriculture, fisheries, and food (1996-99) in the first conservative government of José María Aznar. Elected to the European Parliament in June 1999 as head of the right-wing Popular Party list, she was appointed one month later as vice-president of the European Commission and commissioner for transport and energy, a post she held until 2004.

Palacios Alcocer, Mariano (b. May 27, 1952, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico), governor of Querétaro (1985-91). He was also mayor of Querétaro (1976-79), Mexican ambassador to Portugal (1995-97) and the Vatican (2013-16), president of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (1997-99, 2005-07), and minister of labour and social security (1999-2000).

Palacios de Vizzio, Sergio (b. Sept. 27, 1936, Cochabamba, Bolivia), Bolivian diplomat. He was ambassador to Japan (c. 1970) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1979-80).

Palaitis, Raimundas (b. Oct. 23, 1957, Palanga, Lithuanian S.S.R.), interior minister of Lithuania (2008-12).

Palamarchuk, Luka (Fomich) (b. Sept. 19 [Sept. 6, O.S.], 1906, Troshcha, Russia [now in Vinnytsia oblast, Ukraine] - d. Jan. 2, 1986, Kiev, Ukrainian S.S.R.), foreign minister of the Ukrainian S.S.R. (1953-65). He was also Soviet ambassador to Morocco (1965-72).

Palanisamy

Palanisamy, Edappadi K., also spelled Palaniswami (b. March 2, 1954, Andhiyur, Madras [now in Tamil Nadu], India), chief minister of Tamil Nadu (2017- ).

Palar, Lambertus Nicodemus, byname Nico Palar (b. June 5, 1900, Rurukan, Netherlands East Indies [now in Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia] - d. Feb. 13, 1981, Jakarta, Indonesia), Indonesian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1950-53, 1962-65) and ambassador to India (1953-55), West Germany (1955-56), Canada (1957-62), and the United States (1965-67).

Palas

Palas, Jaroslav (b. Oct. 2, 1952, Bruntál, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), governor of Moravskoslezský kraj (2008-12). He was agriculture minister of the Czech Republic in 2002-05.

Palasne de Champeaux, Louis Eugène (b. Jan. 1, 1840, Brest, Finistère, France - d. Aug. 29, 1889, Marseille, France), acting resident-general of Cambodia (1887-89).

Palaszczuk

Palaszczuk, Annastacia (b. July 25, 1969, Brisbane, Qld.), premier of Queensland (2015- ).

Paleckis, Justas, Russian Yustas (Ignovich) Paletskis (b. Jan. 22, 1899, Telsiai, Russia [now in Lithuania] - d. Jan. 26, 1980, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Lithuanian politician. He was the pro-Soviet agent who was appointed head of the puppet government of Lithuania by Soviet high commissar Vladimir G. Dekanozov on June 17, 1940, two days after the Soviet army invaded Lithuania. Paleckis immediately dissolved the Seimas (parliament) and staged a July 14 election featuring only pro-Soviet candidates. On July 21 the new Seimas voted unanimously for a resolution requesting the U.S.S.R. to annex Lithuania. On August 3 the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. granted the request. On June 22, 1941, however, when Germany invaded the U.S.S.R., Paleckis fled to Moscow. When the Soviet army reoccupied Lithuania in 1944, he resumed his post as chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian S.S.R. (until 1967). From 1966 to 1970 he was also chairman of the Soviet of Nationalities, part of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R.

Paleckis, Justas Vincas (b. Jan. 1, 1942, Kuybyshev, Russian S.F.S.R. [now Samara, Russia]), Lithuanian diplomat; son of Justas Paleckis. He was ambassador to the United Kingdom (1996-2001), Portugal (1997-99), and Ireland (1997-2001).

Palen, Graf Fyodor (Petrovich), German in full Friedrich Alexander Graf von der Pahlen (b. Sept. 2, 1780, Mitau, Courland [now Jelgava, Latvia] - d. Jan. 8, 1863, St. Petersburg, Russia), Russian administrator of Moldavia and Walachia (1828-29); son of Graf Pyotr (Alekseyevich) Palen; brother of Graf Pyotr (Petrovich) Palen. He was also Russian minister to the United States (1809-11), Portugal in Brazil (1811-15), and Bavaria (1815-22), mayor of Odessa (1826-28), and acting governor-general of Novorossiya (1826-28, 1830-32).

Palen, Graf Konstantin (Ivanovich), German in full Magnus Konstantin Ferdinand Graf von der Pahlen (b. Dec. 1, 1830, Mitava, Russia [now Jelgava, Latvia] - d. May 2, 1912, St. Petersburg, Russia), justice minister of Russia (1867-78); grandson of Graf Pyotr (Alekseyevich) Palen. He was also governor of Pskov (1864-67).

Palen, Graf Konstantin (Konstantinovich), German Konstantin Johann Georg Graf von der Pahlen (b. April 7 [March 26, O.S.], 1861, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Aug. 14, 1923, Wernigerode, Prussia [now in Sachsen-Anhalt], Germany), governor of Vilna (1902-05); son of Graf Konstantin (Ivanovich) Palen.

Palen, Baron Matvey (Ivanovich), German Carl Magnus Freiherr von der Pahlen (b. March 2 [Feb. 19, O.S.], 1779, Reval, Russia [now Tallinn, Estonia] - d. June 1 [May 20, O.S.], 1863, Palms, Russia [now Palmse, Estonia]), governor-general of Livonia, Estonia, and Courland (1830-45); nephew of Graf Pyotr (Alekseyevich) Palen.

Palen, Graf Pyotr (Alekseyevich), German Peter Ludwig Graf von der Pahlen (b. June 28 [June 17, O.S.], 1745, Palms, Russia [now Palmse, Estonia] - d. Feb. 25 [Feb. 13, O.S.], 1826, Mitava, Russia [now Jelgava, Latvia]), governor of Riga (1791-95), governor-general of Courland (1795-97) and Livonia and Estonia (1800-01), and military governor of St. Petersburg (1798-1800, 1800-01). He was made Graf (count) in 1799.

Palen, Graf Pyotr (Petrovich), German in full Peter Johann Christoph Graf von der Pahlen (b. Aug. 31, 1777, Kautzemünde, Courland [now Kaucminde, Latvia] - d. April 20, 1864, St. Petersburg, Russia), Russian diplomat; son of Graf Pyotr (Alekseyevich) Palen. He was ambassador to France (1835-51; absent from 1841).

Palihakkara, H(ewa) M(athara) G(amage) S(iripala) (b. 1947, Ceylon [now Sri Lanka]), governor of Northern province, Sri Lanka (2015-16). He was also ambassador to the Vatican (1997-2000) and Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia (2000-04) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2008-09).

Palin

Palin, Sarah (Louise Heath), née Heath (b. Feb. 11, 1964, Sandpoint, Idaho), governor of Alaska (2006-09). Her political career began in 1992, when she won a seat on the Wasilla city council. Beating a three-term incumbent, she became mayor (1996-2002) of Wasilla, a place of 6,000 people northeast of Anchorage. In December 2006 she arrived at the state capitol on an ethics reform platform after defeating incumbent Frank Murkowski in the Republican primary and former Democratic governor Tony Knowles in the general election. Her growing reputation as a maverick for bucking her party's establishment and Alaska's powerful oil industry gained her national attention. She distanced herself from the old guard, powerful Republicans in the state GOP, even calling on tight-lipped veteran U.S. Sen. Ted Stevens to explain to Alaskans why federal authorities were investigating him. She asked Alaska's congressional delegation to be more selective in seeking earmarks after what came to be known as the "Bridge to Nowhere" turned into a national symbol of pork-barrel spending. She stood up to the powerful oil industry and with bipartisan support in the statehouse won a tax increase on oil companies' profits. Her approval ratings in Alaska hovered in the 80% range. Still it came as a surprise when in August 2008 Republican presidential candidate John McCain, passing over many other better known prospects, picked her as his running mate. Her strong anti-abortion and pro-gun stance (she is a hunter and life member of the National Rifle Association) pleased the conservatives in the party, but her lack of experience in high-level politics (having served only 20 months as governor at the time of her nomination) tended to neutralize Republicans' possibilities of raising similar concerns about the Democratic candidate Barack Obama (a U.S. senator since January 2005). In the course of the campaign she was increasingly considered unqualified for the presidency and the selection might have contributed to McCain's ultimate defeat. She resigned as governor in July 2009.

Paliudju, Bandjela (b. March 3, 1945, Palu, Netherlands East Indies [now in Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia]), governor of Sulawesi Tengah (1996-2001, 2006-11).

Päll, Eduard (Nikolayevich), pseudonym Hugo Angervaks (b. Oct. 15 [Oct. 2, O.S.], 1903, Livonia province, Russia [now in Estonia] - d. June 13, 1989, Tallinn, Estonian S.S.R.), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian S.S.R. (1947-50). He was also a deputy premier (1941) and people's commissar of state control (1941).

Pallade, George D. (b. Jan. 20, 1857, Bârlad, Moldavia [now in Romania] - d. May 27, 1903, Bârlad), finance minister (1898-99, 1901-02) and interior minister (1902) of Romania. He was also minister of agriculture, industry, commerce, and domains (1895-96) and justice (1898).

Pallady, secular name Pavel (Ivanovich) Rayev (b. July 2 [June 20, O.S.], 1827, Nizhny Novgorod province, Russia - d. Dec. 17 [Dec. 5, O.S.], 1898, St. Petersburg, Russia), metropolitan of St. Petersburg (1892-98). He was also bishop of Ladoga (1866-69), Vologda (1869-73), Tambov (1873-76), and Ryazan (1876-81), archbishop of Ryazan (1881-82) and Kazan (1882-87), and exarch of Georgia (1887-92).

Pallares Arteta, Leonidas (b. Sept. 14, 1859, Quito, Ecuador - d. Dec. 16, 1931, Paris, France), foreign minister of Ecuador (1896). He was also chargé d'affaires in Peru (1895) and minister to Colombia (1925).

Pallayev, Gaibnazar (Pallayevich) (b. May 20, 1929, Osh, Kirgiz A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. [now in Kyrgyzstan] - d. Sept. 8, 2000), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Tadzhik S.S.R. (1984-90). He was also first secretary of the party committee of Kurgan-Tyube oblast (1977-84).

Pallister

Pallister, Brian (William) (b. July 6, 1954, Portage la Prairie, Man.), premier of Manitoba (2016- ).

Pallu de La Barrière, Léopold Augustin Charles (b. Aug. 19, 1828, Saintes, Charente-Inférieure [now Charente-Maritime], France - d. Feb. 16, 1891, Lorient, Morbihan, France), governor of New Caledonia (1882-84).

Palma Gálvez, Roberto (b. 1917 - d. Aug. 12, 1998), foreign minister of Honduras (1976-79). He was secretary in the military junta that ousted dictator Julio Lozano Díaz in 1956. He orchestrated peace efforts with El Salvador after the Salvadoran army invaded Honduras, provoking a 100-hour war in 1969. He also served as military attaché for the Honduran embassies in Guatemala and Mexico.

Palme

Palme, (Sven) Olof (Joachim) (b. Jan. 30, 1927, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Feb. 28, 1986, Stockholm), prime minister of Sweden (1969-76, 1982-86). He joined the National Swedish Union of Students and became politically committed to the left. He strongly opposed the 1948 Communist coup in Czechoslovakia, and in 1949 he married (and later divorced, in accordance with their agreement) a Czech girl to help her emigrate. After joining the Social Democrats, he became Prime Minister Tage Erlander's personal secretary in 1953 and entered the Swedish parliament in 1958. He joined the government in 1963 as minister without portfolio, advancing to the post of minister of communications in 1965 and to the dual post of minister of education and ecclesiastical affairs in 1967. A critic of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, he achieved some notoriety when, in 1968, he marched in protest outside the U.S. embassy in Stockholm. He also condemned the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia that same year. When Erlander retired, Palme succeeded him as party secretary and as prime minister in 1969. His attacks on U.S. war policy in Vietnam and his acceptance of U.S. Army deserters who sought refuge in Sweden led to strained relations between the two countries. In the 1976 election the Social Democrats were defeated after 44 years in power. He served as president of the Nordic Council in 1979-80 and also played an important part in the Socialist International. In 1979 he led his party to a second defeat, but he won in 1982. Although he was criticized for domestic economic policies and for inadequate protests against Soviet submarine intrusion into Swedish waters, he was returned to power in the 1985 election. In 1986 he was gunned down while walking home from a cinema; the murder remains unsolved.

Palmeira

Palmeira, Guilherme Gracindo Soares (b. Dec. 25, 1938, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil), governor of Alagoas (1979-82). He was also mayor of Maceió (1989-90).

Palmela, Pedro de Sousa Holstein, (1º) duque, (1º) marquês e (1º) conde de (b. May 8, 1781, Turin, Piedmont [Italy] - d. Oct. 12, 1850, Lisbon, Portugal), prime minister of Portugal (1834-35, 1842, 1846). He was also minister to the United Kingdom (1816-20, 1825-27) and minister of foreign affairs (1820-21 [in Brazil], 1832-33, 1835, 1835, 1842), interior (1832, 1846, 1846), finance (1846), and justice (1846). He became count in 1812, marquess in 1823, and duke in 1833.

G. Palmer

Palmer, Sir Geoffrey (Winston Russell) (b. April 21, 1942, Nelson, South Island, N.Z.), prime minister of New Zealand (1989-90). He declined an invitation to enter politics as a National Party candidate in Nelson in 1972, but was recruited for Labour by Wallace Edward Rowling, the party leader and a Nelson resident, in 1975 and was elected to parliament for Christchurch Central in a by-election in 1979. Appointment as personal assistant to Prime Minister Rowling was the foot of the escalator. With Labour out of power and Rowling defeated for the leadership by David Lange in 1983, Palmer narrowly was chosen deputy leader. In 1984, with Labour back in government, he became deputy prime minister, leader of the House of Representatives, and minister of justice and attorney general. As Lange's deputy, he provided a steady hand. It was needed, whether in fort-holding during Lange's forays to other countries or in providing solid backup for a leader whose forte was the bon mot and the footlights. It was Palmer who warned his colleagues against "speed wobbles" in Labour's frantic policies based on deregulation. After the reelection of Labour in 1987, he dropped the role as leader of the House and took up the portfolio of environment minister. In August 1989 Lange, suffering serious setbacks in party loyalties and public opinion, resigned and nominated Palmer as his successor; party leaders confirmed the choice. On becoming prime minister, Palmer dropped the legal portfolios. In September 1990, he resigned for reasons similar to Lange's a year before. Polls indicated that Labour would be routed in the October elections with him at its helm. He continued to serve as minister for the environment outside the cabinet until the election, then left politics. He was knighted in 1991.

Palmer, Sir Reginald (Oswald) (b. Feb. 15, 1923, Boca, Grenada - d. May 23, 2016, Mt. Parnassus, Grenada), governor-general of Grenada (1992-96); knighted 1992.

Palmerston

Palmerston (of Palmerston, County Dublin), Henry John Temple, (3rd) Viscount, (3rd) Baron Temple of Mount Temple (b. Oct. 20, 1784, Broadlands, Hampshire, England - d. Oct. 18, 1865, Brocket Hall, Hertfordshire, England), British secretary at war (1809-28), foreign secretary (1830-34, 1835-41, 1846-51), home secretary (1852-55), and prime minister (1855-58, 1859-65). In 1802 he succeeded as viscount, in the Irish peerage, thus not preventing him from entering the House of Commons, where he represented Newport, Isle of Wight (1807-11), Cambridge University (1811-31), Bletchingley (1831-32), Hampshire South (1832-34), and Tiverton (1835-65). His official connection with the Tory party ceased in 1828 and he entered the Foreign Office in Earl Grey's Whig government in 1830. With Britain and France acting in concert, he took a leading part in securing the independence of Belgium, establishing the thrones of Maria II of Portugal and Isabel II of Spain, and endeavouring, in alliance with both Austria and Turkey, to check Russian influence in the East. In 1841 the Whigs lost office, but under Lord John Russell he again became foreign secretary in 1846. The affair of the Spanish marriages, the revolutions in 1848, the rupture between Spain and Britain, the affair of Don Pacifico (a Gibraltar-born Jew living in Athens, who claimed the privileges of a British subject) and the consequent quarrel with Greece, combined with his self-assertive character, brusque speech, and interferences in foreign affairs, made him a controversial figure and he became known on the Continent as "Firebrand Palmerston." A vote of censure on him was carried in the House of Lords (1850), but was defeated in the House of Commons. In 1851 his unauthorized approbation of the coup of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (Napoléon III) forced his resignation. He shattered the Russell administration soon after on a militia bill, refused office under the Earl of Derby, but was home secretary in the Earl of Aberdeen's coalition, whose fall brought him the premiership (and leadership of the Liberals, as the Whigs now tended to call themselves). His vigorous prosecution of the Crimean War increased his popularity. Defeated in 1857 on Richard Cobden's motion condemning the Chinese war, he appealed to the country, and won a greatly increased majority, but fell in 1858 over the Conspiracy Bill. In 1859 he again became prime minister, remaining in office till his death.

Palmieri

Palmieri, Stefano (b. Sept. 18, 1964, Serravalle, San Marino), captain-regent of San Marino (2009-10, 2018).

Palmstierna, Erik Kule friherre (b. Nov. 10, 1877, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Nov. 22, 1959, Florence, Italy), foreign minister of Sweden (1920). He was also sea defense minister (1917-20) and minister to the United Kingdom (1920-37).

Paloheimo, Martti Olavi, byname Olli Paloheimo, original surname (until 1906) Brander (b. May 23, 1894, Helsinki, Finland - d. Nov. 7, 1974, Loppi, Finland), commandant of the Finnish military administration of Karelia (1943-44).

Palomba

Palomba, Federico (b. Jan. 21, 1937, Cagliari, Sardegna, Italy), president of Sardegna (1994-99).

Palomino Dena, Benito (b. May 1914, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico - d. Oct. 20?, 2003), governor of Aguascalientes (1953-56).

Palous, Martin (b. Oct. 14, 1950, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), Czech diplomat. He was ambassador to the United States (2001-05) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2006-11).

Palovesi, Eino (Oskari) (b. May 19, 1904, Perho, Finland - d. Feb. 25, 1980, Jyväskylä, Finland), interior minister of Finland (1959-60) and governor of Keski-Suomi (1960-71). He was also minister of transport and public works (1956-57).

Pálsson, Gunnar (b. Jan. 25, 1955, Reykjavík, Iceland), Icelandic diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (1994-98, 2009-11) and ambassador to India (2007-09), Singapore (2007-10), Sri Lanka (2007- ), Nepal (2008-11), Maldives and Mauritius (2008- ), Norway (2011-15), Greece (2011- ), Egypt (2013- ), and Iran (2014-16).

Th. Pálsson

Pálsson, Thorsteinn (b. Oct. 29, 1947, Selfoss, Iceland), prime minister of Iceland (1987-88). He was editor of the conservative afternoon newspaper Visir in 1975-79 and managing director of the Employers' Federation in 1979-83. He was first elected to the Althing (parliament) in the 1983 general elections. He had barely entered the Althing when the leader of the Independence Party, former prime minister Geir Hallgrímsson, resigned from the leadership and threw the succession open to the party convention. Pálsson won the contest by a wide margin, defeating two other contenders, and became party chairman on Nov. 8, 1983. In 1985 he became finance minister in the government of Steingrímur Hermannsson, and he remained in that capacity until he became prime minister in July 1987. He also served briefly as minister of industry in 1987. At the age of 39 Pálsson was the youngest prime minister in the history of the republic. He headed a coalition government in which the two outgoing coalition partners - the Independence Party and the Progressive Party - were joined by the Social Democratic Party. The new government was formed after protracted negotiations following the April 25 general elections, which had resulted in the worst parliamentary stalemate in the country's post-World War II history. He owed much of the success of his political career to the fact that he was a good orator and had proved to be a patient negotiator, with a reputation for reaching acceptable agreements in difficult circumstances. However, his government resigned in September 1988 after failing to agree on a program to deal with acute economic problems. In 1991 he lost the party leadership to Davíd Oddsson, under whom he became minister of justice and fisheries (1991-99). Later he was ambassador to the United Kingdom (1999-2002) and Denmark (2002-05).

Paltridge, Sir Shane (Dunne) (b. Jan. 11, 1910, Leederville, Perth, W.Aus. - d. Jan. 21, 1966, Shenton Park, Perth), defence minister of Australia (1964-66); knighted 1966. He was also minister of shipping and transport (1955-60) and civil aviation (1956-64).

Paluku Kahongya, Julien (b. Dec. 13, 1968), governor of Nord-Kivu (2007- ).

Paluku Muthongerwa, Denis (b. August 1936, Makofi, Belgian Congo [now in Nord-Kivu, Congo (Kinshasa)] - d. Aug. 20, 2014, Paris, France), governor of Nord-Kivu (1965-66), Kivu (1966-67), Congo Central (1967), Katanga (1967-68), and Équateur (1968-69).

Palymbetov, Bolat (Abylkasymovich) (b. July 28, 1961, Chiili [now Shieli], Kzyl-Orda [now Kyzylorda] oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.), head of Mangistau oblast (2002-06).

Pámanes Escobedo, Fernando (b. Feb. 19, 1909, Ojocaliente, Zacatecas, Mexico - d. March 10, 2005, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Zacatecas (1974-80). He was also Mexican ambassador to Cuba (1965-67).

Pamfilov, Konstantin (Dmitriyevich) (b. May 25, 1901, Mamonovo, Smolensk province, Russia - d. May 2, 1943, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), acting chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian S.F.S.R. (1942-43). He was also people's commissar of public utilities (1938-40) and a deputy premier (1940-42).

Pamir, Ümit (b. Sept. 18, 1942, Istanbul, Turkey), Turkish diplomat. He was ambassador to Algeria (1991-95) and Greece (1995-97) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2000-04).

Pampuro, José (Juan Bautista) (b. Dec. 28, 1949, Buenos Aires, Argentina), defense minister of Argentina (2003-05). In 2006-11 he was provisional president of the Senate.

Pams, Jules (Joseph Louis Hippolyte) (b. Aug. 14, 1852, Perpignan, Pyrénées-Orientales, France - d. May 12, 1930, Paris, France), interior minister of France (1917-20). He was also minister of agriculture (1911-13).

Pamuk, Mustafa (b. Feb. 1, 1937, Brda, near Sarajevo, Yugoslavia [now in Bosnia and Herzegovina]), governor of Sarajevo canton (2001-02).

Pan Fu (b. 1883, Jining, Shandong, China - d. Sept. 12, 1936, Beijing, China), finance minister (1920 [acting], 1921 [acting], 1926-27) and premier (1927-28) of China. He was also transportation minister (1927-28).

Panagiotakos, Konstantinos (Panagiotou) (b. 1918, Zürich, Switzerland - d. 1993), Greek diplomat. He was ambassador to India (1968-69), Cyprus (1971-72), and the United States (1974) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1972-74).

Panariti

Panariti, Edmond (Qamil) (b. June 1, 1960, Tiranë, Albania), foreign minister of Albania (2012-13). In 2013-17 he was minister of agriculture.

Panayotov, Georgi (Velikov) (b. July 24, 1968, Pomorie, Bulgaria), Bulgarian diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2016- ).

Pancevski, Milan (b. May 16, 1935, Debar, Yugoslavia [now in Macedonia] - d. Jan. 9, 2019, Skopje, Macedonia), secretary of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Macedonia (1984-86) and president of the Presidium of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1989-90).

Panchen Lama

Panchen Lama, 10th (Bskal-bzang Tshe-brtan) (b. Feb. 3, 1938, Xunhua, Qinghai province, China - d. Jan. 28, 1989, Zhikatse, Tibet), Panchen Lama from 1943 to 1989. He was recognized as the successor of the 9th Panchen Lama (who died in 1937) by the Chinese government but without having gone through the usual exacting tests that determine rebirth. He was brought to Tibet in 1952 under Communist military escort and enthroned as head abbot of Tashilhunpo. The Panchen Lama remained in Tibet in 1959 after the popular revolt and the Dalai Lama's flight into exile, but his refusal to denounce the Dalai Lama as a traitor brought him into disfavour with the Chinese government, which imprisoned him in Beijing in 1964. He was rehabilitated in 1978 and maintained an uneasy alliance with Chinese government officials. As a vice-chairman of the National People's Congress (China's parliament), he was instrumental in helping Beijing deal with militant Tibetans protesting Chinese occupation of their homeland. Though the Panchen Lama denounced the anti-Chinese activities of separatist Tibetan monks, he also criticized the violent way in which Chinese authorities handled riots in Tibet during 1988. A week before his death from a heart attack, the Panchen Lama presided at the dedication of the new Great Stupa at the Tashilhunpo monastery, where the remains of five Panchen Lamas were reburied. Their remains had been dismembered and thrown away by Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution, but local people had recovered them. Government officials indicated that a shrine would be erected to entomb the Panchen Lama's remains.

Panchevski, Petur (Pavlov) (b. Jan. 25, 1902, Butan, Bulgaria - d. Nov. 17, 1982, Sofia, Bulgaria), defense minister of Bulgaria (1950-58). He was also ambassador to China (1958-62).

B. Panday

Panday, Basdeo (b. May 25, 1933, Princes Town, Trinidad), foreign minister (1986-88) and prime minister (1995-2001) of Trinidad and Tobago. In 1988 he was dismissed from the cabinet and expelled from the National Alliance for Reconciliation (NAR), and in 1989 he formed the United National Congress (UNC). In the 1995 elections the UNC and the governing People's National Movement (PNM) won the same number of seats, and he formed a coalition with the NAR. In 2001 the PNM returned to power. He was arrested on corruption charges on May 31, 2005, and remained in jail for eight days, refusing to post bail until persuaded by religious leaders to do so on June 8. "I did it because I thought I had to prove to myself, first of all, that I was capable of enduring any kind of pressure the PNM intends to inflict upon me," he told supporters. On April 24, 2006, he was sentenced to two years in prison for failing to disclose details of a bank account he had held in London in 1997-99. He then resigned as UNC chairman. On March 13, 2007, an appeals court overturned the ruling and ordered a retrial. On April 29 he was reelected party leader. However, in January 2010 he was defeated in a leadership contest by Kamla Persad-Bissessar.

Panday, Devendra Raj (b. Aug. 20, 1939, Kathmandu, Nepal), finance minister of Nepal (1990-91).

Pande, Bhairab Dutt (b. March 17, 1917, Haldwani, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh [now in Uttarakhand], India), governor of West Bengal (1981-83) and Punjab (1983-84).

B.N. Pande

Pande, Bishambhar Nath (b. Dec. 23, 1906, Umreth [now in Madhya Pradesh], India - d. June 1, 1998, New Delhi, India), governor of Orissa (1983-88).

K. Pande

Pande, Kabinga (Jacus) (b. March 5, 1952), foreign minister of Zambia (2007-11).

Pande, Vinod Chandra (b. 1932 - d. Feb. 7, 2005, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India), governor of Bihar (1999-2003), Jharkhand (2002), and Arunachal Pradesh (2003-04). Known for his proximity to Vishwanath Pratap Singh, Pande became cabinet secretary when Singh was prime minister during 1989-90. During his term as Bihar governor, he shot into controversy when he invited the Samata Party leader Nitish Kumar to form a short-lived government in 2000. Pande was charged with acting under the pressure of the BJP-led central government. Controversy also dogged Pande when he was transferred to Arunachal Pradesh, where he was accused of honouring the demand of Chief Minister Gegong Apang by dissolving the Assembly. Later, he sought to backtrack on it.

Pande Kapopo, Célestin (b. March 3, 1952), governor of Haut-Katanga (2017 [interim], 2017- ).

Pandey, Kedar (b. June 14, 1920, Taulaha village, Champaran district [now in West Champaran district], Bihar, India - d. March 25, 1983), chief minister of Bihar (1972-73). He was also Indian minister of irrigation (1980, 1982-83) and railways (1980-82).

M. Pandey

Pandey, Mahendra (Bahadur) (b. 1948, Nuwakot district, Nepal), foreign minister of Nepal (2014-15).

Pandey, Ramesh Nath (b. February 1944, Kathmandu, Nepal), foreign minister of Nepal (2005-06). After King Gyanendra had to give up his absolute rule, Pandey and other former ministers of the royalist government were arrested on May 12, 2006. He was released on June 4.

Pandit

Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi, original name (until marriage in 1921) Swarup Kumari Nehru (b. Aug. 18, 1900, Allahabad [now Prayagraj], India - d. Dec. 1, 1990, Dehra Dun, India), Indian diplomat; sister of Jawaharlal Nehru. She became active in the Indian freedom movement and was imprisoned three times, the first in 1932. She gained experience in government as a member of the municipal board of Allahabad and in 1937-39 was minister for local self-government and public health of the United Provinces (later Uttar Pradesh) - the first Indian woman to hold a cabinet portfolio. She argued for Indian independence at the UN charter conference in San Francisco (1945), attracting attention away from the official British-sponsored delegation. As leader of the first Indian delegation to the UN (1946), she made an impassioned speech to the General Assembly on the treatment of the Indian population in South Africa that resulted in a two-thirds vote against South Africa. She led a number of succeeding delegations to the UN and was also - after India became independent (1947) - her country's ambassador to the U.S.S.R. (1947-49), the U.S. and Mexico (1949-51), Ireland (1955-61), Spain (1958-61), and high commissioner to the U.K. (1954-61). She was elected president of the UN General Assembly in 1953 (the first female in that position), serving until the following year. During the 1960s she was active in politics in India, being governor of Maharashtra (1962-63, 1963-64) and a member of the Lok Sabha (1964-68). Pandit was close to her brother, but in 1977 she actively opposed the authoritarian policies of his daughter, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, and successfully campaigned against Gandhi's party, Congress (I). Gandhi reportedly never forgave her aunt.

Pando (Solares), (Juan) José Manuel (Inocencio) (b. Dec. 25, 1849, Araca, La Paz department, Bolivia - d. [assassinated?] June 15, 1917, Kenko, La Paz department), president of Bolivia (1899-1904).

A. Pandolfi

Pandolfi (Arbulú), Alberto (b. Aug. 20, 1940), prime minister of Peru (1996-98, 1998-99). The surprise resignation of Prime Minister Dante Córdova in 1996 gave Pres. Alberto Fujimori the opportunity to give the cabinet a more homogeneous and technocratic look, with less resistance to free-market reforms and privatization. Within 36 hours of Córdova's resignation, half of his cabinet had their formal offers to step down accepted. Those replaced generally shared the concerns of Córdova on the social impact of the economic reform program. The appointment of Alberto Pandolfi to the premiership - and the fisheries ministry - was unexpected but welcomed by businessmen and foreign analysts. Pandolfi had been involved in several privatizations and had presided over the process of selling off the state oil producer, Petroperú. International investor confidence was crucial as Peru was soon to launch an estimated U.S.$1.4 billion offering of state-owned shares in privatized Telefónica del Perú. With disappointing production and inflation indicators for the start of the year, and large trade and current account deficits, the Peruvian government was keen to present an image of unity. He was also minister of transport, communications, housing, and construction (1999-2000).

Pandolfi, Filippo Maria (b. Nov. 1, 1927, Bergamo, Italy), finance minister (1976-78) and treasury minister (1978-80) of Italy. He was also minister of industry and commerce (1980-81, 1982-83) and agriculture and forestry (1983-88) and a European commissioner (1989-93).

Pandor, (Grace) Naledi (Mandisa), née Matthews (b. Dec. 7, 1953, Durban, South Africa), home affairs minister of South Africa (2012-14). She has also been chairperson of the National Council of Provinces (1999-2004) and minister of education (2004-09), science and technology (2009-12, 2014-18), and higher education and training (2018- ).

Pandt, Theodore M(axwell), byname Max Pandt (b. Feb. 16, 1939, Sint Eustatius - d. Nov. 7, 2017), administrator of Sint Maarten (1975-81).

Paneerselvam

Pang

Paneerselvam, O(ttakaara Thevar), also spelled Panneerselvam (b. Jan. 14, 1951, Periyakulam, Madurai district [now in Theni district], Madras [now in Tamil Nadu], India), chief minister of Tamil Nadu (2001-02, 2014-15, 2016-17).

Panetta, Leon (Edward) (b. June 28, 1938, Monterey, Calif.), U.S. defense secretary (2011-13). He was White House chief of staff (1994-97) and CIA director (2009-11).

Pang Bingxun (b. 1879, Xinhe, Hebei, China - d. Jan. 12, 1963, Taichung, Taiwan), chairman of the government of Hebei (1940-43).

Pangalos

Pangalos, Theodoros (Michail) (b. Jan. 11, 1878, Salamis, Greece - d. Feb. 26, 1952, Athens, Greece), prime minister (1925-26) and president (1926) of Greece. After service in World War I, he became chief of staff of the Greek army in Asia Minor in 1919, until he was placed on the retired list in 1920. After the abdication of King Konstantinos in 1922 he was again placed on the active list and was appointed minister of war in December. He headed the military court that condemned to death those supposed to have been responsible for the rout of Greek forces at Afyon, Turkey, in August 1922 and the later massacre of Greeks in Smyrna (now Izmir). In 1923 he served as commander in chief in Thrace but then entered politics. In June 1925 he seized power by a coup. Installed as prime minister, his rule was erratic and irresponsible, and war with Bulgaria was only narrowly averted (October 1925). On Jan. 3, 1926, he assumed dictatorial powers to put an end to the rivalry of political parties. In April he procured his own election as president. He was deposed, however, on August 22, in a coup by his own Republican Guard. During his rule he made unsuccessful attempts to regulate public morality, including the length of women's skirts. He was imprisoned after his ouster, awaiting trial on charges of treason, but those were dismissed in July 1928 and he was released. In April 1930 he was sentenced to two years' imprisonment for irregularities in connection with the building of a gambling casino, but his earlier time in prison was counted against it. He suffered further temporary arrests subsequently, being accused of subversive activities. At the end of World War II he was accused of having collaborated with the Germans and Italians, but the charges could not be substantiated.

Pangalos

Pangalos, Theodoros (Georgiou) (b. Aug. 17, 1938, Elefsis, near Athens, Greece), foreign minister (1996-99) and deputy prime minister (2009-12) of Greece; grandson of Theodoros Pangalos (1878-1952). He was also minister of transport and communications (1994) and culture (2000).

Pangelinan, Del S. (b. June 3, 1937, Ponape [now Pohnpei], Micronesia [now in Federated States of Micronesia]), governor of Pohnpei (1996-2000).

Panguindji, Dominique Saïd, minister of public security (2015) and justice (2015-16) of the Central African Republic.

Panhuys, Jan Ernst (from May 12, 1874, baron) van (b. July 12, 1808, Groningen, Holland - d. Oct. 25, 1878, The Hague, Netherlands), governor (1848-50) and king's commissioner (1850-78) of Friesland.

Panhuys, Johan Aemilius Abraham van (b. Oct. 17, 1836, Leek, Groningen, Netherlands - d. Nov. 6, 1907, Hoogkerk, Groningen), king's/queen's commissioner of Groningen (1883-93) and Overijssel (1893); nephew of Jan Ernst Panhuys. He was also mayor of Tietjerksteradeel (1864-80) and Groningen (1880-83).

Pani (Arteaga y Terán), Alberto J(osé) (b. June 12, 1878, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico - d. Aug. 25, 1955, Mexico City, Mexico), foreign minister (1921-23) and finance minister (1923-27, 1932-33) of Mexico. He was also minister of industry, commerce, and labour (1917-19), minister to France (1919-20, 1927-31), and ambassador to Spain and minister to Portugal (1931-32).

Paniagua

Paniagua (Corazao), Valentín (Demetrio) (b. Sept. 23, 1936, Cusco, Peru - d. Oct. 16, 2006, Lima, Peru), president of Peru (2000-01). He was also minister of justice (1965-66) and education (1984), president of the Chamber of Deputies (1982-83), and president of Congress (2000-01).

Panic

Panic, Milan (b. Dec. 20, 1929, Belgrade, Yugoslavia), prime minister of Yugoslavia (1992-93). As an adolescent he joined the Yugoslav anti-Nazi resistance during World War II and served as a messenger for the Communist partisans. In 1955 he defected to the West, arriving in the U.S. the following year, where he later founded the International Chemical & Nuclear (ICN) pharmaceuticals company. On July 2, 1992, after receiving permission from the U.S. government to travel to Yugoslavia, he left on what he called a "peace mission" to end the bloodshed in the Balkans. Chosen prime minister by Serb leaders wanting to establish better relations with the U.S., Panic was sworn in July 14 and immediately criticized Serb-backed attacks on Bosnia and Herzegovina. "We respect the fact that Bosnia-Herzegovina is an independent state. The most important thing for all Serbs is to stop shooting." He also said that "ethnic cleansing is the disgrace of our nation. People are thinking that we are barbarians. I am determined to bring order to Belgrade, Serbia, and Yugoslavia." Panic began to draw praise from critics who earlier had viewed him as a puppet of Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic. He formed a cabinet consisting of both pro- and anti-Milosevic elements and removed Serb extremists from positions of power in the Yugoslav government. "We are removing the causes of cancer," he said. A citizens' group nominated the American millionaire to run for president of Serbia. Although an electoral commission barred Panic from challenging Milosevic, the Serbian Supreme Court overturned that decision. On December 20 Milosevic won a decisive reelection victory, and nine days later Panic lost a unanimous parliamentary vote of no confidence. In 1993 he returned to California to run ICN.

Panigrahi, Chintamani (b. March 22, 1922, Biswanathpur, Orissa [now Odisha], India - d. April 29, 2000, Bhubaneswar, Orissa), Indian politician. He began his political career in the Communist Party of India after being inspired by his cousin and noted revolutionary Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi. Later, he joined the Congress. He was elected to the Lok Sabha five times and held portfolios of home and defense production in the Rajiv Gandhi ministry. He was also elected to the Manipur state assembly. He was governor of Manipur in 1989-93. He was the president of the All India Freedom Fighters' Association till his death.

Panin, Graf (Count) Nikita (Ivanovich) (b. Sept. 15, 1718, Gdansk, Poland - d. March 31, 1783, St. Petersburg, Russia), president of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs of Russia (1763-81). He was also ambassador to Denmark (1747-48) and Sweden (1748-59). He was made a count in 1767.

Panin, Graf (Count) Nikita (Petrovich) (b. April 28 [April 17, O.S.], 1770, Kharkov, Russia [now Kharkiv, Ukraine] - d. March 13 [March 1, O.S.], 1837, Moscow, Russia), president of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs of Russia (1801); nephew of Nikita (Ivanovich) Panin. He was also governor of Grodno (1795-96) and ambassador to Prussia (1797-99).

Panin, Graf (Count) Viktor (Nikitich) (b. March 28, 1801, Moscow, Russia - d. April 24, 1874, Nice, France), justice minister of Russia (1839-62 [acting to 1841]); son of Nikita (Petrovich) Panin. He was also chargé d'affaires in Greece (1829-31).

Panjikidze

Panjikidze, Maia (Guramovna) (b. Oct. 16, 1960), foreign minister of Georgia (2012-14). She was ambassador to Germany (2002-04, 2004-07) and the Netherlands (2007-10).

Pankin, Boris (Dmitriyevich) (b. Feb. 20, 1931, Frunze, Kirgiz A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. [now Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan]), foreign minister of the Soviet Union (1991). He was also chief editor of Komsomolskaya Pravda (1965-73) and Soviet/Russian ambassador to Sweden (1982-90), Czechoslovakia (1990-91), and the United Kingdom (1991-94).

Pankov, Georgi (Tsankov) (b. Feb. 20, 1923, Radomirtsi, Bulgaria - d. June 19, 2011), Bulgarian politician. He was minister of chemical industry (1974-86), minister without portfolio (1986), and ambassador to the Soviet Union (1986-89).

Panon du Hazier, Charles Henri Jules (b. Feb. 7, 1827, Pondicherry, French India - d. April 23, 1897, Paris, France), commandant-particular of Gabon (1873-75) and commandant of the Naval Division of the Western Coasts of Africa (1874-75).

Panou

Panou, (Pierre) Koffi (b. 1947 - d. March 15, 2003, Kara, northern Togo), foreign minister of Togo (1996-98, 2000-02). He was also minister of communication and civic education (1998-2000).

Panshin, Igor (Vladimirovich) (b. March 19, 1963, Gorky, Russian S.F.S.R. [now Nizhny Novgorod, Russia]), acting plenipotentiary of the president in Privolzhsky federal district (2018).

Pant, (Pandit) Govind Ballabh (b. Sept. 10, 1887, Khoot village, Almora district, North-Western Provinces [now in Uttarakhand], India - d. March 7, 1961, New Delhi, India), chief minister of the United Provinces/Uttar Pradesh (1946-54). He was also Indian minister without portfolio (1954-55) and minister of home affairs (1955-61) and heavy industries (1956).

Pant, Krishna Chandra (b. Aug. 10, 1931, Bhowali, United Provinces [now in Uttarakhand], India - d. Nov. 15, 2012, Delhi, India), defense minister of India (1987-89); son of Govind Ballabh Pant. He was also minister of energy (1979-80), education (1984), and steel and mines (1985-87).

Pant, Yadav Prasad (b. Oct. 11, 1928, Kathmandu, Nepal - d. Nov. 14, 2007, Bangkok, Thailand), finance minister of Nepal (1981-83). He was also governor of the central bank (1968-73), ambassador to Japan (1975-79), and minister of water resources (1986-88).

Pantelides, Mike, byname of Michael John Pantelides (b. Sept. 5, 1983), mayor of Annapolis (2013-17).

Panting Wilson, Leonel (b. July 25, 1950), governor of the North Atlantic Autonomous Region, Nicaragua (1990-92).

Pantîru, Tudor (b. Oct. 26, 1951, Baraboi, Moldavian S.S.R. [now Moldova]), Moldovan politician. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1992-96). From 2002 he served as a judge at the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, at the Supreme Court of Kosovo, and later at the Constitutional Court of Moldova.

Pantoja, Gustavo Adolfo de Aguilar (b. April 1, 1793, São Salvador da Bahia [now Salvador], Brazil - d. March 8, 1867, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), principal minister (1836) and foreign minister (1836-37) of Brazil. He was also justice minister (1836-37).

Panyutin, Stepan (Fyodorovich) (b. Nov. 4 [Oct. 23, O.S.], 1822 - d. Oct. 16 [Oct. 4, O.S.], 1885, St. Petersburg, Russia), governor of Vilna (1863-68); son-in-law of Fyodor Mirkovich.

Paolillo, Felipe H., Uruguayan diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1987-90, 2000-05) and ambassador to the Vatican (1996-2000).

Paolini, Jean (Dominique) (b. March 3, 1921, Ghisonaccia, Corse, France - d. Jan. 8, 2015, Ghisonaccia), prefect of police of Paris (1973-76, 1986-88). He was also prefect of Meuse département (1965-67).

Pap, János (b. Dec. 23, 1925, Kaposvár, Hungary - d. [suicide] Feb. 22, 1994, Budapest, Hungary), interior minister of Hungary (1961-63). He was also a deputy premier (1963-65).

Papadimos

Papadimos, Loukas (D.), also spelled Lucas Papademos (b. Oct. 11, 1947, Athens, Greece), prime minister of Greece (2011-12). He was governor of the Bank of Greece in 1994-2002, overseeing his country's move from the drachma to the euro. In 2002-10 he was vice-president of the European Central Bank.

Papadopol-Calimah, Alexandru (b. 1833 - d. June 18, 1898, Tecuci, Romania), foreign minister of Romania (1865-66). He was also minister of culture and education (1868).

G. Papadopoulos

Papadopoulos, Georgios (Christou) (b. May 5, 1919, Eleochorion village, northern Peloponnese, Greece - d. June 27, 1999, Athens, Greece), prime minister (1967-73), foreign minister (1970-73), and regent (1972-73) of Greece. He fought in the front line after Italy attacked Greece in 1940 during World War II. In the 1960s he joined a secret group of right-wing junior officers determined to enlarge the military's political power, and the military managed to thwart much of the reformist policies of the ruling Centre Union party. It was fear of another Centre Union victory in the May 1967 elections that led the junta ("the colonels") to stage its bloodless coup on April 21, 1967. He appointed himself prime minister and imposed restrictions on press freedom and personal liberty. His regime was notorious for attempting to control university education and rewrite textbooks; its drastic conservatism led to bans on miniskirts for women and long hair for men and on the writings of Aristophanes, William Shakespeare, and others. The regime was widely condemned by other Western countries, though it was supported by the U.S. government for its anti-Communist stance. When royalist navy officers purportedly plotted a coup in May 1973, he formally abolished the monarchy on June 1, and named himself president of a new republic for an eight-year term. His downfall came when he called in troops in November 1973 to crush a student uprising at the Athens Polytechnic school. At least 50 people were killed and more than 1,000 injured. The chief of the military police, Gen. Dimitrios Ioannides, took power and the army put Papadopoulos under house arrest on November 25. When the junta collapsed in July 1974. Papadopoulos was tried under the new civilian administration and in January 1975 was sentenced to death for high treason, later commuted to life in jail.

Papadopoulos, Nikolas (b. April 22, 1973, Nicosia, Cyprus), Cypriot presidential candidate (2018); son of Tassos Papadopoulos. He became leader of the Democratic Party in 2013.

T. Papadopoulos

Papadopoulos, Tassos, byname of Efstathios Nikolaou Papadopoulos (b. Jan. 7, 1934, Nicosia, Cyprus - d. Dec. 12, 2008, Nicosia), president of Cyprus (2003-08). A member of the EOKA resistance group during the last years of British rule, he took part in the negotiations leading to independence in 1960. In 1959, he became minister of the interior - the youngest member of the cabinet - and he subsequently became minister of labour and social insurance (1960-70), agriculture and natural resources (1964-67), and health (1967-70). For years he was a political ally of Glafkos Kliridis, and he succeeded him as Greek Cypriot negotiator in the intercommunal talks (1976-78). In 2000 he took over the leadership of the centre-right Democratic Party (DIKO). In the 2003 elections, he convincingly defeated Kliridis, president for the preceding 10 years. Although his EOKA credentials tended to identify him with the right, he was elected with Communist and Social Democrat support. He said Kliridis, whose administration he characterized as being "in tatters," had given too much away in the UN-sponsored unification talks and had allowed domestic issues to drift while he concentrated on unifying the Greek and Turkish sectors and gaining European Union membership. As president Papadopoulos had to overcome a perception of being anti-Turkish, and allegations that his law firm had assisted Serbia in circumventing the UN embargo in the 1990s. Turkish Cypriot Pres. Rauf Denktas, who had enjoyed a productive personal relationship with Kliridis despite their differences, remarked that he could not do business with the new Greek Cypriot president. His tearful appeal on television for the Greek Cypriots to reject a UN peace plan in a 2004 referendum won him few friends abroad but reinforced his image of a hardline advocate of his community's majority status and rights. Just a week after the referendum, he took a split Cyprus into the European Union. He lost a reelection bid in 2008.

Papagos

Papagos, Alexandros (Leonidou) (b. Dec. 9, 1883, Athens, Greece - d. Oct. 4, 1955, Athens), prime minister of Greece (1952-55). Commissioned in 1906, he served in the Balkan Wars of 1912-13 and in the Anatolian campaign of 1919-22. He was promoted to the rank of major general in 1927 and became a corps commander in 1935. In the latter year he was appointed minister of war and played a leading part in the restoration of the monarchy. In 1936 he was named chief of staff, a post he held until 1940 when he became commander-in-chief. By the time of the Italian attack on Greece (Oct. 28, 1940), he had silently built up an armed force of 500,000 men of the highest order and morale. He succeeded in stemming the attack and driving the Italians back into Albania. He was unable to hold the line against the German onslaught of April 1941, however, and in 1943 was taken to Germany as a hostage. Liberated in March 1945, he was in 1947 promoted to the rank of general on the retired list. Recalled to active service as commander-in-chief from Jan. 28, 1949, he was responsible for the final victory over Communist guerrillas in the Grammos-Vitsi campaign. He was appointed field marshal on Oct. 28, 1949. In May 1951 he resigned as commander-in-chief and subsequently formed a new political party, the Greek Rally (Ellinikos Synagermos), which soon became the strongest political force in the country. Enjoying wide popularity and modeling himself after Charles de Gaulle, Papagos led his party to a decisive victory (241 of 300 seats) in the elections of Nov. 16, 1952. He became prime minister and provided Greece with the first stable government that it had known since World War II. He died in office.

Papajorgji, Xhustin (Niko) (b. June 13, 1939, Vlorë, Albania), Albanian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1983-86) and ambassador to China (1986-92).

Papakonstantinou

Papakonstantinou, Michalis (b. Nov. 1, 1919, Kozani, Greece - d. Jan. 17, 2010), foreign minister of Greece (1992-93). He was also agriculture minister (1990-91) and justice minister (1991-92).

Papakostas, Kostas (b. Nov. 12, 1939, Agia Triada, Famagusta district, Cyprus - d. Sept. 21, 2015, Nicosia, Cyprus), defense minister of Cyprus (2008-11).

Papaligouras, Panagiotis (b. 1917, Kerkyra, Corfu, Greece - d. 1993), foreign minister of Greece (1977-78). He was also minister of commerce (1953-54, 1956-58), agriculture (1953-54), coordination (1954-55, 1961-63, 1974-77), industry (1956-58), and defense (1967).

A. Papandreou

Papandreou, Andreas (Georgiou) (b. Feb. 5, 1919, Chios, Greece - d. June 23, 1996, Ekali, near Athens, Greece), prime minister of Greece (1981-89, 1993-96); son of Georgios Papandreou. He was imprisoned briefly (1939) by the dictator Ioannis Metaxas and, when freed (1940), fled to the United States, obtaining U.S. citizenship in 1944. After his father became prime minister in 1963, Andreas gave up his U.S. citizenship in 1964 and won election to parliament. He was associated with the left wing of his father's party, the Centre Union, and held posts (including minister of the presidency of the government in 1964) in his father's government, which fell in 1965. When it became clear that the Papandreous were headed for power in elections scheduled for May 1967, a military junta seized power one month before the elections. He was jailed for eight months, then went into exile again, leading the democratic resistance from Sweden and Canada. When the dictatorship collapsed in 1974, he returned home and formed the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). In the 1974 elections his party won just over 13% of the vote, in 1977 its share of votes increased to 25%, and in 1981 it almost redoubled to 48%, capturing 172 of 300 seats in parliament. Although he had called for the removal of U.S. military bases from Greece and Greece's withdrawal from NATO, he pursued more moderate policies once in power. He also was minister of Northern Greece (1981-85) and defense (1981-86). His party won a decisive victory in the 1985 elections, but in 1989 PASOK lost its majority. Parliament indicted him, ordering him and four PASOK ministers to stand trial on charges including bribery and embezzlement stemming from a financial scandal. In 1992 he was acquitted, and he continued as the leader of PASOK, which won a landslide victory in the 1993 elections. He again became prime minister until ill health forced him to retire in January 1996.

G. Papandreou

Papandreou, Georgios (Andrea), original surname Stavropoulos¹ (b. Feb. 13, 1888, Kalentzi, Greece - d. Nov. 1, 1968, Athens, Greece), prime minister of Greece (1944-45, 1963, 1964-65). He became prefect of Lesbos in 1915, then served as governor of the Aegean Islands in 1917-20, and in 1923 was elected to parliament and first held ministerial office; he was minister of interior (1923, 1947, 1950), economy (1925, 1947), education (1930-32, 1951, 1963, 1964-65), communication (1933), finance (1944), justice (1944), foreign affairs (1944-45), military (1944-45), aviation (1944, 1944), public order (1950), and coordination (1950-51, 1964). A disciple of Eleftherios Venizelos, he was a successful minister of education (1930-32) in Venizelos's liberal anti-monarchist government. He broke away from the left wing of the Liberal Party and in 1935 founded the Democratic Party, later renamed Democratic Socialist Party. He was in internal exile in 1936-40 during the dictatorship of Ioannis Metaxas, and after the German occupation was imprisoned from 1942 until he escaped in 1944. He then headed a government-in-exile from April 1944, which returned to Greece in October, but he resigned in December as the country slipped into civil war. During a period in opposition, he merged his party with the Liberal Party in 1953 and after a series of political shifts organized the Centre Union in 1961. In 1963 he led the Centre Union to a plurality victory, and he became prime minister, but he resigned soon to seek an absolute majority, which he obtained in new elections in 1964. He introduced a program of far-reaching social reforms, criticized United States influence in Greece, and moved on a collision course with the monarchy. In 1965 King Konstantinos II dismissed him, and a period of political instability ensued. In April 1967, when it became clear that his party was again headed for victory in upcoming elections, a military junta seized power. He was placed under house arrest until Oct. 8, 1967, and again from April 15 to Sept. 23, 1968.
¹ The family name became Papandreou because Georgios was the son of Priest Andreas (Stavropoulos).

G. Papandreou

Papandreou, Georgios (Andrea), byname Giorgos Papandreou, also called in English George A. Papandreou (b. June 16, 1952, St. Paul, Minn.), foreign minister (1999-2004, 2009-10) and prime minister (2009-11) of Greece; son of Andreas Papandreou. Born in the U.S. and educated in Sweden, England, and Canada, he was more comfortable speaking English than Greek. A member of parliament for Achaia (Patras) from 1981 to 1996, then for the first district of Athens (1996-2004) and for the first district of Thessaloniki (2004- ), he was elected to the Central Committee of the Panhellenic Socialist Party (PASOK) in 1984 and to the Political Bureau in July 1996. He was undersecretary for cultural affairs (1985-87) in charge of Greeks of the Diaspora, adult education, and youth affairs; minister of education and religious affairs (1988-89, 1994-96); deputy minister of foreign affairs (1993-94) responsible for U.S.-Greek relations; alternate minister of foreign affairs (October 1996-February 1999); and then minister of foreign affairs, in which post he worked hard to repair relations with Greece's archrival and NATO partner Turkey. On Feb. 8, 2004, he was elected leader of the PASOK, but despite his strong personal popularity the party, which had held power for 19 of the previous 23 years, was defeated in the March 7 elections. In 2006 he became president of the Socialist International. Again unsuccessful in the 2007 elections, he finally led PASOK to victory in 2009 on a promise to combat a slumping economy with higher wages and spending. However, he was forced to do the opposite after announcing that Greece's debts were higher than thought. To stave off bankruptcy, he imposed severe spending cuts, leading to violent street protests and the crumbling of PASOK's popularity. In 2011 he agreed to resign in order to bring the opposition into a unity government to implement an EU-led bailout plan before leading the country to elections. In January 2015, shortly before parliamentary elections, he founded a new party, Movement of Democratic Socialists, which with only 2.5% of the vote failed to win any seats.

Papánek, Ján (b. Oct. 24, 1896, Brezová pod Bradlom, Hungary [now in Slovakia] - d. Nov. 30, 1991, Scarsdale, N.Y.), Czechoslovak diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1945-48). After denouncing the Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia, he lost his UN post and remained in the U.S.

Papazyan, Vahan (b. Jan. 26, 1957, Yerevan, Armenian S.S.R.), foreign minister of Armenia (1993-96). He was also chargé d'affaires (1992-93) and ambassador (1997-98) to France.

Papegoja, Johan (d. March 23, 1667, Ramstorp manor, Ångarp parish, Skaraborg län [now in Västra Götaland län], Sweden), governor of New Sweden (1653-54); son-in-law of Johan Björnsson Printz.

Papen

Papen, Franz (Joseph Hermann Michael Maria) von, Erbsälzer zu Werl und Neuwerk (b. Oct. 29, 1879, Werl, Germany - d. May 2, 1969, Obersasbach, West Germany), chancellor of Germany (1932). He decided to enter politics after World War I. In 1921-32 he was a deputy in the Prussian Landtag and belonged to the extreme right wing of the (Catholic) Centre Party. He remained without a following, and it was to the surprise of the public that Pres. Paul von Hindenburg appointed him chancellor on June 1, 1932. The appointment was engineered by Hindenburg's adviser Gen. Kurt von Schleicher. But Papen's reactionary policies alienated Schleicher, who in November refused to participate in them any longer and induced a number of other cabinet ministers to reject them likewise; in December Papen resigned and was succeeded by Schleicher. Papen, in resentment, outwitted Schleicher. He came to terms with Adolf Hitler (Jan. 4, 1933) and persuaded Hindenburg to appoint the Nazi leader to the chancellorship. Papen, who became vice chancellor and whose fellow non-Nazi nationalists received a majority of the ministerial posts, naively thought he could restrain the Nazis from any excesses. He soon realized how mistaken he had been, narrowly escaping with his life during Hitler's purge of the SA on June 30, 1934. He nevertheless continued to put himself at Hitler's disposition; resigning the vice chancellorship, he was sent as ambassador to Austria (1934-38) and Turkey (1939-44). Arrested by the Allies in April 1945, he was placed on trial as a war criminal, but was found not guilty of conspiracy to prepare aggressive war by the Nürnberg tribunal in 1946. However, in 1947 he was sentenced to eight years' imprisonment by a German denazification court. On his appeal, he was released and fined in 1949.

Papinaud, (Pierre Louis) Clovis (b. March 10, 1844, Cuxac d'Aude, Aude, France - d. July 8, 1900, Suez, Egypt), governor of Mayotte (1888-93, 1899-1900) and of the French Settlements in Oceania (1893-96).

Papineau, Denis Benjamin (b. Nov. 13, 1789, Montreal, Quebec - d. Jan. 20, 1854, Sainte-Angélique, Canada East [now Quebec]), joint premier of Canada (1846-48); brother of Louis Joseph Papineau.

L.J. Papineau

Papineau, Louis Joseph (b. Oct. 7, 1786, Montreal, Quebec - d. Sept. 23, 1871, Montebello, Quebec, Canada), Canadian politician. He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada (now Quebec) in 1809 and became its speaker in 1815, a position he occupied almost continuously until 1837. He was a leader of the French-Canadian people in their struggle against the English-dominated government of Lower Canada. After going to England in 1822 to speak out in behalf of the French-Canadians, he remained bitterly opposed to British government in Canada. In 1827 the governor, Lord Dalhousie, adjourned parliament and resigned rather than confirm Papineau's speakership. Papineau inspired the 92 Resolutions, a statement of French-Canadian grievances and demands, passed by the assembly in 1834. In March 1837 Governor Lord Gosford was authorized to reject the demands and to appropriate provincial revenues without the assembly's consent. In the movement of protest that followed, Papineau made inflammatory speeches. When he attended a meeting in which an armed rebellion was decided upon, a warrant was issued for his arrest for treason. When hostilities commenced in November, he fled to the United States. He went to Paris in 1839; after a general amnesty was granted, he returned to Canada in 1845. During his absence, Upper and Lower Canada had been united in 1841. He entered the parliament of the united Province of Canada in 1848, but never regained his former dominance, having been displaced by Louis Hippolyte Lafontaine as leader of the French-Canadian majority. He inspired the group of young French-Canadians who formed the Rouge party, a forerunner of the Liberal Party in Quebec. He retired to private life in 1854.

Papon, Maurice (Arthur Jean) (b. Sept. 3, 1910, Gretz-Armainvilliers, Seine-et-Marne, France - d. Feb. 17, 2007, Paris, France), prefect of police of Paris (1958-67). He was also prefect of the départements of Landes (1944-45), Corse (1947-49), and Constantine (1949-51, 1956-58) and French budget minister (1978-81). In 1998 he was convicted of "crimes against humanity" relating to his arrests and deportations of Jews in 1942-44 when he was a local official in Gironde serving the Vichy government. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison but was released in 2002 because of ill health.

Papoulias, Georgios (Dimitriou) (b. May 19, 1927 - d. [suicide] Sept. 11, 2009), foreign minister of Greece (1989, 1990). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1975-78) and ambassador to Turkey (1979-83), the United States (1983-89), and the United Kingdom (1990-93).

K. Papoulias

Papoulias, Karolos (Grigoriou) (b. June 4, 1929, Ioannina, Greece), foreign minister (1985-89, 1993-96) and president (2005-15) of Greece. A close associate of Andreas Papandreou, the founder of the PASOK party, he joined the PASOK central committee and entered politics on returning to Greece from Germany after the fall of the dictatorship in 1974. First elected to parliament in 1977, he was reelected until he decided not to run in 2000. His first government post was with the newly-elected PASOK government of 1981, when he was appointed deputy foreign minister, becoming alternate foreign minister in 1984 and foreign minister in 1985. He played a leading role in Greece's controversial decision to establish formal ties with Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasir Arafat and maverick Libyan leader Muammar al-Qaddafi. He left office when PASOK lost the elections in 1989 but was reappointed when PASOK was reelected in 1993. In between he served as deputy defense minister under a 1989-90 coalition government. In 2005 he was elected president with an unprecedented 279 votes in the 300-seat unicameral parliament - winning support from his own party and from the governing conservatives who nominated him as the candidate most likely to generate the "strongest possible consensus."

Paprikov, Stefan (Georgiev) (b. April 12, 1858, Pirdop, Ottoman Empire [now in Bulgaria] - d. May 30, 1920, Sofia, Bulgaria), foreign minister of Bulgaria (1908-10). He was also minister of war (1899-1903) and minister to Russia (1910-12).

Paraná, Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, visconde e marquês de (b. Jan. 11, 1801, Jacuí, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Sept. 3, 1856, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), foreign minister (1843) and chairman of the Council of Ministers and finance minister (1853-56) of Brazil. He was also justice minister (1832-33, 1843-44) and president of Rio de Janeiro (1841-43) and Pernambuco (1849-50). He was made viscount in 1852 and marquess in 1854.

Paranaguá, Francisco Vilela Barbosa, visconde e marquês de (b. Nov. 20, 1769, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Sept. 11, 1846, Rio de Janeiro), principal minister of Brazil (1823). He was also minister of war (1823, 1824-25) and navy (1823-27, 1829-31, 1831, 1841-43) and president of the Senate (1840-41). He was made viscount in 1824 and marquess in 1826.

Paranaguá, João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá, visconde e marquês de (b. Aug. 21, 1821, Parnaguá, Piauí, Brazil - d. Feb. 9, 1912, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), foreign minister (1867-68, 1885) and chairman of the Council of Ministers (1882-83) of Brazil. He was also president of Maranhão (1858-59), Pernambuco (1865-66), and Bahia (1881-82) and minister of justice (1859-61, 1866), war (1866-68), navy (1879-80), and finance (1882-83). He was made viscount in 1882 and marquess in 1888.

A. Parant

Parant, André (Marie Jules) (b. March 7, 1897, Belfort, France - d. March 15, 1941, Yaoundé, Cameroon), governor-delegate of Gabon (1940-41). He was injured in a plane crash at Bitam on Feb. 7, 1941, and subsequently died in a Yaoundé hospital.

Parant, Philippe (Gaston Maurice) (b. April 8, 1932, Besançon, Doubs, France - d. Sept. 17, 2014, Aumeville-Lestre, Manche, France), prefect of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (1982-83); son of André Parant. He was also prefect of the départements of Yonne (1986-88), Morbihan (1988-92), and Seine-Saint-Denis (1992-93).

Paranuk, Kazbek (Ismailovich) (b. 1948), acting prime minister of Adygeya (2006-07).

Paratore, Giuseppe (b. May 31, 1876, Palermo, Italy - d. Feb. 26, 1967, Rome, Italy), treasury minister of Italy (1922). He was also minister of posts and telegraphs (1920) and president of the Senate (1952-53).

Paravac

Paravac, Borislav (b. Feb. 18, 1943, Kostajnica, Doboj county, Croatia [now in Bosnia and Herzegovina]), chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2003, 2004-05).

Pardede, Rudolf (Matzuoka) (b. April 4, 1942, Balige, Netherlands East Indies [now in Sumatera Utara, Indonesia]), governor of Sumatera Utara (2005-08).

Pardo, Arvid (b. Feb. 12, 1914, Rome, Italy - d. June 19, 1999, Houston, Texas [or Seattle, Wash.]), Maltese diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1964-71), ambassador to the United States (1967-71) and the Soviet Union (1968-71), and high commissioner to Canada (1969-71).

Pardo (y Lavalle), Manuel (Justo) (b. Aug. 9, 1834, Lima, Peru - d. [assassinated] Nov. 16, 1878, Lima), president of Peru (1872-76). He was also mayor of Lima (1869-70) and president of the Senate (1878).

Pardo (Saravia), Pedro Antonio (b. Dec. 17, 1829, Salta, Argentina - d. Feb. 5, 1889, Lisbon, Portugal), acting foreign minister of Argentina (1874-75). He was also minister to Austria-Hungary (1887) and Portugal (1888-89).

Pardo García-Peña, Rodrigo (b. Nov. 15, 1958), foreign minister of Colombia (1994-96). He was also ambassador to Venezuela (1992-93) and France (1997-98).

Pardo Heeren, Juan (Aurelio Manuel) (b. Sept. 25, 1910, Lima, Peru - d. Aug. 27, 1967, Lima), finance minister of Peru (1956-58); son of José Pardo y Barreda.

Pardo Leal, Jaime (Hernando) (b. March 28, 1941, Ubaque, Cundinamarca, Colombia - d. [assassinated] Oct. 11, 1987, near La Mesa, Cundinamarca), Colombian presidential candidate (1986).

Pardo Rueda, Rafael (b. Nov. 26, 1953, Bogotá, Colombia), defense minister of Colombia (1991-94). He was also labour minister (2011-14) and acting mayor of Bogotá (2014). He was the Liberal Party's presidential candidate in 2010, winning only 4% of the vote.

J. Pardo

Pardo y Barreda, José (Simón) (b. Feb. 24, 1864, Lima, Peru - d. Aug. 3, 1947, Lima), prime minister and foreign minister (1903-04) and president (1904-08, 1915-19) of Peru; son of Manuel Pardo.

Paredes (del Río), Rubén Darío (b. Aug. 11, 1933, Panama City, Panama), commander of the National Guard of Panama (1982-83).

Paredes Peña, Diego (Rubén) (b. Oct. 14, 1943, Quito, Ecuador), foreign minister of Ecuador (1992-94). He was also ambassador to Belgium (1987-89) and Guatemala (1989-91).

B. Paredes

Paredes Rangel, Beatriz (Elena) (b. Aug. 18, 1953, Tizatlán, Tlaxcala, Mexico), governor of Tlaxcala (1987-92). She was also Mexican ambassador to Cuba (1993-94) and Brazil (2013-16), president of the Chamber of Deputies (2001-03), and president of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (2007-11).

Pareja (y Arteta), Manuel Ignacio (b. 1808, Guayaquil, New Granada [now in Ecuador] - d. 1861, Quito, Ecuador), foreign minister of Ecuador (1834-35). He was also chargé d'affaires in Spain (1841).

Pareja Diezcanseco, Alfredo (b. Oct. 12, 1908, Guayaquil, Ecuador - d. May 3, 1993, Quito, Ecuador), foreign minister of Ecuador (1979-80); grandson of Francisco Diez Canseco. He was also chargé d'affaires in Mexico (1944-45) and ambassador to France (1983-84).

Pareto, Lorenzo (Nicolò) (b. Dec. 14, 1800, Genoa, Ligurian Republic [now in Italy] - d. June 19, 1865, Genoa), interior minister (1848) and foreign minister (1848) of Sardinia. He was also president of the Chamber of Deputies (1849).

Parfenchikov

Parfenchikov, Artur (Olegovich) (b. Nov. 29, 1964, Petrozavodsk, Russian S.F.S.R.), head of the republic of Karelia (2017- ).

Parfitt

Parfitt, Harold R(obert) (b. Aug. 6, 1921, Coaldale, Pa. - d. May 21, 2006, Dallas, Texas), governor of the Panama Canal Zone (1975-79). He was commissioned second lieutenant of the U.S. Army in 1943 and advanced through the ranks to major general in 1971. He served as commanding general, United States Army Engineer Center/Commandant, United States Engineer School at Fort Belvoir, Va., from late 1973 to March 1975. He was deputy, and later district engineer of the Engineer Division, South Atlantic, in Jacksonville, Fla., from August 1962 to May 1965. In June 1965, he became lieutenant governor of the Canal Zone and vice president of the Panama Canal Company, serving until September 1968. From December 1969 to August 1973, he was division engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Division, Southwest, Dallas, Texas. Parfitt was commanding officer of the 20th Engineer Brigade in Vietnam from November 1968 to November 1969. He was appointed as governor of the Panama Canal Zone on April 1, 1975, and served in that position until Sept. 30, 1979, when the zone was returned to Panama. Under his administration, General Parfitt was more aware of the realities and sensitivities arising from operation of the Panama Canal in Panamanian territory than most other canal administrators. Much support was given to the learner-apprenticeship programs as vital phase of the company/government agencies; he recommended the termination of separate schools for Latin American students, and changed the housing regulations to consolidate housing formerly assigned separately to U.S. citizens and non-U.S. citizens. Under his government, also, the canal had its second increase of toll rates in 1976, and the United States and Panama signed the new Panama Canal treaty on Sept. 7, 1977.

Parhon, Constantin I(on) (b. Oct. 28, 1874, Câmpulung Muscel, Romania - d. Aug. 9, 1969), head of state of Romania (1948-52).

Parikh

Parikh, Dilip (Ramanlal) (b. Feb. 14, 1937, Bombay [now Mumbai], India), chief minister of Gujarat (1997-98).

Paris, Jacques Camille (b. Nov. 22, 1902 - d. Sept. 17, 1953), secretary-general of the Council of Europe (1949-53).

París Gordillo, Gabriel (b. March 8, 1910, Ibagué, Colombia - d. March 21, 2008, Girardot, Cundinamarca department, Colombia), chairman of the Military Junta of Government of Colombia (1957-58). He was also minister of justice (1954) and war (1954-57).

Pariset, André Aimé (b. March 21, 1795, Paris, France - d. Jan. 25, 1872), governor of French Guiana (1846-50).

Parisi, Arturo (Mario Luigi) (b. Sept. 13, 1940, San Mango Piemonte, Salerno province, Italy), defense minister of Italy (2006-08).

Parisi (Fernández), Franco (Aldo) (b. Aug. 25, 1967), Chilean presidential candidate (2013).

Parisot, Georges (Hubert) (b. Oct. 9, 1887, Algiers, Algeria - d. July 21, 1969), governor-delegate of Gabon (1937-38) and governor of Martinique (1945-46) and New Caledonia (1947-48).

Parizeau

Parizeau, Jacques (b. Aug. 9, 1930, Montreal, Que. - d. June 1, 2015), premier of Quebec (1994-96). He served as an economic and financial consultant to the Council of Ministers of Quebec (1961-67) and to the premier of Quebec (1967-69). He became a member of the executive council of the Parti Québécois (PQ) and was president of the Leadership Office from 1970 to 1971. He was also president of the Standing Committee on Economic Development. As a candidate he ran unsuccessfully in the general elections of 1970 and 1973. In 1976 he was elected to the Quebec National Assembly, and he held this seat until he resigned in 1984. His knowledge of economics and finance proved invaluable to the PQ government of René Lévesque. Parizeau was appointed minister of finance in 1976 and held this post until 1984. He was also minister of revenue (1976) and minister of financial and cooperative institutions (1981). From 1976 to 1981 he served as president of the Treasury Board. On March 19, 1988, he became leader and president of the PQ. Taking time to rebuild his debt-ridden party, which had become disorganized and divided, he did not seek a seat in the Quebec National Assembly until the general election of September 1989. At that time he won in his former riding of L'Assomption, and on Sept. 25, 1989, he became leader of the opposition. Long an advocate of Quebec separation, he declared that a vote for the PQ was a vote for Quebec independence. In 1990 he was appointed to serve on the Committee on the Political and Constitutional Future of Quebec, a nonpartisan commission formed to draft a new constitution. In 1994 the PQ returned to power. He held a referendum on sovereignty for Quebec (Oct. 30, 1995) which lost by a small margin, whereupon he announced his resignation from public life.

Park Chung Hee

Park Chung Hee (Pak Chong Hui; Revised Romanization Bak Jeong-hui) (b. Nov. 14, 1917, Kumi, North Kyongsang province, Korea [now in South Korea] - d. Oct. 26, 1979, Seoul, South Korea), president of South Korea (1963-79). He served as a second lieutenant in the Japanese army during World War II and, after Korea was freed from Japanese rule after the war, he was commissioned (1947) a captain in the Korean army. In 1948 he was sentenced to death for taking part in a Communist revolt led by Korean officers, but he was later pardoned and returned to full rank. He was made a brigadier general in 1953, during the Korean War. On May 16, 1961, he led a bloodless coup that overthrew the short-lived Second Republic. He soon became a full general. He assumed power as leader of a junta, became acting president in 1962, and, after resigning from active military service, won his first term as president of the Third Republic in 1963, being reelected in 1967 and 1971. He adopted a policy of guided democracy, with restrictions on personal freedoms, suppression of the press and opposition parties, and control over the judicial system and the universities, and he organized the dreaded Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), justifying all his measures as necessary to fight Communism. During his rule South Korea experienced rapid economic development. In foreign affairs he maintained close relations with the United States. On Oct. 17, 1972, he declared martial law, and in November a new constitution was approved that gave him sweeping powers and vested presidential balloting in an electoral college, which confirmed him in December 1972 and again in 1978. An assassination attempt in 1974 killed his wife. In 1979 he was shot and killed by Kim Jae Kyu, the head of the KCIA, during a dinner party.

Park Chung Soo

Park Chung Soo (b. Feb. 9, 1932, Kimchon, North Kyongsang province, Korea [now in South Korea] - d. March 23, 2003), foreign minister of South Korea (1998).

Park Geun Hye

Park Geun Hye, Revised Romanization Bak Geun-hye (b. Feb. 2, 1952, Daegu, South Korea), president of South Korea (2013-17); daughter of Park Chung Hee. In 1974 she became South Korea's first lady after her mother was killed in a failed assassination attempt against her father, who was himself killed five years later. In 1998 she was elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of the conservative Grand National Party (GNP). In 2004 she was elected chairwoman of the GNP, resigning in 2006 to seek its presidential nomination but losing to Lee Myung Bak in 2007. Again chosen leader in 2012, she renamed the party Saenuri (New Frontier) and succeeded in distancing it from the administration of President Lee, tarnished by corruption and media interference scandals. She became Saenuri's presidential nominee that year and apologized to those who had suffered under the repressive policies of her father. She defeated Moon Jae In of the Democratic United Party in the December election. In her inauguration speech she vowed to front a "new era of fortune and hope" for all Koreans. But her popularity began to erode after the Sewol ferry disaster in April 2014, in which more than 300 people died. The government was accused of not doing enough to rescue the passengers; Park did not speak about the disaster until seven hours after it occurred. A corruption scandal in which she was accused of allowing her close friend Choi Soon Sil to meddle in state affairs and helping her to extort money from top companies triggered the country's largest protests since the democracy movement in the 1980s, with millions turning out in late 2016 to demand her immediate resignation. Impeached in December, she was removed from office in March 2017 and then arrested on charges including bribery, extortion, and abuse of power. She was sentenced to 24 years in prison in April 2018, and to 8 more years in July.

Park In Kook (b. Aug. 15, 1951), South Korean diplomat. He was ambassador to Kuwait (2003-05) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2008-11).

Park Sang Yong, South Korean diplomat. He was permanent observer to the United Nations (1988-90).

Park Soo Gil (b. Oct. 18, 1933), South Korean diplomat. He was ambassador to Morocco (1984-86) and Canada (1988-90) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1995-98).

Park Tae Joon

Park Tae Joon (b. Sept. 29, 1927, South Kyongsang province, Korea [now in South Korea] - d. Dec. 13, 2011, Seoul, South Korea), prime minister of South Korea (2000). In 1968 he founded the Pohang Iron and Steel Co. (POSCO), which became the world's second-largest steelmaker in terms of capacity and first in output; he managed the company until 1993. He was first elected to the National Assembly in 1981 and came to the forefront of politics in 1990 when he was named head of the Democratic Justice Party. He fled to Japan in 1993 after the incoming administration of Pres. Kim Young Sam accused him of tax evasion and bribe-taking. From late 1997 he served as president of the United Liberal Democrats (ULD), which forged an alliance with Kim Dae Jung to help him win the presidential election. South Korea's National Assembly confirmed Park as prime minister in January 2000. He replaced Kim Jong Pil, who had served as prime minister since Kim Dae Jung assumed the presidency in February 1998. Kim Jong Pil returned to the ULD that he founded to lead it during the upcoming parliamentary election campaign. In May 2000 Park resigned after he was implicated in a tax evasion case.

Parkanová

Parkanová, Vlasta (b. Nov. 21, 1951, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), justice minister (1997-98), defense minister (2007-09), and a deputy prime minister (2009) of the Czech Republic.

Parke, Daniel (b. 1669, Williamsburg, Virginia [now in U.S.] - d. Dec. 7, 1710, Antigua), governor of the Leeward Islands (1706-10). He was killed in an uprising of the inhabitants.

Parker, Annise (Danette) (b. May 17, 1956, Houston, Texas), mayor of Houston (2010-16). Her accession made Houston the largest U.S. city with an openly gay mayor.

D.S. Parker

Parker, David S(tuart) (b. March 22, 1919, Ft. Huachuca, Ariz. - d. May 9, 1990, Greenbrae, Calif.), governor of the Panama Canal Zone (1971-75). He was commissioned second lieutenant of the U.S. Army in 1940, and advanced through the ranks to major general in 1967. He was assigned member of the administrative staffs of Adm. Chester Nimitz and Gen. Douglas MacArthur in 1945 and was chief of Construction Division, Office of the Chief Engineer, in Tokyo, Japan, from 1945 to 1948. He was instructor and then professor of military topography and graphics in the U.S. Military Academy at West Point from 1949 to 1952, assistant district engineer USACE in Portland, Ore., from 1954 to 1956, and chief of Strategic Planning Group, Office of the Chief Engineer, from 1957 to 1960. He was lieutenant governor of the Panama Canal Zone in 1963-65; in 1968-69, he was commander of the Engineer Troops in Vietnam. As governor of the Canal Zone, Parker was directly involved in the frequent changes and improvements. One was the guidance and leadership necessary to develop the basis and presentations for the first tolls increase in canal history. Still another change was a new Marine Traffic Control Center begun at La Boca and officially unveiled on the 60th anniversary of the canal opening. Under his tenure, the Office of Equal Opportunity and Federal Women's Program were established. Among his innovations in the personnel and organization field were the assignment of a Foreign Service Officer to the canal administration, the assignment of a Coast Guard officer to the Marine Bureau, the creation of a new Security Division, the creation of an advisory council on education, and major efforts to utilize the Canal Zone Civic Council for substantive input in the decision-making process.

Parker, James Roland Walter (b. Dec. 20, 1919 - d. Nov. 17, 2009, Somerset, England), governor of the Falkland Islands (1977-80). He was also British high commissioner to The Gambia (1972-75).

Parks, George A(lexander) (b. May 29, 1883, Denver, Colo. - d. May 11, 1984, Juneau, Alaska), governor of Alaska (1925-33).

Parmanand, Babu (b. Aug. 10, 1932, Sarore village, Jammu district [now in Samba district], Jammu and Kashmir - d. April 23, 2008, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir), governor of Haryana (2000-04).

Parnell, Charles Stewart (b. June 27, 1846, Avondale, County Wicklow, Ireland - d. Oct. 6, 1891, Brighton, Sussex, England), Irish nationalist leader. He became high sheriff of County Wicklow (1874), and in 1875 he was elected to Parliament for Meath as a Home Rule candidate. In 1877-78 he gained great popularity in Ireland by his audacious obstructionist tactics, which gave the Irish contingent a prominence far beyond its numbers. In 1879 he devoted himself to agrarian agitation, and was elected president of the Irish National Land League, for whom he secured substantial donations from the United States. In 1880 he became chairman of the Irish Parliamentary Party. The Land League was later declared illegal, and was revived in 1884 as the National League, with Parnell as president. Meanwhile he was imprisoned in 1881-82 for his activities. In 1885 he threw the Irish vote to the Tories to bring down the government of William Gladstone. In 1886, however, he swung back to the Liberals and helped introduce Gladstone's Home Rule Bill, but failed to secure the legislation because of defections by Liberal MPs. When the Marquess of Salisbury took the issue to the country later the same year, he was returned with a Unionist majority of more than 100, causing Parnell to form an alliance with Gladstone. In 1889, Parnell was cleared of complicity in the murder of Thomas Burke and other organized outrages following the publication in The Times of letters purportedly written by him, which turned out to be forgeries. His character restored, he was given the freedom of the city of Edinburgh the same year. In 1890 he was cited co-respondent in a divorce case brought by Capt. William Henry O'Shea against his wife Katharine, and a decree was granted with costs against Parnell. The Irish members met to consider his position a week later, and eventually elected Justin McCarthy chairman in his place. Parnell also lost support in Ireland, and at the general election of 1892 (following his death), 72 anti-Parnellites were returned against 9 of his supporters.

Parodi, Alexandre (Maurice Marie) (b. June 1, 1901, Paris, France - d. March 15, 1979, Paris), French politician. He was minister of labour and social security (1944-45), permanent representative to the United Nations (1946-49), and ambassador to Morocco (1957-60).

Parolin

Parolin, Pietro Cardinal (b. Jan. 17, 1955, Schiavon, Veneto, Italy), Vatican secretary of state (2013- ). He was also apostolic nuncio to Venezuela (2009-13). He was made a cardinal in 2014.

Paroubek

Paroubek, Jirí (b. Aug. 21, 1952, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), prime minister of the Czech Republic (2005-06). Previously he was minister of regional development (2004-05).

Parr, Sir (Christopher) James (b. May 18, 1869, Pukerimu, near Cambridge, New Zealand - d. May 2, 1941, Potten End, Hertfordshire, England), New Zealand politician; knighted 1925. He was mayor of Auckland (1911-15), minister of education (1920-26), health (1920-23), and justice (1923-26), postmaster-general (1925-26), and high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1926-29, 1934-36).

Parr, Thomas (d. [killed] 1807), resident of Malacca (1795-96) and Bencoolen (1805-07).

Parra (Gómez), (José Bonifacio) Aquileo (Elías) (b. May 12, 1825, Barichara, Santander, New Granada [now Colombia] - d. Dec. 4, 1900, Pacho, Cundinamarca, Colombia), finance minister (1872-76) and president (1876-78) of Colombia. He was also president of Santander (1875-76).

Parra Gil, Antonio (Francisco) (b. 1933, Guayaquil, Ecuador), foreign minister of Ecuador (2005); son of Antonio Parra Velasco. He was ambassador to Spain (1984-87, 2005-07) and Venezuela (1987-88). As foreign minister he was a vocal champion of autonomy from the United States; since taking office in April 2005, he opposed granting immunity to U.S. soldiers in Ecuador, as well as any involvement of his country in the Plan Colombia, which includes spraying of a U.S. herbicide to destroy coca plants along the Colombian border. In October he was replaced and appointed ambassador to Spain. It was rumoured that Pres. Alfredo Palacio was pressured to get rid of Parra by Washington.

Parra León, (José) Antonio (b. 1906, San Cristóbal, Táchira, Venezuela - d. Aug. 28, 1981), governor of Mérida (1947-48). He was also Venezuelan minister of health and social assistance (1975-79).

Parra Pérez, Caracciolo (b. March 19, 1888, Mérida, Venezuela - d. Sept. 19, 1964, Paris, France), foreign minister of Venezuela (1941-45). He was also chargé d'affaires in Switzerland (1919-26) and minister to Italy (1927-36), the United Kingdom (1936-37), Switzerland (1937-41), and Spain (1939-41).

Parra Velasco, Antonio (b. Dec. 17, 1900, Guayaquil, Ecuador - d. Oct. 28, 1994, Guayaquil), foreign minister of Ecuador (1947-48). He was also ambassador to France (1945-47), Venezuela (1949-53, 1967-68), and the United Kingdom (1969-73).

Parreau, Eusèbe Irénée (b. Aug. 4, 1842, Saint-Dyé-sur-Loire, Loir-et-Cher, France - d. ...), resident-superior of Tonkin (1888-89).

Parrikar

Parry

Parrikar, Manohar (Gopalkrishna Prabhu) (b. Dec. 13, 1955, Mapusa, Goa, Portuguese India [now in India]), chief minister of Goa (2000-05, 2012-14, 2017- ) and defense minister of India (2014-17).

Parris, Albion K(eith) (b. Jan. 19, 1788, Hebron, Mass. [now in Maine] - d. Feb. 11, 1857, Portland, Maine), governor of Maine (1822-27). He was also mayor of Portland, Maine (1852-53).

Parris, Weston (b. 1927? - d. [found dead at sea in suspicious circumstances] June 5, 1992, Nevis), deputy governor-general for Nevis (1983-92).

Parry, Joseph (Walcott) (b. July 7, 19..., Cotton Ground, Nevis), premier of Nevis (2006-13).

Parsekar

Parsekar, Laxmikant (Yashwant) (b. July 4, 1956, Harmal, Goa, Portuguese India [now in India]), chief minister of Goa (2014-17).

Parsi, Jean (Antoine) (b. June 16, 1905, Bastia, Corse, France - d. 1994), prefect of Martinique (1960-61).

Parsons, Sir Anthony (Derrick) (b. Sept. 9, 1922 - d. Aug. 12, 1996), British political agent in Bahrain (1965-69); knighted 1975. He was also British ambassador to Iran (1974-79) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1979-82).

Parsons, Sidney (b. April 11, 1893, Revelstoke, Devon, England - d. April 22, 1955), mayor of Edmonton (1950-51).

Partasova

Partasova, Natalya (Yuryevna) (b. Dec. 4, 1957, Cheboksary, Chuvash A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), prime minister of Chuvashia (2001-04).

Parthasarathy, G(opalaswami) (b. July 7, 1912 - d. Aug. 1, 1995), Indian diplomat. He was ambassador to Indonesia (1957-58) and China (1958-61), high commissioner to Pakistan (1962-65), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1965-68).

Parts

Pascal-Trouillot

Parts, Juhan (b. Aug. 27, 1966, Tallinn, Estonian S.S.R.), prime minister of Estonia (2003-05). He was also minister of economic affairs and communications (2007-14).

Pary (Rodríguez), Diego (b. Chajnacaya, Potosí department, Bolivia), foreign minister of Bolivia (2018- ). He was also non-resident ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Dominica, and The Bahamas (2011-18).

Pascal, Pierre (Hubert Auguste), acting governor of Dahomey (1899-1900) and governor of Mayotte (1900-02) and French Somaliland (1904-15).

Pascal-Trouillot, Ertha, née Pascal (b. Aug. 13, 1943, Pétionville, Haiti), provisional president of Haiti (1990-91).

Pashinyan

Pashinyan, Nikol (Vovayi) (b. June 1, 1975, Ijevan, Armenian S.S.R.), prime minister of Armenia (2018- ).

Pashovski, Slavi (Zhekov) (b. 1953, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria), Bulgarian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1992-97). In 1993 he was appointed foreign minister but refused to accept the post.

Pashtun, Mohammad Yusuf (b. Nov. 15, 1947, Kandahar, Afghanistan), Afghan politician. He was minister of urban development (2002-03, 2004-10) and governor of Kandahar (2003-04).

Pasiardis, Christodoulos (b. Jan. 31, 1944, Tseri, near Nicosia, Cyprus - d. Aug. 4, 2014), defense minister of Cyprus (2007-08). He was also high commissioner to Australia (1994-96) and ambassador to Greece (1998-2001).

Pasic, Hilmo (b. July 19, 1934, Visoko, Yugoslavia [now in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina] - d. March 24, 2004, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), justice minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1996-97).

Pasic, Nikola (b. Dec. 31 [Dec. 19, O.S.], 1845, Zajecar, Serbia - d. Dec. 10, 1926, Belgrade, Yugoslavia [now in Serbia]), prime minister (1891-92, 1904-05, 1906-08, 1909-11, 1912-18) and foreign minister (1892, 1904-05, 1906-08, 1912-18) of Serbia and prime minister (1918, 1921-24, 1924-26) and foreign minister (1921-22) of Yugoslavia. Elected to the Serbian assembly in 1878, he was part of the opposition to Prince Milan Obrenovic. In 1881 he was one of the founders of the Radical Party. After the Timok uprising against King Milan in 1883, he fled to Austria. He remained in exile until 1889, when Milan abdicated in favour of his son Aleksandar. He became mayor of Belgrade (1889-91, 1897) and president of the Skupstina (parliament). After his first term as premier, he became minister to Russia (1893-95). After an unsuccessful attempt on Milan's life in 1899, he was one of a number of Radical Party leaders sentenced to death but won an amnesty. His period of power began with the overthrow of Aleksandar and his replacement by Petar I in 1903. As the major Serbian political figure, Pasic served as premier most of the time until 1918, thus being at the head of the government during the major crises of the Balkan Wars (1912-13) and the beginning of World War I. In November 1914 he formed a coalition government under Prince Regent Aleksandar. After the defeat of the Serbian army by the Central Powers in 1915 and its retreat to the Adriatic, he established a government-in-exile on the Greek island of Corfu. Here he conducted the negotiations with the representatives of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes of the Habsburg empire that resulted in the signature of the Corfu Pact of 1917, one of the documents leading to the formation of the postwar Yugoslav state. He subsequently was the chief representative of his country at the Paris Peace Conference. His activities contributed to the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) on Dec. 1, 1918, and the conclusion of peace treaties that gave this state a favourable territorial settlement. In 1921 he directed the formulation and acceptance of a constitution that introduced a highly centralized, Serbian-dominated regime, which provoked strong opposition, particularly from the Croatian parties.

Paskar, Pyotr (Andreyevich) (b. Sept. 22, 1929, Stroiesti, Romania [now in Moldova]), chairman of the Council of Ministers (1970-76, 1990) and foreign minister (1970-76) of the Moldavian S.S.R.

Pasloski

Pasloski, Darrell (Thomas) (b. Dec. 2, 1960, Saint-Boniface, Man.), premier of Yukon (2011-16).

Pasolini, Conte Giuseppe (Francesco Leonardo Apollinare) (b. Feb. 8, 1815, Ravenna, Papal State [now in Italy] - d. Dec. 4, 1876, Ravenna), foreign minister of Italy (1862-63). He was also minister of commerce, fine arts, industry, and agriculture of the Papal State (1848) and president of the Senate (1876).

Paspalj, Mile (b. March 18, 1953, Glina, Croatia), acting president of Krajina (1992).

Pasqua

Pasqua, Charles (Vincent) (b. April 18, 1927, Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes, France - d. June 29, 2015, Suresnes, Hauts-de-Seine, France), French politician. In 1943 he joined the Resistance, and in 1947 he became a member of Gen. Charles de Gaulle's Rally of the French People. He created the Service d'Action Civique (SAC) in 1958 to protect Gaullist personalities from attacks by French-Algerian extremists. SAC leaders were later proved to have been involved in a series of gory murders in 1973; by that time he had long left their leadership, but these associations came often to haunt him. He was not offered a ministerial portfolio by presidents Georges Pompidou and Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. In 1976 he was Jacques Chirac's main ally in setting up the neo-Gaullist party Rally for the Republic. A brilliant campaigner and strategist, he helped Chirac win the post of mayor of Paris in 1977, then in 1981 managed Chirac's bid for the presidency, masterminding a series of attacks to challenge Giscard. Chirac came third, while Giscard lost to Socialist François Mitterrand. With Giscard out of the way, Chirac was established as the natural leader of the right wing, and he duly appointed Pasqua as interior minister (1986-88). When Mitterrand was reelected in 1988, Pasqua forged a good relationship with Édouard Balladur. In 1993 Pasqua convinced Chirac to refuse another "cohabitation" prime ministership, suggesting Balladur in his place. Under Balladur, he became interior minister again (1993-95) and was a key factor in the government. In the 1995 presidential election, he backed Balladur over Chirac, a decision that cost him significant political clout and a spot in the government when Chirac triumphed. In 1999 he created his own party, Rally for France. In 2001 he came under investigation in a scandal involving illegal arms sales to Angola in the 1990s; in 2009 he was sentenced to a year in prison but in 2011 an appeals court overturned his conviction.

Pasquier, Étienne Denis, duc (b. April 21, 1767, Paris, France - d. July 5, 1862, Paris), foreign minister of France (1819-21). He was also prefect of police of Paris (1810-14), interior minister (1815), justice minister (1815, 1817-18), and president of the Chamber of Deputies (1816-17) and the Chamber of Peers (1830-48). He was created baron in 1808 and duc (duke) in 1844.

Pasquier, Pierre (Marie Antoine) (b. Feb. 6, 1877, Marseille, France - d. 1934), resident-superior of Annam (1920-27) and governor-general of French Indochina (1928-34).

Passarinho

Passy

Passarinho, Jarbas Gonçalves (b. Jan. 11, 1920, Xapuri, Acre, Brazil - d. June 5, 2016, Brasília, Brazil), governor of Pará (1964-66) and president of the Senate (1981-83) and justice minister (1990-92) of Brazil.

Passek, Pyotr (Bogdanovich) (b. Feb. 29 [Feb. 18, O.S.], 1736 - d. April 3 [March 22, O.S.], 1804, St. Petersburg, Russia), governor of Mogilyov (1779-81) and governor-general of Polotsk and Mogilyov (1782-96).

Passot, Pierre (b. Nov. 29, 1806, Cluny, Saône-et-Loire, France - d. 1854), commandant of Nossi-Bé (1842) and commandant-superior of Mayotte (1843-44, 1846-49).

Passy, Solomon (Isaac), or Solomon (Isak) Pasi (b. Dec. 22, 1956, Plovdiv, Bulgaria), foreign minister of Bulgaria (2001-05).

Pastika, I Made Mangku (b. June 22, 1951, Sanggalangit, Bali, Indonesia), governor of Bali (2008- ).

Pastinen, Ilkka (Olavi) (b. March 17, 1928, Turku, Finland - d. Jan. 12, 2018, Helsinki, Finland), Finnish diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1977-83) and ambassador to the United Kingdom (1983-91).

Pastor (Origone), Carlos Washington (b. July 4, 1924, San Luis, Argentina - d. Jan. 9, 2012), foreign minister of Argentina (1978-81); son of Reynaldo Pastor; brother-in-law of Jorge Rafael Videla.

I. Pastor

Pastor, Istvan, Hungarian István Pásztor (b. Aug. 20, 1956, Novi Knezevac, Vojvodina, Serbia), president of the Assembly of Vojvodina (2012- ).

Pastor (Atencio), Reynaldo (Alberto) (b. Oct. 28, 1898, Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina - d. May 12, 1987), governor of San Luis (1942-43).

Pastora

Pastora Gómez, Edén (Atanacio) (b. Jan. 22, 1937, Darío, northern Nicaragua), Nicaraguan guerrilla leader. He was seven when his father was murdered by a Somoza guardsman in a dispute over land. Pastora did not forget. He became an anti-Somoza revolutionary. His position remained unchallenged as mastermind and leader of the takeover of the National Palace on Aug. 22, 1978, an event Pastora - as Comandante Cero - was not expected to survive. Instead, the daring triumph galvanized Nicaragua and prepared the nation for the possibility that dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle could be overthrown, as he was July 19, 1979; the raid had made Pastora a folk hero. But in April 1982, saying he was disenchanted with their increasing reliance on the Soviet Union and Cuba, Pastora left the Sandinistas and retreated into Costa Rica. Official government newspapers called him a "traitor." He began to amass troops into an army he named the Sandino Revolutionary Front, "the true Sandinistas," and led them into Nicaragua on sporadic raids. The Front was dissolved in September to form the Democratic Revolutionary Alliance (ARDE). In April 1984 he and his troops captured the Atlantic coast town of San Juan del Norte; six days later government forces regained control, and Pastora and his men melted back into the jungle. In June he was among rebel leaders tried in absentia. By October he had been ejected as co-leader of ARDE, banned from his Costa Rican political base, and cut off from the U.S. aid sent to ARDE. His problems stemmed from his refusal to ally with the larger, better outfitted rebel force along the Honduran border, the Nicaraguan Democratic Front (FDN). Pastora vowed not to consider such an alliance until the FDN purged itself of leaders who had been officers in Somoza's National Guard. He was a presidential candidate in 2006 but won less than 1% of the vote.

Pastore, John O(rlando) (b. March 17, 1907, Providence, R.I. - d. July 15, 2000, North Kingstown, R.I.), U.S. politician. He was elected to the Rhode Island General Assembly in 1934, was reelected two years later, and served as the state's assistant attorney general in 1937-38 and 1940-44. In 1944, he was elected lieutenant governor, and the following year, at age 36, he became governor when J. Howard McGrath resigned. Pastore was reelected governor twice before winning a Senate seat in 1950; he was the first Italian-American to serve in either role. While in the Senate, Pastore, a Democrat, worked hard for passage of the first nuclear test-ban treaty, and he became a power on atomic energy and TV regulation, heading committees dealing with both. He became one of the most respected senators ever produced by Rhode Island. A little man with a booming voice, Pastore's speaking skills got national attention when he delivered the keynote address at the 1964 Democratic National Convention. Pastore launched a scathing attack on Lyndon Johnson's Republican rival, Sen. Barry Goldwater, and his fire and eloquence earned him a standing ovation. At the time, the Associated Press wrote of Pastore's speech: "The little Rhode Islander, who stands no taller than a two-pound keg of mail-it-home salt water taffy, was in the grand tradition of convention orators." Despite his oratory gifts, Pastore rarely made speeches in the Senate. He once said: "The taxpayers don't pay me to make political speeches on Senate time." Pastore retired in 1976. He also frequently encouraged those aspiring to elected office to "go out and get it" and to remember the people they hoped to serve.

Pastorelli

Pastorelli, Jean (b. June 20, 1942), finance minister (1988-95) and foreign minister (2007-08) of Monaco. He was ambassador to Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg (2003-07) and France (2008-11).

A. Pastrana

Pastrana Arango, Andrés (b. Aug. 17, 1954, Bogotá, Colombia), president of Colombia (1998-2002); son of Misael Pastrana Borrero. A Bogotá city councilman during the 1980s, he was Bogotá's first popularly elected mayor in 1988-90, and in 1991 he won a seat in the Senate. He first ran for president in 1994 but lost to Ernesto Samper Pizano, whom he accused shortly afterwards of accepting campaign contributions from drug cartels. Samper was finally absolved, but the allegation tarnished his administration and also produced a backlash against Pastrana for having brought the charge to light. He largely disappeared from public life, spending much time abroad as a consultant to the UN, until launching his 1998 campaign. His success in that race was thought to be a personal vindication as well as a sign of the public's growing intolerance with the scandal-plagued Liberal Party. Pastrana, backed by the Conservative Party, defeated Liberal candidate Horacio Serpa Uribe. His election inspired hopes for a peaceful resolution to more than three decades of leftist insurgency. Acting immediately on his campaign promise to initiate peace talks, the president-elect held an unprecedented secret meeting with Manuel Marulanda, the leader of the country's largest guerrilla group. But the peace talks collapsed, and as his term neared its end, he offered $2 million to anyone who would help capture Marulanda. The failure of the talks was widely blamed on the rebels, and Pastrana insisted his government had laid the groundwork for future negotiations by shoring up the military and showing that the guerrillas would have to be forced to negotiate in good faith. But the ongoing conflict, combined with a poor economic record, gave Pastrana an approval rate below 15% at the end of his term. In 2005-06 he was ambassador to the U.S.

M. Pastrana

Pastrana Borrero, Misael (Eduardo) (b. Nov. 14, 1923, Neiva, Colombia - d. Aug. 21, 1997, Bogotá, Colombia), president of Colombia (1970-74). He was minister of development (1960), public works (1960-61), finance (1961), and interior (1966-68) and ambassador to the United States (1969-70), also taking up diplomatic posts in Italy and at the United Nations in New York and the Organization of American States in Washington. A Conservative Party member, he won the April 19, 1970, elections by only 63,000 votes. His opponent, former dictator Gen. Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, accused the government of fraud. After several tense months, the electoral council declared Pastrana the winner. A group of indignant Pinilla supporters formed a leftist rebel group, named it M-19 (April 19 Movement) to commemorate the election date, and waged war on the government until 1989. Pastrana was the last president of the so-called National Front, a power-sharing deal struck by Conservatives and Liberals in 1958 to restore peace and stability after a 10-year civil war in which some 280,000 people died. During his four-year term, he expanded government ownership of the oil industry and carried out counterinsurgency operations against rebels but failed in his attempt to bring an end to the violence and turmoil that was engulfing the country. He remained a leading figure of the Conservative Party after he left office. He was highly critical of Pres. Ernesto Samper, who took office in 1994 on a wave of allegations that he funded his campaign with multimillion-dollar donations from the notorious Cali drug mob. Pastrana was part of a dynasty of Conservative politicians and the father of Andrés Pastrana, the presidential candidate for the Conservative-backed New Democratic Force who narrowly lost to Samper in the 1994 presidential elections and then won in 1998.

Pastukhov, Boris (Nikolayevich) (b. Oct. 10, 1933, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Russian minister of Commonwealth of Independent States affairs (1998-99). He was also chairman of the U.S.S.R. State Committee for Publishing, Printing, and Book Trade (1982-86) and Soviet/Russian ambassador to Denmark (1986-89) and Afghanistan (1989-92).

Pataki

Pataki, George E(lmer) (b. June 24, 1945, Peekskill, N.Y.), governor of New York (1995-2007). A Republican, he was elected mayor of Peekskill in 1982. In 1984 he was elected to the New York state assembly, defeating an incumbent Democrat. In 1992, after eight years as a member of a powerless minority, he challenged an incumbent Republican state senator and beat her by 558 votes. In 1993, the almost unknown Pataki began running for governor, taking on one of America's best-known politicians, Mario Cuomo. By early 1994, despite all his strengths, Cuomo was in trouble, vulnerable because he opposed capital punishment and had not cut taxes as much as voters wanted. Pataki provided a clear contrast on both issues and also showed political skill. He easily won the May 1994 convention and prevented a primary challenge and a Conservative Party candidacy from 1990 Conservative nominee Herb London, who was nominated instead for comptroller. He chose as his running mate Elizabeth McCaughey, whose devastating critique of the Clinton healthcare plan helped do it in. In the November election, he defeated Cuomo 49%-45%. He lost New York City 70%-28% but carried the suburbs 54%-43% and upstate 59%-32%. As governor, he signed the death penalty into law in March 1995 and transferred to Oklahoma an inmate scheduled to be executed there - two steps that Cuomo had stubbornly resisted. He was reelected by large margins in 1998 (defeating Democrat Peter Vallone 54%-33%) and 2002 (defeating Democrat Carl McCall 49%-34%). Over many years as governor, he tacked this way and that, emphasizing new issues and taking different stands that put him at different places on the political spectrum. He said: "I believe in limited government, low taxes, a tough approach to crime. But I also believe in activist government. I'm not one of those laissez faire types." In 2015 he launched a presidential bid but polled near zero and dropped out in December.

Patan, Ion (b. Dec. 1, 1926, Daia Româna, Romania), finance minister of Romania (1989-90). He was also minister of internal trade (1968-69), foreign trade (1972-78), technico-material supply and control of fixed-assets administration (1978-84), and light industry (1984-86), a deputy premier (1969-82), chairman of the State Committee for Prices (1986-87), and ambassador to Czechoslovakia (1987-89).

Pataradze

Pataradze, Zurab (b. Feb. 12, 1973, Batumi, Adzhar A.S.S.R., Georgian S.S.R.), prime minister of Ajaria (2016-18). He has also been Georgian ambassador to Turkey (2012-13), Kazakhstan (2013-16), and Azerbaijan (2018- ).

Pataridze, Zurab (Aleksandrovich) (b. Sept. 9, 1928, Tbilisi, Georgian S.S.R. - d. [car accident] June 5, 1982, Tbilisi), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Georgian S.S.R. (1975-82).

Pataskar, Hari Vinayak (b. May 15, 1892, Indapur, India - d. Feb. 21, 1970, Pune, India), governor of Madhya Pradesh (1957-65). He was also Indian minister for legal affairs (1955-57) and civil aviation (1956-57).

Patassé

Patassé, Ange-Félix (b. Jan. 25, 1937, Paoua, Ouham-Pendé, Oubangui-Chari, French Equatorial Africa [now in Central African Republic] - d. April 5, 2011, Douala, Cameroon), prime minister (1976-78) and president (1993-2003) of the Central African Republic. He worked for the department of agriculture in 1959-65 and was minister of development (1966-68, 1970), transport and power (1968-70), development and tourism (1969-70), agriculture, animal husbandry, waters, forests, hunting, tourism, and transport (1970), transport and commerce (1970-72), rural development (1972-73), public health and social affairs (1973), and tourism, waters, hunting, and fishing (1974-76). He was appointed prime minister by Pres. Jean-Bédel Bokassa in September 1976, and joined Bokassa in converting to Islam in October, taking the name Mustapha Patassé, which he soon dropped again. He remained prime minister when Bokassa declared himself emperor in December 1976. Bokassa was overthrown by David Dacko in 1979. After Dacko was deposed in 1981, Patassé was a presidential candidate, then in 1982 was accused of leading an unsuccessful coup and fled to Togo. He returned to the Central African Republic for elections held in 1992. The elections were ruled invalid by the Supreme Court and rescheduled for 1993. Patassé won the election, which was certified by a delegation of international observers. He was reelected in 1999. He survived a series of mutinies in the 1990s (put down with French help) and said he believed he was picked by God to lead the poor, landlocked state. Despite the republic's diamond mines he never found enough money even to pay his officials. In March 2003 he was overthrown and soon after fled the country. An international arrest warrant was issued in August 2003 for embezzlement of public funds of an amount of 70 billion CFA francs and other charges. Patassé, in exile in Togo, was chosen in November 2004 as the presidential candidate of his party for the 2005 elections, but he was disqualified. In August 2006 he was sentenced in absentia to 20 years' imprisonment with hard labour. In October 2009 he finally returned to Bangui from Togo. In January 2011 he was again a presidential candidate and came second despite his frail health making him unable to campaign.

Patek, Stanislaw (b. May 1, 1866, Policzno, near Radom, Poland - d. Aug. 22, 1944, Warsaw, Poland), foreign minister of Poland (1919-20). He was also minister to Japan (1921-26) and the Soviet Union (1927-32) and ambassador to the United States (1933-36).

A. Patel

Patel, Anandiben (Mafatbhai) (b. Nov. 21, 1941, Kharod village, Bombay province [now in Gujarat state], India), chief minister of Gujarat (2014-16) and governor of Madhya Pradesh (2018- ) and Chhattisgarh (2018- ).

Patel, Babubhai Jashbhai (b. Feb. 9, 1911, Nadiad, Bombay province [now in Gujarat], India - d. Dec. 20, 2002, Gandhinagar, Gujarat), chief minister of Gujarat (1975-76, 1977-80).

Patel, H(irubhai) M(uljibhai) (b. Aug. 27, 1904, Bombay [now Mumbai], India - d. Nov. 30, 1993), finance minister (1977-79) and home affairs minister (1979) of India.

J.H. Patel

K. Patel

L. Patel

Patel, Jayadevappa Halappa (b. Oct. 11, 1930, Kariganur [now in Karnataka], India - d. Dec. 12, 2000, Bangalore [now Bengaluru], Karnataka), chief minister of Karnataka (1996-99).

Patel, Keshubhai (Savdas) (b. July 24, 1930, Rajkot [now in Gujarat], India), chief minister of Gujarat (1995, 1998-2001).

Patel, Lilian (b. Feb. 21, 1951), foreign minister of Malawi (2000-04). She was also minister of women's and children's affairs, community development, and social welfare (1996-97), women, youth, and community services (1997-99), health and population (1999-2000), and labour and vocational training (2004-05).

Patel, Praful (Khodabhai) (b. Aug. 28, 1957, Unava, Bombay state [now in Gujarat], India), administrator of Daman and Diu (2016- ) and Dadra and Nagar Haveli (2016- ).

S.V. Patel

Patel, Sardar Vallabhbhai (Jhaverbhai) (b. Oct. 31, 1875, Nadiad, Bombay province [now in Gujarat state], India - d. Dec. 15, 1950, Bombay [now Mumbai], India), Indian statesman. He threw in his lot with Mohandas Gandhi in 1917 and joined the civil disobedience movement, although he adhered to the principle of nonviolence on practical rather than moral grounds. He was the first Indian municipal commissioner of Ahmedabad (1917-24) and was elected municipal president (1924-28). His efficient direction of a non-cooperation campaign at Bardoli in 1928 earned him the title Sardar ("leader"). Imprisoned for three months in 1930 and again from January 1932 to July 1934, he was president of the Indian National Congress in 1931 and chairman of the parliamentary committee in 1935-42; when Congress governments were set up in seven (later eight) of the provinces it was he who controlled the ministries from behind the scenes, and his reputation as the "strong arm" of Indian politics grew. During World War II he was again imprisoned, from October 1940 to August 1941 and from August 1942 to June 1945. On his release he took a leading part in the negotiations with the British that led to the setting up of the Indian interim government in August 1946, in which he became member for home affairs, information, and broadcasting. Unlike Gandhi, he considered that the partition into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan was inevitable and that it was in India's interests to part with Pakistan. When Indian independence was realized in 1947, Patel was made deputy prime minister and minister of home affairs, information, and states. He carried out the monumental task of integrating the more than 500 princely states into the union.

Paternò Castello (dei duchi di Càrcaci), Ernesto (Vittorio Maria Vincenzo Luigi) (b. Aug. 7, 1882, Catania, Sicily, Italy - d. April 9, 1971, Catania), acting grand master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (1955-62).

Paterson

Paterson, David (Alexander) (b. May 20, 1954, Brooklyn, New York City), governor of New York (2008-11).

Pathak, Gopal Swarup (b. Feb. 26, 1896, Bareilly, United Provinces [now in Uttar Pradesh], India - d. Aug. 31, 1982, New Delhi, India), governor of Mysore (1967-69) and vice president of India (1969-74). He was also Indian minister of law (1966-67).

Pathirana, Richard (b. Feb. 24, 1938, Labuduwa, Ceylon [now Sri Lanka] - d. July 3, 2008, Colombo, Sri Lanka), Sri Lankan politician. He was minister of education and higher education (1994-2000), public administration, home affairs, and administrative reforms (2000-01), and public administration, home affairs, provincial councils, local government, and southern development (2001).

Patiashvili, Dzhumber (Ilich) (b. Jan. 5, 1940, Lagodekhi, Georgian S.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party of the Georgian S.S.R. (1985-89). He was also a Georgian presidential candidate (1995, 2000).

Patient, Serge (b. March 24, 1934, Cayenne, French Guiana), president of the Regional Council of Guyane (1974-80).

Patijn, Jacob Adriaan Nicolaas (b. Feb. 9, 1873, Rotterdam, Netherlands - d. July 13, 1961, The Hague, Netherlands), foreign minister of the Netherlands (1937-39); son of Jacob Gerard Patijn. He was also mayor of Leeuwarden (1911-18) and The Hague (1918-30) and minister to Italy (1931-36) and Belgium (1936-37).

Patijn, Jacob Gerard (b. April 7, 1836, Wadenoijen, Gelderland, Netherlands - d. March 27, 1911, The Hague, Netherlands), queen's commissioner of Zuid-Holland (1900-11). He was also mayor of The Hague (1882-87).

Patijn, Schelto (b. Aug. 13, 1936, The Hague, Netherlands - d. July 15, 2007, Amsterdam, Netherlands), queen's commissioner of Zuid-Holland (1984-94); grandson of Schelto van Citters. He was mayor of Amsterdam in 1994-2001.

D.Y. Patil

Patil, D(nyandeo) Y(ashwantrao) (b. Oct. 22, 1935, Kolhapur [now in Maharashtra], India), governor of Tripura (2009-13), Bihar (2013-14), and West Bengal (2014).

P. Patil

S. Patil

S.D. Patil

Patil, Pratibha (Devisingh¹) (b. Dec. 19, 1934, Nadgaon village, Jalgaon district [now in Maharashtra], India), governor of Rajasthan (2004-07) and president of India (2007-12). She was deputy chairperson of the Rajya Sabha from November 1986 to November 1988.
¹ Devisingh is the first part of the name of her husband, adopted as "middle name" according to custom.

Patil, Shivraj (Vishwanath) (b. Oct. 12, 1935, Chakur village [now in Latur district, Maharashtra], India), home affairs minister of India (2004-08) and governor of Punjab (2010-15) and Rajasthan (2010-12). He was speaker of the Lok Sabha in 1991-96.

Patil, Shriniwas Dadasaheb (b. April 11, 1941, Marul-Haveli, Satara district, Bombay province [now in Maharashtra state], India), governor of Sikkim (2013-18).

Patil, Vasantrao(dada), also called Vasantdada Patil (b. Nov. 13, 1917, Padmale village, Sangli state [now Sangli district, Maharashtra], India - d. March 1, 1989), chief minister of Maharashtra (1977-78, 1983-85) and governor of Rajasthan (1985-87).

R. Patiño

Patiño (Aroca), Ricardo (Armando) (b. 1954, Guayaquil, Ecuador), economy and finance minister (2007), foreign minister (2010-16), and defense minister (2016-17) of Ecuador.

Patiño Rosselli, Alfonso (b. March 9, 1923, Sogamoso, Boyacá, Colombia - d. Nov. 7, 1985, Bogotá, Colombia), finance minister of Colombia (1970-71). He was also governor of Boyacá (1951-52), chargé d'affaires at the United Nations (1965-67), and ambassador to Uruguay (1968-70). He was one of about 100 people who were killed when troops stormed the Palace of Justice which had been taken over by M-19 guerrillas.

B. Patnaik

Patnaik, Bijayananda, byname Biju Patnaik (b. March 5, 1916, Tulsipur, Orissa, India - d. April 17, 1997, Delhi, India), Indian politician. He was jailed by the country's British rulers during India's fight for freedom which culminated in independence in August 1947. Months after independence, as a qualified pilot, Patnaik flew the first Indian aircraft into the disputed Kashmir region, where India was fighting the first of what would be three wars with neighbouring Pakistan. In 1973 Indonesia awarded Patnaik the "Bhumiputra" (Son of the Soil) award for his help in 1948 in rescuing two independence fighters from Dutch soldiers by landing his plane in the middle of a paddy field; in 1996, Indonesia awarded Patnaik its "Bintang Jasa Utama" award, the highest national honour. Patnaik began his political career as a member of the Congress party and senior aide of India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, and was chief minister of Orissa in 1961-63. But he fell out with Nehru's daughter, Indira Gandhi, and spent time in jail as a political prisoner under her two-year emergency rule from 1975. He was minister of steel and mines in the Morarji Desai cabinet (1977-79) and minister of steel, mines, and coal under Prime Minister Charan Singh (1979-80). From 1990 to 1995 he was again chief minister of Orissa. At the time of his death he was a senior leader of Janata Dal, the biggest single unit in the 15-party United Front coalition headed by Prime Minister H.D. Deve Gowda.

Patnaik, N(agari) M(ohan) (b. Aug. 12, 1911), chief commissioner of Tripura (1958-62).

J.B. Patnaik

N. Patnaik

Patnaik, Janaki Ballabh (b. Jan. 3, 1927, Rameswar [now in Odisha], India - d. April 21, 2015, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India), chief minister of Orissa (1980-89, 1995-99) and governor of Assam (2009-14). He was Indian minister of labour, tourism, and civil aviation in 1980.

Patnaik, Naveen (b. Oct. 16, 1946, Cuttack, Orissa, India), chief minister of Orissa/Odisha (2000- ); son of Bijayananda Patnaik. He was also Indian minister of steel and mines (1998-99) and mines and minerals (1999-2000).

Pato

Pato, Rimbink (b. May 4, 1961), foreign minister (2012- ) and defense minister (2017) of Papua New Guinea.

Patolichev, Nikolay (Semyonovich) (b. Sept. 23 [Sept. 10, O.S.], 1908, Zolino, Vladimir province [now in Nizhny Novgorod oblast], Russia - d. Dec. 1, 1989, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party of the Belorussian S.S.R. (1950-53, 1953-56). He was also first secretary of the party committees of Yaroslavl (1939-42), Chelyabinsk (1942-46), and Rostov (1947-50) oblasti and Soviet minister of foreign trade (1958-85).

Patrício, António Augusto de Medeiros (b. 1930, Lisbon, Portugal), Portuguese diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires (1963-67, 1970-72) and permanent representative (1972-74) to the United Nations, ambassador to Bulgaria (1977-80), the Soviet Union (1980-84), Austria (1984-86), and Belgium (1988-93), and non-resident ambassador to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (1993-96).

Patrício, José Gonçalves Martins (b. March 9, 1954, Luanda, Angola), Angolan diplomat. He has been ambassador to the United States (1993-95), Portugal (1995-99), and Turkey (2018- ) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2000-01).

Patriota

Patrón

Patriota, Antônio (de Aguiar) (b. April 27, 1954, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), foreign minister of Brazil (2011-13). He has also been ambassador to the United States (2007-09) and Italy (2016- ) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2013-16).

Patrón Laviada, Patricio (José) (b. Dec. 17, 1957, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico), governor of Yucatán (2001-07). He was also mayor of Mérida (1995-98).

Päts

Päts, Konstantin (b. Feb. 23 [Feb. 11, O.S.], 1874, Tahkuranna, Pärnu district, Russia [now in Estonia] - d. Jan. 18, 1956, Burashevo, Kalinin [now Tver] oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), president of Estonia (1938-40). In 1901 he founded Teataja ("The Announcer"), an Estonian-language daily newspaper. In 1904 he became a member of the Tallinn city council. He tried to restrain excesses during the 1905 Russian Revolution, but was sentenced to death and went into exile in Switzerland (1905-06) and Finland (1906-09). In 1909 he gave himself up to the Russian authorities and served a brief prison term. Deprived of political rights, he yet became active in the struggle for Estonia's autonomy. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, he became chairman of the executive committee of the Estonian National Council. On the declaration of independence on Feb. 24, 1918, he became head of the provisional government. The next day German troops entered Tallinn and he was arrested, but he resumed his post after the November 1918 armistice, serving until May 1919. Under the constitution of 1920, he served as riigivanem (head of state and government) in 1921-22, 1923-24, 1931-32, 1932-33, and from 1933. A referendum in October 1933 approved a new constitution sponsored by the fascist "Vaps" movement, providing for a stronger executive. In January 1934, when the constitution came into effect, he became prime minister acting as riigivanem. Presidential elections were fixed for April, but, having learned of a planned coup d'état by the Vaps, he arrested their leaders in March and assumed dictatorial powers, becoming riigihoidja (state protector) in 1937 and, under a third constitution, president in 1938. After the Soviet Union occupied Estonia in June 1940, he was formally deposed in July and deported to the U.S.S.R., where he died.

Patsalidis, Christos (G.) (b. 1973, Paphos, Cyprus), interior minister of Cyprus (2007-08). He was also minister of health (2008-11).

Patsatsia

Patsatsia, Otar (Ambakovich), Georgian Otar (Ambakis dze) Patsatsia (b. May 15, 1929, Zugdidi, Georgian S.S.R.), prime minister of Georgia (1993-95). He was also head of administration of Zugdidi district (1992-93).

Pattantyús-Ábrahám (de Danczka), Dezsö (b. July 10, 1875, Debrecen, Hungary - d. Aug. 25, 1977, Budapest, Hungary), prime minister and acting finance minister of Hungary (counter-government, 1919).

Patten

Patten of Barnes, Chris(topher Francis) Patten, Baron (b. May 12, 1944, Lancashire, England), British politician. He joined the Conservative Party research department in 1966, becoming its director in 1974. He entered Parliament in 1979 as member for Bath, Somerset. His consensual economic views and liberal outlook on social issues contrasted with the right-wing values espoused by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. In the end, however, Thatcher decided that he was less dangerous inside her government than outside. He became a junior minister for Northern Ireland in 1983. In 1985 he was appointed minister of state for education, and a year later he was made minister for overseas development. In 1989 he entered Thatcher's cabinet as environment secretary, with the thankless task of introducing the widely disliked poll tax for financing local government. Following John Major's election as prime minister in 1990, he was appointed chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and chairman of the Conservative Party - and given the responsibility of rescuing the party from the depths of unpopularity in time for a general election that was due to be held within 18 months. The Conservatives' victory in April 1992 owed much to Patten's skills - although in the process his necessarily robust campaign tactics lost him much of the cross-party admiration he had won in earlier years for his nonconfrontational, humane approach to politics. His change of style also lost him some support in his own constituency, which he lost to the Liberal Democrats; he was the only cabinet minister to lose his seat. On April 24, Major offered Patten the challenging consolation prize of the governorship of Hong Kong. He was the last British governor of Hong Kong, handing over the colony to China in 1997. In 1999-2004 he was European commissioner for external relations. In 2005 he was created a life peer. He was chairman of the British Broadcasting Corporation in 2011-14.

Patterson, Anne W(oods), née Anne Brevard Woods (b. Oct. 4, 1949, Fort Smith, Ark.), acting U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (2005). She was ambassador to El Salvador (1997-2000), Colombia (2000-03), Pakistan (2007-10), and Egypt (2011-13).

Patterson, James Colebrooke (b. 1839, Armagh, Ireland - d. Feb. 17, 1929, Ottawa, Ont.), defence minister of Canada (1892-95) and lieutenant governor of Manitoba (1895-1900). He was also secretary of state (1892) and minister without portfolio (1895).

P.J. Patterson

Patterson, P(ercival Noel) J(ames) (b. April 10, 1935, St. Andrew, Jamaica), foreign minister (1977-80) and prime minister (1992-2006) of Jamaica. Having joined the People's National Party (PNP) in 1958, he was nominated to the Senate in 1967 and first elected to the House of Representatives in 1970. He held various government posts, including also minister of industry (1972-77), foreign trade and tourism (1972-80), development, planning, and production (1989-90), and finance and planning (1990-91) and deputy prime minister (1978-80, 1989-91). Having lost his seat in the crushing defeat of the PNP by the Jamaican Labour Party in 1980, he oversaw the PNP's successful reorganization as a moderate centre-left force and was reelected in 1989. He had to resign from the government in 1991 in a scandal over an import tax waiver he had signed regarding some U.S.$30 million owed to the Jamaican government by the international oil company Shell. Nevertheless, in 1992 he was chosen by his party to succeed Michael Manley as prime minister by a 3-1 majority over Portia Simpson. He pursued a moderate, free-market economic strategy and, calling a snap election to take advantage of an upturn in the economy, achieved an increased majority for the PNP in 1993, then won an unprecedented third and fourth consecutive term in 1997 and 2002 before retiring in 2006. He helped reduce political tribalism and develop the country's infrastructure; at the same time violent crime increased to the point that Jamaica was classed as murder capital of the world in 2005.

Patton, George S(mith), Jr. (b. Nov. 11, 1885, San Gabriel, Calif. - d. Dec. 21, 1945, Heidelberg, Germany), U.S. general. He graduated from West Point in 1909. In World War I he commanded a tank brigade on the western front. A major general by 1941, he became one of the most daring U.S. combat commanders in World War II. He trained the 1st Armored Corps and later led the first U.S. troops to fight in North Africa, playing a key role in the Allied invasion. In 1943 he commanded the U.S. 7th Army in the Sicilian campaign. He emerged as a colourful figure and had several sobriquets, the most popular of which was "Old Blood and Guts." His short temper frequently involved him in "incidents," and during the Sicilian campaign he fell into temporary disgrace for striking an enlisted man. At the head of the 3rd Army, he swept across France and Germany from August 1944, playing a decisive part in cracking the surprise German counteroffensive in December, and reached Czechoslovakia. In April 1945 he was made a four-star general. Shortly after the end of the war he became military governor of Bavaria. His outspoken criticisms of denazification policies led to an outcry in the United States, followed in October by his relief as 3rd Army commander. In November he was acting U.S. military governor of Germany. In December he was injured in a motor accident near Mannheim and died two weeks later.

Patton

Patton, Paul (Edward) (b. May 26, 1937, Fallsburg, Ky.), governor of Kentucky (1995-2003). He was lieutenant governor in 1991-95. He won the 1995 Democratic gubernatorial primary with 45%, just enough to avoid a runoff; Secretary of State Bob Babbage came in second with 24%, just ahead of state Senate president John "Eck" Rose's 21%. Republican Larry Forgy won his primary (May 1995) handily 82%-14% over former state Republican Party chairman Robert Gable. In the general, Patton defeated Forgy 51%-49%. During the campaign, Patton pledged to defend affirmative action and abortion rights. He was reelected in 1999.

Patwa, Sunderlal (b. Nov. 11, 1924, Kukdeshwar [now in Madhya Pradesh], India - d. Dec. 28, 2016, Bhopal, India), chief minister of Madhya Pradesh (1980, 1990-92). He was also Indian minister of rural development (1999-2000), chemicals and fertilizers (2000), and mines (2000-01).

Patwari, Prabhudas Balubhai (b. July 24, 1909, Dhandhuka [now in Gujarat], India - d. Nov. 20, 1985, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India), governor of Tamil Nadu (1977-80).

Pauker, Ana, née Rabinsohn (b. Feb. 13, 1893, Codaesti, Vaslui county, Romania - d. June 3, 1960, Bucharest, Romania), foreign minister of Romania (1947-52). She was also a deputy premier (1949-52).

E. Paul

Paul, Evans, byname K-Plim (b. Nov. 26, 1955, Port-au-Prince, Haiti), prime minister of Haiti (2015-16). He was also mayor of Port-au-Prince (1990-95); after the 1991 coup he was in hiding until being reinstated a first time in September 1993 and definitely in September 1994.

Paul, Jean (M.), duc de Morin (b. 1800, Léogane, Haiti - d. March 10, 1872, Port-au-Prince, Haiti), member of the Council of Secretaries of State of Haiti (1845). He was made duc de Morin by Emperor Faustin I on May 12, 1855.

Paul, Sir John Warburton (b. March 29, 1916, Weymouth, Dorset, England - d. March 31, 2004), governor (1962-65) and governor-general (1965-66) of The Gambia, governor of British Honduras (1966-72), governor (1972-73) and acting governor-general (1973) of The Bahamas, and lieutenant governor of the Isle of Man (1974-80). Serving as an officer in the 3rd Battalion, Royal Tank Regiment, in France in May 1940, he was awarded a Military Cross for carrying out dangerous patrols, under constant fire, during the defense of Calais. He was then captured by the Germans and spent most of the remaining years of the war trying to escape. After a spell on secondment, in 1945, as aide-de-camp and private secretary to the governor of Sierra Leone, Paul in 1947 joined the Colonial Administrative Service as a cadet in Sierra Leone. Five years later, he reached the rank of district commissioner. Remaining in Sierra Leone, he was subsequently promoted to permanent secretary (1956), provincial commissioner (1959), and finally secretary to the cabinet (1960). He became the last governor of the Gambia, Britain's last West African colony, and after independence remained another year as governor-general. In British Honduras, when concern that Britain was going to cave in to Guatemala's claims to the territory led to violent demonstrations in 1967, he declared a state of emergency; British soldiers patrolled the streets with fixed bayonets to enforce a curfew. Otherwise, he found that a governor "can have damned little to do. It's even worse when you're a governor-general of a small territory. There's even less to do." In the Bahamas, he also oversaw independence celebrations. At one of the ceremonies, an awning collapsed on the Prince of Wales and Paul and his wife, whose hat was momentarily displaced. He was knighted in 1962.

K.K. Paul

Paulauskas

Paul, Krishan Kant (b. Feb. 6, 1948), governor of Meghalaya (2013-15), Nagaland (2014), Manipur (2014-15), Mizoram (2014-15), and Uttarakhand (2015-18).

Paula, Alejandro Felippe, byname Jandi Paula (b. May 2, 1937, Curaçao), prime minister of the Netherlands Antilles (1993-94).

Paulauskas, Arturas (b. Aug. 23, 1953, Vilnius, Lithuanian S.S.R.), speaker of the Seimas (2000-04, 2004-06) and acting president (2004) of Lithuania. He was a presidential candidate in 1997 and 2002.

Paulding, James K(irke) (b. Aug. 22, 1778, Dutchess county, N.Y. - d. April 6, 1860, Hyde Park, N.Y.), U.S. secretary of the navy (1838-41); brother of William Paulding, Jr.

Paulding, William, Jr. (b. March 7, 1770, Philipsburgh [now Tarrytown], New York - d. Feb. 11, 1854, Tarrytown), mayor of New York City (1824-26, 1827-29).

Pauling

Paulson

Pauling, Tom, byname of Thomas Ian Pauling (b. Dec. 13, 1946, Sydney, N.S.W.), administrator of the Northern Territory (2007-11).

Paulino, Antônio Roberto de Sousa (b. July 20, 1951, Guarabira, Paraíba, Brazil), governor of Paraíba (2002-03). He was also mayor of Guarabira (1977-82, 1989-93).

Paulisbo, Patrick (b. 1939? - d. April 17, 2004, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea), premier of Milne Bay (1978-81).

Paulson, Henry M(erritt), Jr., byname Hank Paulson (b. March 28, 1946, Palm Beach, Fla.), U.S. treasury secretary (2006-09).

Pauluchchi, Filipp (Osipovich), Italian Marchese Filippo Paulucci (b. Sept. 11, 1779, Modena, Duchy of Modena [now in Italy] - d. Jan. 25, 1849, Nizza, Kingdom of Sardinia [now Nice, France]), governor-general of Livonia, Estonia, and Courland (1812-30).

Pauluks, Janis (b. 1865 - d. June 21, 1937), prime minister of Latvia (1923). He was also minister of transport (1921-25).

Paulus VI

Paulus VI, Saint (English Paul VI), original name Giovanni Battista (Enrico Antonio Maria) Montini (b. Sept. 26, 1897, Concesio, Italy - d. Aug. 6, 1978, Castel Gandolfo, Italy), pope of the Roman Catholic Church (1963-78). Ordained priest in 1920, he was eventually recruited for the Vatican diplomatic service. His first assignment (May 1923) was to the staff of the apostolic nunciature (papal ambassador's post) in Warsaw, but ill health brought him back to Rome before the end of the year, and he then resumed work at the Vatican Secretariat of State, where he held posts of increasing importance for more than 30 years. In 1939 he was appointed papal undersecretary of state and in 1944 acting secretary for ordinary (or nondiplomatic) affairs. He declined an invitation to be elevated to the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1953. In November 1954, Pope Pius XII appointed him archbishop of Milan, and Pope Ioannes XXIII named him cardinal in 1958. He was elected pope on June 21, 1963, choosing to be known as Paulus VI. His pontificate began in the period following the difficult first session of the Second Vatican Council, in which he had played an important, though not spectacular, part. After seeing the council to a successful conclusion (Dec. 8, 1965), he began the formidable task of implementing its decisions, which affected practically every facet of church life. His encyclical Populorum Progressio (March 26, 1967) was such a pointed plea for social justice that in some conservative circles he was accused of Marxism. On the other hand, in Humanae Vitae (July 25, 1968), he reaffirmed the established position of the church against artificial means of birth control. He journeyed to many countries, becoming the first pope to leave Italy in well over a century. He was beatified in 2014 and canonized in 2018.

Pauncefort, Bernard (Edward) (b. April 8, 1926, London, England - d. July 14, 2010, Somerset, England), administrator of Ascension (1980-82) and Tristan da Cunha (1989-92).

Paunovski, Ljuben (b. Oct. 19, 1958, Prilep, Macedonia), defense minister of Macedonia (2000-01).

Pavate, Dadasaheb Chintamani, also called Dadappa Chintappa Pavate (b. Aug. 2, 1899, Mamdapur, Belgaum district, Mysore [now Karnataka], India - d. Jan. 17, 1979, Bangalore [now Bengaluru], India), governor of Punjab (1967-73).

Pavel, secular name Pyotr (Lavrentyevich) Popov (b. 1813, Krasnoyarsk, Russia - d. June 6 [May 25, O.S.], 1877, Blagoveshchensk, Russia), Russian Orthodox bishop of Yakutsk (1860-66), Novo-Arkhangelsk (1866-70), Krasnoyarsk (1870-73), and Kamchatka (1873-77).

Pavel, secular name Pyotr (Vasilyevich) Lebedev (b. Dec. 24 [Dec. 12, O.S.], 1827 - d. May 5 [April 23, O.S.], 1892), exarch of Georgia (1882-87). He was also bishop of Vyborg (1868-69), Ladoga (1869-71), and Kishinev (1871-79) and archbishop of Kishinev (1879-82) and Kazan (1887-92).

Pavel I, in full Pavel Petrovich (b. Oct. 1 [Sept. 20, O.S.], 1754, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. [assassinated] March 23/24 [March 11/12, O.S.], 1801, St. Petersburg), emperor of Russia (1796-1801) and grand master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (1798-1801).

Pavelic

Pavelic, Ante (b. July 14, 1889, Bradina, Ottoman Empire [now in Bosnia and Herzegovina] - d. Dec. 28, 1959, Madrid, Spain), Croatian leader. He joined the nationalist Croatian Party of Rights and became its secretary. In 1920 he was elected city and county alderman at Zagreb. A deputy to the Yugoslav Skupstina (parliament) from 1927 to 1929, he vigorously opposed the centralization policy of the government. In January 1929, when King Aleksander assumed dictatorial power, Pavelic fled to Italy where he organized a revolutionary Croatian nationalist group known as the Ustase ("insurgents"). It organized the assassination of King Aleksander in Marseille on Oct. 9, 1934. Aiming to destroy Yugoslavia and to establish an independent Croatian state, he collaborated with, and became an instrument of, the Axis powers Germany and Italy. After their conquest of Yugoslavia in April 1941, he was installed as leader (poglavnik) of the Independent State of Croatia, which also included Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was also prime minister (1941-43) and foreign minister (1941). Aligning with the Axis, his government declared war on the Allies and sent troops to the Russian front. His dictatorial regime, whose slogan was "Za dom Spremni" ("Ready for the Fatherland") and which was strongly Roman Catholic in orientation, brutally oppressed the Orthodox Serbs, Muslims, and Jews, and a strong resistance emerged. With the defeat of Germany in May 1945, the Croatian state ceased to exist and he went into hiding under false names in Austria and Italy, then escaped to Argentina in 1948. His extradition as a war criminal was demanded by Yugoslavia but refused by Argentina. After being wounded in an assassination attempt (April 10, 1957), he fled to Paraguay and later secretly settled in Spain.

Pavicevic, Miso (b. April 21, 1915, Pljevlja, Montenegro - d. 1995, Belgrade, Serbia), acting foreign minister of Yugoslavia (1968-69). He was also minister to Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay (1951-53), ambassador to Turkey (1953-55), Greece (1955-58), and Italy (1971-75), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1960-63).

Pavie

Pavletic

Pavlopoulos

Pavie, Auguste (Jean Marie) (b. May 31, 1847, Dinan, Côtes-du-Nord [now Côtes-d'Armor], France - d. May 7, 1925, Thourie, Ille-et-Vilaine, France), commissioner-general of Laos (1894-95).

Pavletic, Vlatko (b. Dec. 2, 1930, Zagreb, Yugoslavia [now in Croatia] - d. Sept. 19, 2007, Zagreb), president of the Sabor (1995-2000) and acting president (1999-2000) of Croatia. He was also minister of education and culture (1990-92).

Pavlopoulos, Prokopis (Vasiliou) (b. July 10, 1950, Kalamata, Greece), interior minister (2004-07, 2007-09) and president (2015- ) of Greece.

Pavlos

Pavlos, English Paul (b. Dec. 14, 1901, Athens, Greece - d. March 6, 1964, Athens), king of Greece (1947-64). The third son of future king Konstantinos I and his wife, Sophia of Prussia, he was forced into exile with his father following Konstantinos' deposition in 1917. After the death of his brother, King Alexandros, in October 1920, he was offered the crown but declined. He returned to Greece in December when Konstantinos was restored to the throne. When Konstantinos abdicated in December 1922, Pavlos became diadoch (crown prince), his brother Georgios being king. But as republican feeling grew, he again left Greece in December 1923, living chiefly in Britain and also in the United States. When the monarchy was restored in 1935, and Georgios was recalled as king, Pavlos returned with him. In 1938 he married his young cousin, the princess Frederika of Brunswick (b. April 18, 1917 - d. Feb. 6, 1981); they had a son, Konstantinos (b. 1940), and two daughters, Sophia (b. 1938) and Irene (b. 1942). Holding officer's rank in the Greek navy, army, and air force, he was a member of the army general staff in 1940 when war broke out with Italy. As Greece was occupied, he escaped into yet another exile in 1941, living in Cairo and South Africa. Returning home after the war, he ascended the throne on the death of Georgios (April 1947). He supported close ties with the United States, which provided economic assistance and help in putting down the Communist insurrection that lasted until 1949. His popularity served to stem anti-monarchist sentiment.

Pavlov, Aleksandr (Sergeyevich) (b. Jan. 1, 1953, Pavlodar, Kazakh S.S.R.), finance minister (1994-98, 2002), deputy prime minister (1996-99, 2002), and first deputy prime minister (1999-2000, 2002-04) of Kazakhstan.

Pavlov, Dimitur (Nikolov) (b. Sept. 7, 1937, Kichevo, Varna district, Bulgaria), defense minister of Bulgaria (1995-97). He was also commander of the navy (1990-92).

Pavlov, Sergey (Pavlovich) (b. Jan. 19, 1929, Rzhev, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Oct. 7, 1993, Moscow, Russia), Soviet politician. He was chairman of the State Committee for Physical Culture and Sport (1968-83) and ambassador to Mongolia (1983-85) and Burma (1985-89).

Valentin Pavlov

Pavlov, Valentin (Sergeyevich) (b. Sept. 26, 1937, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. March 30, 2003, Moscow), prime minister of the Soviet Union (1991). He began his career as a city financial inspector and rose slowly through the Soviet economic bureaucracy, serving as chairman of the State Committee for Prices (1986-89) before becoming finance minister in 1989 and prime minister in January 1991. In August 1991, he and other Soviet hardliners calling themselves the State Emergency Committee announced Mikhail Gorbachev was ill and isolated the reformist Soviet leader at a Black Sea resort. Looking glum and nervous, eight of them sat together at a news conference to tell the nation their committee was in charge. They moved armoured columns into Moscow but stopped short of using them on thousands of protesters, who rallied behind Boris Yeltsin, then president of the Russian republic. After just three days, the coup collapsed, Gorbachev was freed, and the plotters were arrested. Although the hardliners said they were trying to prevent the U.S.S.R. from disintegrating into chaos, the coup attempt precipitated its demise. Four months later, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus announced the Soviet Union defunct, forcing Gorbachev to resign on December 25. One coup plotter committed suicide. Pavlov and the others were sentenced to prison but were released in 1993 and amnestied by parliament in 1994. Pavlov went on to head a commercial bank and later turned to economic research, taking leadership posts at several academies and institutes. He remained unrepentant about his role in the coup. In 2001, he and several other surviving coup plotters, in an eerie reprise of their last joint appearance together, defended their actions and praised Russian president Vladimir Putin as trying to achieve the same goals that they had.

Pavlov, Vladimir (Yakovlevich) (b. Oct. 26, 1923, Mosalsk, Kaluga province, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Oct. 21, 1998, Moscow, Russia), Soviet official. He was ambassador to Hungary (1971-82) and Japan (1982-85) and chairman of the State Committee for Foreign Tourism (1985-89).

Pavlovic, Djordje M. (b. 1838, Smederevo, Serbia - d. Oct. 28, 1921, Belgrade, Yugoslavia [now in Serbia]), foreign minister of Serbia (1875-76). He was also finance minister (1884) and justice minister (1885-86).

Pavlovic, Melentije (b. 1776, Vrbava, central Serbia - d. June 8, 1833, Belgrade, Serbia), metropolitan of Belgrade (1832-33).

Pavlovich Arellano, Claudia (Artemiza) (b. June 17, 1969, Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico), governor of Sonora (2015- ).

Pawar, Sharad(chandra Govindrao) (b. Dec. 12, 1940, Baramati [now in Maharashtra], India), chief minister of Maharashtra (1978-80, 1988-91, 1993-95) and defense minister of India (1991-93). He was also minister of agriculture (2004-14), consumer affairs and public distribution (2004-11), and food processing industries (2011-14).

Pawlak, Stanislaw (Michal) (b. Sept. 27, 1933, Kalisz, Poland), Polish diplomat. He was ambassador to Canada (1978-83) and Syria and Jordan (1996-2001) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1989-91).

W. Pawlak

Pawlak, Waldemar (b. Sept. 5, 1959, Model village, Poland), prime minister of Poland (1992, 1993-95). He was a presidential candidate in 2010, winning 1.8% of the vote. In 2007-12 he was deputy prime minister; he resigned when he lost the leadership of the Polish Peasant Party to Janusz Piechocinski in November 2012.

Pawlenty

Pawlenty, Tim(othy James) (b. Nov. 27, 1960, St. Paul, Minn.), governor of Minnesota (2003-11). A Republican, he first got involved in politics when interning for Sen. David Durenberger. In 1992 he was elected to the state House from Eagan in suburban Dakota County. Soon he became recognized as one of his party's leaders. He started running for governor in 1998, but was persuaded to step aside for Norm Coleman, the mayor of St. Paul, who had switched parties and become a Republican. In 1999 Pawlenty was elected majority leader in the state House. With Speaker Steve Sviggum, he helped pass large tax cuts and was a major player, with Sviggum, state Senate president Roger Moe (Democratic-Farmer-Labor), and Gov. Jesse Ventura (Independent), in Minnesota's tripartisan government. In 2001 he set out to run against Sen. Paul Wellstone, but White House political strategist Karl Rove thought Coleman would be a stronger candidate. Vice Pres. Dick Cheney then called Pawlenty and said that it would be better if he got out of the Senate race and ran for governor. For the second time, Pawlenty deferred to Coleman. He promised never to raise taxes and took conservative stands on abortion and other cultural issues. His organizational work helped him defeat Brian Sullivan at the Republican convention 58%-42%. The DFL nomination went to Moe. In June Ventura announced he wasn't running; into that void stepped Tim Penny, a former Democratic congressman, who switched to the Independence Party and was supported by Ventura. Pawlenty won with 44% of the vote to 36% for Moe and 16% for Penny. Very many of the voters who had elected Ventura in 1998 elected Pawlenty in 2002. As governor, he eliminated a giant budget deficit. In 2006, in an election season unfavourable to Republicans, he was narrowly reelected, defeating Attorney General Mike Hatch (DFL) 47%-46%. He was a candidate for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination, but abandoned his bid already in August 2011.

Pawley

Pawley, Howard (Russell) (b. Nov. 21, 1934, Brampton, Ontario - d. Dec. 30, 2015), premier of Manitoba (1981-88). When he first ran for provincial office in 1958, he was defeated. Two attempts to gain political office in federal elections also ended in failure. However, in 1969 the people of the provincial riding of Selkirk elected him to serve as their representative in the Manitoba legislature. He became the most junior minister in the cabinet of Premier Edward Schreyer. As minister of municipal affairs (1969-76) he was so popular that the municipal secretaries in Manitoba complained when in 1973 Schreyer decided to move him to another cabinet post. As a result, Pawley retained the municipal affairs portfolio when he became Manitoba's attorney general and keeper of the great seal in 1973. Known as a civil libertarian, he had a hand in several pioneering pieces of legislation. Among them were an automobile insurance bill, a bill outlawing wiretapping, and a bill opening credit files to customers. The Schreyer government was defeated in the provincial election of 1977, but Pawley retained his seat in the legislature. In 1979 he succeeded Schreyer as leader of the Manitoba New Democratic Party (NDP). In the provincial election of Nov. 17, 1981, the NDP won a majority in the legislature, and Pawley became premier. Emphasizing economic renewal, he believed that the provincial government should spend money in order to bring Manitoba out of its economic recession. Once in office, he moved to do just that. A mortgage interest rate relief plan was implemented, as was an income stabilization plan for beef producers; rent increases for tenants were limited to 9% on all older buildings. His government was only narrowly reelected in 1986 and fell in a no-confidence vote in 1988; he then resigned as party leader. He was unsuccessful as a candidate in the 1988 federal election.

Payakov, Lazar (Lazarov) (b. 1860, Gabrovo, Ottoman Empire [now in Bulgaria] - d. 1910, Sofia, Bulgaria), finance minister of Bulgaria (1903-08). He was also education minister (1907).

Payán (Hurtado), (José) Eliseo (b. Aug. 1, 1825, Cali, New Granada [now Colombia] - d. June 30, 1895, Buga, Cauca [now in Valle del Cauca], Colombia), vice president (1886-88) and acting president (1886-87) of Colombia. He was also president of Cauca (1863-67, 1879, 1883-86).

Payao, Albert (b. June 11, 1930, Bangui, Oubangui-Chari [now Central African Republic]), finance minister of the Central African Republic (1959-62). He was also minister of agriculture, livestock, water, forestry, hunting, and tourism (1962-64) and rural development (1964-66).

Payette

Payette, Julie (b. Oct. 20, 1963, Montreal, Que.), governor general of Canada (2017- ). She is a former astronaut.

Payne, Henry B. (middle initial added by himself) (b. Nov. 30, 1810, Hamilton, N.Y. - d. Sept. 9, 1896, Cleveland, Ohio), U.S. politician. He was a member of the House of Representatives (1875-77) and Senate (1885-91) and a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination (1880, 1884).

Payne, James Spriggs (b. Dec. 19, 1819, Richmond, Va. - d. Jan. 31, 1882), president of Liberia (1868-70, 1876-78).

Payne-Banfield, Gloria, Grenadian politician. She was permanent representative to the United Nations (1984-85) and leader of the Grenada United Labour Party (2003-07).

Payssé Reyes, Héctor (b. Dec. 2, 1903, Montevideo, Uruguay - d. July 21, 1988, Montevideo), Uruguayan diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1965-66).

C.R. Payton

Payton, Carolyn R(obertson) (b. May 13, 1925, Norfolk, Va. - d. April 11, 2001, Washington, D.C.), director of the Peace Corps (1977-78).

Payton, David (Bruce) (b. 1952?), administrator of Tokelau (2006-09). He was also New Zealand's ambassador to Saudi Arabia (1997-2000) and the Netherlands (2002-06).

Paz (Lozano), Octavio (Ireneo) (b. March 31, 1914, Mexico City, Mexico - d. April 19, 1998, Mexico City), Mexican diplomat. Better known as the author who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1990, he was chargé d'affaires in Japan (1952) and France (1959-60) and ambassador to India (1962-68).

Paz (Delgado), Rodrigo (b. Dec. 20, 1933, Tulcán, Ecuador), finance minister of Ecuador (1980-81). He was also mayor of Quito (1988-92) and a presidential candidate (1996).

Paz Baraona, Miguel (b. Dec. 4, 1863, Pinalejo, Santa Bárbara, Honduras - d. Nov. 11, 1937, San Pedro Sula, Honduras), president of Honduras (1925-29). He was also minister of development, public works, and agriculture (1919-20) and president of the National Congress (1933-34).

Paz Barnica, Edgardo (b. 1934, San Pedro Sula, Honduras - d. Sept. 26, 2003, Tegucigalpa, Honduras), foreign minister of Honduras (1982-86). He was also ambassador to Argentina (1990-93), Spain (1994-96), Venezuela (1996-99), and Peru (1999-2003).

Paz Estenssoro

Paz Estenssoro, (Ángel) Víctor (b. Oct. 2, 1907, Tarija, southwestern Bolivia - d. June 7, 2001, Tarija), president of Bolivia (1952-56, 1960-64, 1985-89). As a noncommissioned officer he took part in the Chaco War of 1932-35 between Bolivia and Paraguay. He was economic adviser to Pres. Germán Busch (1937-39). On June 7, 1941, he and others established the National Revolutionary Movement (MNR). In 1943-44 he was finance minister. He was elected president in 1951 but was prevented from taking office by the military until the MNR led a popular revolution in 1952. During his first presidency the right to vote was extended to Indians and the big tin-mining companies were nationalized. In 1956-60 he served as ambassador to the United Kingdom. He again became the MNR's presidential candidate in 1960 and won a decisive victory. His second administration saw a move toward the political right. In the election of May 1964, he was returned unopposed, as the opposition boycotted the poll. He was overthrown by a military coup d'état in November and went into exile in Peru. He returned to Bolivia in August 1971 to become an adviser to the government of right-wing president Hugo Banzer Suárez. Paz ran unsuccessfully for the presidency in 1978, 1979, and 1980. Running again in 1985, he won 26% in the popular vote, finishing second to Banzer (29%); Congress then elected Paz president (with 94 votes compared to 51 for Banzer). He gained his victory with the backing of the leftist elements in Congress, but after taking office he broke with the left and formed a pact with Banzer. He privatized the tin mines and instituted a program of economic austerity that reduced the hyperinflation that had reached 22,000%. Many Bolivians felt that he had broken completely with the ethos of the 1952 revolution. He retired from politics in 1989.

Paz García, Policarpo (Juan) (b. Dec. 7, 1932, La Arada village, Goascorán municipality, Valle department, Honduras - d. April 16, 2000, Tegucigalpa, Honduras), president of Honduras (1978-82).

Paz Soldán (y Ureta), José Gregorio (b. May 9, 1808, Arequipa, Peru - d. Dec. 17, 1875, Lima, Peru), foreign minister (1845-48, 1853-54, 1862-63) and prime minister (1862-63) of Peru. He was also minister to Colombia (1852-53) and Venezuela (1853).

Paz Soldán (y Ureta), Mariano Felipe (b. Aug. 22, 1821, Arequipa, Peru - d. Dec. 31, 1886, Lima, Peru), foreign minister of Peru (1857 and [acting] 1879); brother of José Gregorio Paz Soldán. He was also minister of justice and education (1869-70, 1878-79).

Paz Soldán (y Ureta), Pedro (Silvero) (b. June 20, 1809, Arequipa, Peru - d. June 1876, Lima, Peru), prime minister (1867) and finance and commerce minister (1867-68) of Peru; brother of José Gregorio Paz Soldán.

Paz Zamora

Paz Zamora, Jaime (b. April 15, 1939, Cochabamba, Bolivia), president of Bolivia (1989-93). He founded the Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR; Revolutionary Leftist Movement) in 1971, some three weeks after Hugo Banzer Suárez seized control of Bolivia. As leader of the MIR, he figured prominently in the movement as a proponent of "people's war" and anti-imperialism. In 1974 he was briefly jailed by the Banzer government for revolutionary activities, and he spent much of the rest of the decade in exile. On his return to Bolivia, he ran unsuccessfully for vice president in 1979 and then successfully the following year with Hernán Siles Zuazo of the left-leaning Unión Democrática y Popular as president; a military coup nullified the results. It was at this time that he was the sole survivor of a plane crash in an apparent assassination attempt by members of the military. A split in the coalition took place after October 1982 elections that returned Siles and Paz Zamora to power; the MIR left the cabinet, leaving Paz stranded in the vice presidency (until 1985). The former military dictator Banzer, of the right-wing Acción Democrática Nacionalista, and Paz Zamora, a self-proclaimed social democrat, joined forces to govern in 1989. He now discarded all pretense of radicalism, dismissing it as "sterile," and promptly signed an agreement with the International Monetary Fund. On his 101st day in office as president, he imposed a three-month state of siege in response to a widening teachers' strike. He was at his most visible, however, in resisting the proposal to use U.S. ground troops against drug dealers and appeared to have lost conditional U.S. aid to Bolivia as a consequence.

Paze, Gaqo (Spiro) (b. 1901 - d. ...), Albanian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1955) and ambassador to East Germany (1955-64) and Ghana (1964-66).

Pazhwak

Pazhwak, Abdul Rahman (b. March 7, 1919, Ghazni, Afghanistan [according to other sources, 1917, Nangarhar province, Afghanistan] - d. June 8, 1995, Hayatabad, Peshawar, Pakistan), president of the UN General Assembly (1966-67). He was also Afghan permanent representative to the UN (1958-72) and ambassador to West Germany (1973), India (1973-76), and the United Kingdom (1976-78). He received political asylum in the U.S. in 1982; in 1991 he moved to Pakistan.

Pazo de la Merced, José de Elduayen (y Gorriti), marqués del (b. June 22, 1823, Madrid, Spain - d. June 24, 1898, Madrid), foreign minister of Spain (1880-81, 1884-85, 1896). He was also minister of finance (1872), overseas (1879, 1879-80), and interior (1891-92). He was created marquess in 1875.