Index Bo

Bo, Hideo (b. June 25, 1904, Wakayama, Japan - d. Aug. 8, 1990), finance minister of Japan (1976-77). He was also minister of health and welfare (1966-67).

Bo-Boliko Lokonga Monse Mihambo, (André) (b. Aug. 15, 1934, Lobamiti, Belgian Congo [now in Mai-Ndombe province, Congo (Kinshasa)] - d. March 30, 2018, Brussels, Belgium), prime minister of Zaire (1979-80). He was also president of the National Assembly (1970-79).

Bo Xilai (b. July 3, 1949, Dingxiang county, Shanxi, China), Chinese politician; son of Bo Yibo. He fell from favour during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) and spent five years in reeducation classes and physical labour. In 1984 he began a government career in Liaoning province as a county CCP secretary. He became executive vice-mayor of Dalian in 1989 and mayor in 1992; in the latter post he was successful in increasing foreign investment and tourism. In 1999-2000 he was also CCP secretary of Dalian. He then became governor of Liaoning (2001-04) and commerce minister of China (2004-07), a post that brought him international attention for his key role in China's business and trade. In 2007, at the 17th party congress, Bo was appointed to the Political Bureau and became party secretary of Chongqing. Bo's policies became known as the "Chongqing model"; under his rule the municipality's gross domestic product increased at an average annual rate of 15.8%. Bo was seen as a likely candidate to succeed Pres. Hu Jintao. On Feb. 6, 2012, Wang Lijun, whom Bo had removed as police chief four days earlier, sought asylum at the U.S. consulate in Chengdu; there he claimed that Bo's wife Gu Kailai had poisoned Neil Heywood, a British businessman who had been found dead on Nov. 15, 2011, in a hotel room in Chongqing. The death had been attributed to excessive alcohol consumption. Bo was removed from his post as Chongqing party secretary on March 15, 2012, and from all other CCP posts the following month. He was placed under investigation for corruption and "serious discipline violations." On July 26 Gu and Zhang Xiaojun, an employee of Bo, were charged with Heywood's murder. It was said that, following a dispute with Heywood, her close business associate, Gu lured him to Chongqing and, with Zhang's assistance, poisoned him with cyanide after incapacitating him with alcohol. At the conclusion of their trial, on August 20, Gu received a suspended death sentence and Zhang received a nine-year prison sentence. Bo was expelled from the Communist Party in November. In September 2013 he was found guilty of bribery, embezzlement, and abuse of power and sentenced to life imprisonment.

Bo Yibo
Bo Yibo (b. Feb. 17, 1908, Dingxiang county, Shanxi, China - d. Jan. 15, 2007, Beijing, China), finance minister of China (1949-53). He joined the Communist Party in 1925 and took part in the Long March, a strategic relocation of the Red Army. After the Communist victory in 1949, he rose to become chairman of the State Economic Commission in 1955 and vice-premier in 1957. He was purged during the Cultural Revolution and endured a decade of disgrace but was rehabilitated in 1978 and returned to the office of vice-premier in 1979. He was later considered one of the "Eight Immortals," the group of revolutionary veterans who included Deng Xiaoping. Bo was close to Deng and supported his economic reforms; he was also believed to be a supporter of the decision to use soldiers to crush the 1989 pro-democracy protests.

Boa Vista, Francisco do Rego Barros, barão, visconde e conde da (b. Feb. 4, 1802, Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Oct. 4, 1870, Recife, Pernambuco), president of Pernambuco (1837-41, 1841-44) and Rio Grande do Sul (1865-66). He was made baron in 1841, viscount in 1858, and count in 1860.

Boabaid, José (b. Aug. 7, 1906, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil - d. Nov. 26, 1972, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina), acting governor of Santa Catarina (1948-50).

Boag, Sir George Townsend (b. Nov. 12, 1884 - d. April 28, 1969), acting governor of Orissa (1938); knighted 1941.

Boakai
Boakai, Joseph (Nyumah, Sr.) (b. Nov. 30, 1944, Warsonga, Lofa county, Liberia), vice president (2006-17) and president (2024- ) of Liberia. He was also agriculture minister (1983-85). He was an unsuccessful presidential candidate in 2017 before winning in 2023.

Boasman
Boasman, Rafael (Antonio) (b. June 5, 1953, Aruba), acting prime minister of Sint Maarten (2017-18). He was deputy prime minister and justice minister (2016-18).

Boaten, Frank Edmund (b. Dec. 17, 1923), Ghanaian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1972-79) and ambassador to Denmark (1979-...).

Boateng, Kwaku (b. 1925? - d. May 1, 2006, Cape Town, South Africa), interior minister of Ghana (1961-64). He was also minister of information and broadcasting (1960-61), education (1964-65), and science and higher education (1965-66).

Boateng, Paul (Yaw) Boateng, Baron (b. June 14, 1951, London, England), British politician; son of Kwaku Boateng. As chief secretary to the treasury (2002-05), he was the first black member of a British cabinet. He was also high commissioner to South Africa (2005-09). He was made a life peer in 2010.

Bobeva, Daniela (Nikolova) (b. Sept. 8, 1958, Sofia, Bulgaria), a deputy prime minister of Bulgaria (2013-14). She was also minister of trade and economic cooperation (1997).

Bobnar, Tatjana (b. June 13, 1969, Ljubljana, Slovenia), interior minister of Slovenia (2022). She was also director-general of police (2018-20).

Bobozhonov, Pulat (Razzakovich) (b. 1961), interior minister of Uzbekistan (2017- ). He was also head of Khorezm oblast (2012-17).

Bobrinsky, Graf Aleksandr (Alekseyevich) (b. May 29 [May 17, O.S.], 1823 - d. March 9 [Feb. 24, O.S.], 1903), governor of St. Petersburg (1861-64).

Bobrinsky, Graf Aleksey (Aleksandrovich) (b. May 31 [May 19, O.S.] or June 27 [June 15, O.S.], 1852, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Sept. 2, 1927, Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes, France), agriculture minister of Russia (1916); son of Graf Aleksandr Bobrinsky.

Bobrinsky, Graf Aleksey (Pavlovich) (b. April 12 [March 31, O.S.], 1826, Iyevlevo, Tula province [now oblast], Russia - d. Oct. 20, 1894, Cannes, France), Russian official; cousin of Graf Aleksandr Bobrinsky and Graf Vladimir Bobrinsky. He was minister of communications (1871-74).

Bobrinsky, Graf Vladimir (Alekseyevich) (b. Oct. 14 [Oct. 2, O.S.], 1824, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. June 3 [May 22, O.S.], 1898, Smela, Russia [now Smila, Cherkasy oblast, Ukraine]), governor of Grodno (1863); brother of Graf Aleksandr Bobrinsky; illegitimate great-grandson of Yekaterina II. He was also Russian minister of communications (1869-71).

Bobu, Emil (b. Feb. 22, 1927, Vârfu Câmpului, Botosani county, Romania - d. July 12, 2014, Bucharest, Romania), interior minister of Romania (1973-75). He was also minister of labour (1979-81) and a deputy prime minister (1982).

Bobutac
Bobutac, Valeriu (b. March 13, 1945, Hancauti, northwestern Moldavian S.S.R.), Moldovan politician. He served as economy minister (1994-96) and as ambassador to Russia (1997-2001), Hungary (2005-09), and Belarus (2009). Pres. Petru Lucinschi nominated him as prime minister in 1999 after the government was toppled in a no-confidence vote, but parliament rejected him.

Boc
Bocharov
Boc, Emil (Ioan) (b. Sept. 6, 1966, Rachitele, Cluj county, Romania), prime minister of Romania (2008-12). He has also been mayor of Cluj-Napoca (2004-08, 2012- ), leader of the Democratic Party (2004-07) and the Democratic Liberal Party (2007-12), and acting minister of education, research, and innovation (2009).

Bocayuva, Quintino Antonio Ferreira de Sousa, modernized spelling Bocaiúva (b. Dec. 4, 1836, Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. June 11, 1912, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), foreign minister of Brazil (1889-91) and president of Rio de Janeiro (1900-03). He was also minister of agriculture, commerce, and public works (1889). He added Bocayuva to his name in 1853.

Bocharov, Andrey (Ivanovich) (b. Oct. 14, 1969, Barnaul, Altay kray, Russian S.F.S.R.), governor of Volgograd oblast (2014- ).

Bochkarev, Vasily (Kuzmich) (b. April 29, 1949 - d. June 22, 2016, Penza, Russia), head of the administration of Penza oblast (1998-2015).

Bochniarz, Henryka (Teodora) (b. Oct. 29, 1947, Swiebodzin, Poland), Polish politician. She was minister of industry and trade (1991) and a minor presidential candidate (2005).

Bocianski, Ludwik (b. Aug. 24, 1892, Pleschen, Germany [now Pleszew, Poland] - d. Feb. 7, 1970, London, England), governor of Wilenskie (1935-39) and Poznanskie (1939) województwa.

Bock, Fritz (b. Feb. 26, 1911, Vienna, Austria - d. Dec. 12, 1993, Vienna), vice chancellor of Austria (1966-68). He was also minister of trade (1956-68), reconstruction (1956-66), and industry (1966-68).

Bock, Lorenz (b. Aug. 12, 1883, Nordstetten, Württemberg [now part of Horb am Neckar, Baden-Württemberg], Germany - d. Aug. 4, 1948, Rottweil, Württemberg-Hohenzollern [now in Baden-Württemberg], Germany), state president of Württemberg-Hohenzollern (1947-48).

Boçka, Ilir (b. Jan. 10, 1950), foreign minister of Albania (1991-92). He has also been chargé d'affaires (1986-88) and ambassador (1988-90) to East Germany and ambassador to Serbia (2014- ).

Bockos Heredia de Grillo, María Angélica (b. 1927?, Lima, Peru), justice minister of Peru (1989-90).

Bocoum
Bocoum, Baréma (Kissourou) (b. Jan. 1, 1914, Mopti, Haut-Sénégal-Niger [now Mali] - d. March 3, 1973, Quizanbougou, Bamako, Mali), foreign minister (1961-64) and interior minister (1964-66) of Mali.

Bodán Shields, Harry (Agustín) (b. Aug. 29, 1945, Bluefields, Nicaragua), foreign minister of Nicaragua (1979). He was also ambassador to Japan (1997-2007).

Bodawphaya, also spelled Bodawpaya (b. March 11, 1745, Awa, Kingdom of Awa [now Myanmar] - d. June 5, 1819, Amarapura, Kingdom of Awa), king of Awa (1782-1819). A son of Alaungphaya, the founder of the Konbaung dynasty, Bodawphaya came to power after deposing and executing his grandnephew Maung Maung. In 1784 he conquered Arakan, the maritime kingdom on the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal, captured its king, Thamada, and deported more than 20,000 people into Awa as slaves. The king's success in Arakan led him to invade Siam in 1785, but his army was defeated. Bodawphaya's rule in Arakan was so oppressive that the people revolted in 1794. When the king sent an army to crush the revolt, thousands of refugees fled to British territory, with Awa troops crossing the border in pursuit of the rebel leaders. Conditions on the border became so unsettled that in 1795 the British sent a representative to Amarapura, the Awa capital, to negotiate with Bodawphaya. The disturbances continued, however, and Bodawphaya's campaigns in Assam added to the tension. Open conflict was narrowly avoided, but the British severed diplomatic relations in 1811. Bodawphaya was a fervent Buddhist who allegedly proclaimed himself maitreya (the Buddhist messiah destined to conquer the world), but the historicity of this episode is uncertain. He persecuted heterodox sects and made drinking, smoking opium, and killing animals punishable by death. He built many pagodas, his most ambitious project being the Mingun pagoda, which, if completed, would have been 150 m high; he had the world's largest bell cast to go with the pagoda. During his reign, he made a major economic survey of the entire kingdom (1784).

Bodden, Truman (Murray) (b. April 22, 1945, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands), leader of government business of the Cayman Islands (1995-2000).

Bode, Ridvan (Vait) (b. June 26, 1959, Korçë, Albania), finance minister of Albania (1996-97, 2005-13).

Boden, Fernand (b. Sept. 13, 1943, Echternach, Luxembourg), Luxembourg politician. He was minister of national education and tourism (1979-89), agriculture (1982 [interim], 1995-2009), youth (1984-89), family, solidarity, middle classes, and tourism (1989-95), civil service (1994-95), and viticulture, rural development, middle classes, tourism, and housing (1995-2009).

Boden, Wilhelm (b. March 5, 1890, Grumbach, Prussia [now in Rheinland-Pfalz], Germany - d. Oct. 18, 1961, Birnbach, Rheinland-Pfalz, West Germany), Oberpräsident of Rheinland-Hessen-Nassau (1946) and minister-president of Rheinland-Pfalz (1946-47).

Bodenhausen, Christiaan Wilhelm (b. June 24, 1869, Leeuwarden, Friesland, Netherlands - d. April 8, 1966, Bloemendaal, Noord-Holland, Netherlands), finance minister of the Netherlands (1939).

Bodha
Bodha, Nando, byname of Nandcoomar Bodha (b. Feb. 3, 1954, Terre Rouge, Mauritius), foreign minister of Mauritius (2019-21). He was also minister of tourism (2000-03, 2010-11), agriculture (2003-05), and public infrastructure and land transport (2014-19) and leader of the opposition (2006-07).

Bodini, Daniele (b. Dec. 20, 1945, Erba, Italy), Sammarinese diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2005-16).

Bodman, Samuel (Wright) (b. Nov. 26, 1938, Chicago, Ill. - d. Sept. 7, 2018, El Paso, Texas), U.S. energy secretary (2005-09).

Bodnar, Adam (Piotr) (b. Jan. 6, 1977, Trzebiatów, Poland), justice minister of Poland (2023- ). He was also ombudsman (2015-21).

Bodnaras, Emil (b. Feb. 10, 1904, Iaslovat, Bukovina, Austria [now in Romania] - d. Jan. 24, 1976, Vienna, Austria), defense minister of Romania (1947-55). He was also a deputy premier (1954-55, 1957-65), a first deputy premier (1955-57, 1965-67), minister of transport and telecommunications (1957-59), and a vice president of the State Council (1967-76).

Bodoo, Dogsomyn (b. 1885 - d. [executed] Aug. 30, 1922), prime minister and foreign minister of Mongolia (1921-22) and chairman of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party (1921-22).

Bødskov, Morten (b. May 1, 1970, Karup, Denmark), justice minister (2011-13) and defense minister (2022) of Denmark. He has also been minister of taxation (2019-22) and business (2022- ).

Bodson, Victor (b. March 24, 1902, Luxembourg, Luxembourg - d. June 29, 1984, Mondorf-les-Bains, Luxembourg), justice minister of Luxembourg (1940-47, 1951-59). He was also minister of transport and public works (1940-47, 1951-59), president of the Chamber of Deputies (1964-67), and European commissioner for transport (1967-70).

Bodström, (Ture) Lennart (b. April 20, 1928, Göteborg, Sweden - d. April 30, 2015, Stockholm, Sweden), foreign minister of Sweden (1982-85). He was also minister of education (1985-89) and ambassador to Norway (1989-93).

Bodström, Thomas (Lennart) (b. April 9, 1962, Uppsala, Sweden), justice minister of Sweden (2000-06); son of Lennart Bodström.

Bødtker, Eivind Olaf (b. Jan. 20, 1863, Tønsberg, Jarlsberg og Laurvigs amt [now Vestfold fylke], Norway - d. Jan. 10, 1946), governor of Østfold (1918-33).

Bodwell, Joseph R(obinson) (b. June 18, 1818, Methuen, Mass. - d. Dec. 15, 1887, Hallowell, Maine), governor of Maine (1887).

Bodyul, Ivan (Ivanovich) (b. Jan. 3, 1918 [Dec. 21, 1917, O.S.], Aleksandrovka, Kherson province, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. Jan. 27, 2013, Moscow, Russia), first secretary of the Communist Party of the Moldavian S.S.R. (1961-80). He was also a Soviet deputy premier (1980-85).

Boe, Nils A(ndreas) (b. Sept. 10, 1913, Baltic, S.D. - d. July 30, 1992, Sioux Falls, S.D.), governor of South Dakota (1965-69).

Boediono (b. Feb. 25, 1943, Blitar, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Timur, Indonesia]), vice president of Indonesia (2009-14). He was also state minister of national development planning (1998-99), finance minister (2001-04), coordinating minister for the economy (2005-08), and governor of Bank Indonesia (2008-09).

Boediono, R(aden) (b. Oct. 10, 1905 - d. Nov. 12, 1970), governor of Jawa Tengah (1949-58).

Boedoro, Philip (Moris Tambe Vanua) (b. May 21, 1958), acting president of Vanuatu (2014). He was minister of the comprehensive reform programme (2002-04) and internal affairs (2007) and speaker of parliament (2013-15).

Boehner, John (Andrew) (b. Nov. 17, 1949, Reading, Ohio), speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (2011-15).

Boeijen, Hendrik van (b. May 23, 1889, Putten, Gelderland, Netherlands - d. March 30, 1947, Soesterberg, Soest municipality, Utrecht, Netherlands), interior minister (1937-44 and [acting] 1945) and acting defense/war minister (1941-42) of the Netherlands. He was also minister of general affairs (1940-45).

Boekhoudt
Boekhoudt, (Juan) Alfonso (b. Jan. 27, 1965, Aruba), governor of Aruba (2017- ). He was minister plenipotentiary of Aruba in the Netherlands (2013-16).

Boel, Henri (Joseph), byname Rik Boel (b. Sept. 5, 1931, Tienen [now in Flemish Brabant province], Belgium - d. Nov. 13, 2020, Tienen), interior minister of Belgium (1977-79).

Boer, Margreeth de, byname of Margaretha de Boer (b. April 16, 1939, Amsterdam, Netherlands), queen's commissioner of Drenthe (1993-94). She was also Dutch minister of housing, regional planning, and environment (1994-98) and mayor of Leeuwarden (2001-04) and Hoogeveen (2010-11).

Boer, Roelf (Hendrick) de (b. Oct. 9, 1949, Rotterdam, Netherlands), a deputy prime minister of the Netherlands (2002-03). He was also minister of transport and water management (2002-03).

Boerescu, Vasile (b. Jan. 1, 1830, Bucharest, Walachia [now in Romania] - d. Nov. 18, 1883, Paris, France), foreign minister of Romania (1873-75, 1879-81). He was also minister of justice (1860-61, 1868-70) and culture and education (1860, 1874, 1880).

Boerma
Boertien
Boerma, Addeke Hendrik, byname Addie Boerma (b. April 3, 1912, Annerveenschekanaal, Drenthe, Netherlands - d. May 8, 1992, Vienna, Austria), director-general of the Food and Agriculture Organization (1968-75). He was also executive director of the World Food Programme (1962-67).

Boertien, Kees, byname of Cornelis Boertien (b. July 26, 1927, Enschede, Overijssel, Netherlands - d. May 30, 2002, Vlissingen, Zeeland, Netherlands), queen's commissioner of Zeeland (1975-92). He was also Dutch minister without portfolio (1971-73).

Boetticher, Carl Wilhelm von (b. Aug. 26, 1791, Soldin, Prussia [now Myslibórz, Poland] - d. Aug. 27, 1868, Potsdam, Prussia [now in Brandenburg, Germany]), Oberpräsident of Preussen province (1842-48). He was ennobled (adding "von") in 1864.

Boetticher, Karl Heinrich von ("von" from 1864) (b. Jan. 6, 1833, Stettin, Prussia [now Szczecin, Poland] - d. March 6, 1907, Naumburg, Prussia [now in Sachsen-Anhalt], Germany), Oberpräsident of Hannover (1873), Schleswig-Holstein (1879-80), and Sachsen (1898-1906) and interior minister (1880-97) and vice chancellor (1881-97) of Germany; son of Carl Wilhelm von Boetticher.

Boetzelaer van Oosterhout, Pim baron van, byname of Carel Godfried Willem Hendrik baron van Boetzelaer van Oosterhout (b. Nov. 17, 1892, Amersfoort, Netherlands - d. May 20, 1986, Ubbergen, Gelderland, Netherlands), foreign minister of the Netherlands (1946-48). He was also ambassador to France (1948-57).

Boffa
Boffa, Sir Paul (b. June 30, 1890, Vittoriosa, Malta - d. July 6, 1962, Paola, south of Valletta, Malta), prime minister of Malta (1947-50). He entered politics when Malta was granted self-government in 1921 and joined the Labour Party in 1923. He was returned to parliament in 1924, 1927, and 1932. He was elected leader of the Labour Party in 1927 and immediately began to instill in the workers the need of rightfully equal representation in government in order to have a say in their own affairs. He was in coalition with Lord Strickland's party in government (1927-32). In 1932 he was the only Labour Party candidate elected to the Legislative Assembly until it was dissolved in 1933. He was nominated as a member of the Executive Council from 1936 to 1939. In the 1945 elections, he was again elected in the Labour Party's interests. He reached the acme of his political career in November 1947 when he became the first Labour Prime Minister leading a majority government of 24 Labour members. In 1949, following the Labour Party's ultimatum to Britain concerning financial help, the Labour Party split up but Boffa continued as prime minister and later founded and led the Malta Workers' Party (MWP). The MWP lost the 1950 elections. Boffa was reelected in 1951 and in 1953 and joined a coalition government with the Nationalist Party led by Giorgio Borg Olivier, assuming the portfolio of minister of health and social services. The MWP did not contest the 1955 elections and in 1955 he resigned for health reasons. He retained an interest in politics and was nominated honorary president of the Christian Workers' Party (CWP). He was knighted in 1956. He was instrumental in obtaining recognition for the Maltese language in the law courts and the introduction of compulsory primary education and old-age pensions.

Bogado
Bogado, Floro (Eleuterio) (b. Feb. 20, 1939, Formosa, Argentina - d. Dec. 12, 2017, Buenos Aires, Argentina), governor of Formosa (1983-87). He was also Argentinian ambassador to Paraguay (1989-91).

Bogaert (Román), Huberto (Carlos Conrado Godofred) (b. March 1, 1901, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic - d. 1962), chairman of the Civic-Military Council of the Dominican Republic (1962). He was also minister of labour (1942-45).

Boganda
Boganda, Barthélemy (b. April 4, 1910, Bobangui, Oubangui-Chari, French Equatorial Africa [now in Central African Republic] - d. March 29, 1959, Boukpayanga, near Bangui, Central African Republic), Central African Republic (formerly Oubangui-Chari) politician. He became the first native Catholic priest in Oubangui-Chari in 1938, but was laicized when he married. On Nov. 10, 1946, he was elected to the French National Assembly, winning against an administration-backed candidate. He soon denounced the colonial administration and left the French Catholic party, Mouvement Républicain Populaire. In September 1949 he founded his own party, Mouvement pour l'Évolution Sociale de l'Afrique Noire, which he dominated completely. In the 1951 campaign a French administrator briefly arrested him for "endangering the peace." From then on Boganda's prestige was essentially unchallenged. Even the French realized it was useless to oppose him and in 1953 appointed a new governor to conciliate him. In November 1956 he was elected mayor of Bangui. In 1956 he also came to an agreement with French businessmen, who offered him financial support in return for European representation on municipal and territorial election lists. Boganda then turned his attention to French Equatorial Africa as a whole (which also included Chad, Gabon, and Middle Congo). He hoped for a federation of these states under African rather than French control, and for the eventual creation of a "United States of Latin Africa" that would also include Angola, the Belgian Congo, Ruanda-Urundi, and Cameroon. By late 1958 this dream was shattered, and he turned back to the new Central African Republic, where he became prime minister but was killed a few months later in an airplane crash.

Bogdanov, Andrey (Vladimirovich) (b. Jan. 31, 1970, Mozhaysk, Russian S.F.S.R.), Russian politician. He has been chairman of the Democratic Party of Russia (2005-08, 2012-14) and the Communist Party of Social Justice (2014-17, 2020-21), grand master of the Grand Lodge of Russia (2007- ), and a minor presidential candidate (2008).

Bogdanov, Yermolay (Sergeyevich), chairman of the People's Council of the Terek People's Soviet Republic (1918). He was also people's commissar of labour and industry (1918).

Bogdanovic, Nenad (b. May 12, 1954, Beska, Vojvodina, Serbia - d. Sept. 27, 2007, Belgrade, Serbia), president of the Executive Council (2000-04) and (first popularly elected) mayor (2004-07) of Belgrade.

Bogdanovic, Radmilo (b. Oct. 7, 1934, Koncarevo, Serbia - d. Oct. 25, 2014, Belgrade, Serbia), interior minister of Serbia (1991).

Boggs, J(ames) Caleb (b. May 15, 1909, Cheswold, Del. - d. March 26, 1993, Wilmington, Del.), governor of Delaware (1953-60). He was also a U.S. representative (1947-53) and senator (1961-73) from Delaware.

Boggs, Lilburn W(illiams) (b. Dec. 14, 1796, Lexington, Ky. - d. March 14, 1860, Napa Valley, Calif.), governor of Missouri (1836-40).

Boghos Bedros XIII (Terzian), Western Armenian for Polos Petros XIII (T`erzyan), English Paul Peter XIII, original name Boghos Terzian (b. Sept. 12, 1853, Kiutahia, Ottoman Empire [now Kütahya, Turkey] - d. Dec. 15, 1931, Rome, Italy), patriarch of the Armenian Catholic Church (1910-31).

Bogicevic, Milan M. (b. March 6, 1840, Sabac, Serbia - d. June 22, 1929, Vienna, Austria), foreign minister of Serbia (1875, 1883-84, 1894-95). He was also justice minister (1874-75) and minister to Austria-Hungary (1884-88) and Germany (1895-1900).

Bogle, Sir Archibald (b. Aug. 18, 1805, Dumbarton, Scotland - d. June 12, 1870, London, England), commissioner of Arakan (1837-49) and Tenasserim (1849-58); knighted 1853.

Bogmevsky, Prokopy (Lukich), governor of Vilna (1806-08).

Bogoev, Ksente (b. Oct. 20, 1919, Leunovo, Yugoslavia [now in North Macedonia] - d. April 20, 2008, Skopje, Macedonia [now North Macedonia]), chairman of the Executive Council of Macedonia (1968-74). He was also governor of the National Bank of Yugoslavia (1977-81).

Bogolepov, Nikolay (Pavlovich) (b. Dec. 9 [Nov. 27, O.S.], 1846, Serpukhov, Russia - d. [assassinated] March 15 [March 2, O.S.], 1901, St. Petersburg, Russia), education minister of Russia (1898-1901). He was also rector of Moscow University (1883-87, 1891-93).

Bogollagama
Bogollagama, (Chandrasekara) Rohitha (Bandara) (b. Aug. 6, 1954, Nikaweratiya, Ceylon [now Sri Lanka]), foreign minister of Sri Lanka (2007-10) and governor of Eastern province (2017-19). He was also minister of industries (2001-04), advanced technology and national enterprise development (2004-05), and enterprise development and investment promotion (2005-07). In 2023 he was appointed high commissioner to the United Kingdom.

Bogolyubov, Andrey (Andreyevich) (b. Dec. 9 [Nov. 27, O.S.], 1841 - d. Feb. 9 [Jan. 27, O.S.], 1909), head of Zakaspiyskaya oblast (1898-1901).

Bogolyubov, Nikolay (Semyonovich) (b. Nov. 24, 1905, Moscow, Russia - d. June 4, 1975, Moscow), first secretary of the Communist Party of the Kirgiz S.S.R. (1945-50). He was also first secretary of the party committees of Semipalatinsk (1939-42), Alma-Ata (1943-44), and Vostochno-Kazakhstan (1944-45) oblasti.

Bogomaz
Bogomaz, Aleksandr (Vasilyevich) (b. Feb. 23, 1961, Gridenki village, Bryansk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), governor of Bryansk oblast (2014- ).

Bogomolov, Oleg (Alekseyevich) (b. Oct. 4, 1950, Petushkovo village, Kurgan oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), head of the administration of Kurgan oblast (1996-2014).

Bogopolsky, Khayim (Benzionovich) (b. 1891, Kishinev, Russia [now Chisinau, Moldova] - d. [executed] Oct. 11, 1937), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Moldavian A.S.S.R. (1928-30). He was also chairman of the interim party committee of Kishinev (1919).

Bogoridi, Aleksandur (Stefanov), Greek Alexandros (Stephanou) Vogoridis, byname Aleko Pasha (b. 1823, Samos island, Ottoman Empire [now in Greece] - d. 1910, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey]), governor-general of Eastern Rumelia (1879-84); son of Stephanos Vogoridis.

Bogra
Bogra, Mohammad Ali (of)¹ (b. Oct. 19, 1909, Bogra, India [now in Bangladesh] - d. Jan. 23, 1963, Dacca, East Pakistan [now Dhaka, Bangladesh]), prime minister (1953-55) and foreign minister (1954-55, 1962-63) of Pakistan. He was also finance minister of East Bengal (1946-47) and Pakistani ambassador to Burma (1948-49), high commissioner to Canada (1949-52), ambassador to the U.S. (1952-53, 1955-59) and Japan (1959-62). By what came to be known as the "Mohammad Ali formula," he settled the division of powers between West and East Pakistan.
¹ Originally just known as Mohammad Ali, the addition "of Bogra" or just "Bogra" was caused by the name similarity of his immediate successor as prime minister, Chaudhry Mohammad Ali.

Bográn (Barahona), Francisco (b. 18..., Pinalejo, Quimistán municipality, Santa Bárbara department, Honduras - d. Dec. 7, 1926, New Orleans, La.), acting president of Honduras (1919-20); brother of Luis Bográn. He was also president of the National Congress (1918-19).

Bográn (Barahona), Luis (b. June 3, 1849, Santa Bárbara, Honduras - d. July 9, 1895, Guatemala City, Guatemala), president of Honduras (1883-91).

Bogutsky, Vatslav (Antonovich) (b. 1884, Burakuv, Warsaw province, Russia [now in Poland] - d. [executed] Dec. 19, 1937), executive secretary of the Communist Party of the Belorussian S.S.R. (1922-24). He was also a deputy premier (1922-24).

Bogyay, Katalin (Annamária) (b. Aug. 20, 1956, Székesfehérvár, Hungary), Hungarian diplomat. She was permanent representative to the United Nations (2015-20).

Bohinc, Rado (b. July 23, 1949, Trboje, Slovenia), interior minister of Slovenia (2000-04).

Bohlen, Avis (Thayer) (b. April 20, 1940, Bryn Mawr, Pa.), U.S. diplomat; daughter of Charles E. Bohlen. She was ambassador to Bulgaria (1996-99).

Bohlen, Charles E(ustis), byname Chip Bohlen (b. Aug. 30, 1904, Clayton, N.Y. - d. Jan. 1, 1974, Washington, D.C.), acting U.S. secretary of state (1969); grandson of James B. Eustis. He was also ambassador to the Soviet Union (1953-57), the Philippines (1957-59), and France (1962-68).

Bohlin, Britt (Eva Irene), née Karlsson, during second marriage called Britt Bohlin Olsson (b. Feb. 10, 1956, Dalskog, Sweden), governor of Jämtland (2008-13) and secretary-general of the Nordic Council (2014-21).

Bohlin, Görel (Ruth Charlotte) (b. Nov. 6, 1930, Östersund, Jämtland, Sweden), governor of Västerbotten (1992-95).

Bohlin, Kjell (Gottfred) (b. Sept. 27, 1928, Røros, Sør-Trøndelag [now in Trøndelag], Norway - d. June 17, 2011, Langesund, Bamble municipality, Telemark, Norway), governor of Telemark (1989-98).

Böhm, Siegfried (b. Aug. 20, 1928, Plauen, Sachsen, Germany - d. May 5, 1980, East Berlin), finance minister of East Germany (1966-80). His death was officially described as an accident, though West German press reports, later confirmed by East German files, claimed that he had been shot by his wife, who then killed herself.

Böhm, Vilmos (b. Jan. 6, 1880, Budapest, Hungary - d. Oct. 28, 1949, Stockholm, Sweden), defense minister of Hungary (1919). He was also ambassador to Austria (1919) and Sweden (1946-48).

Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, in full Eugen Böhm Ritter (knight) von Bawerk, originally (until 1854) Eugen Böhm (b. Feb. 12, 1851, Brünn, Moravia, Austria [now Brno, Czech Republic] - d. Aug. 27, 1914, Kramsach, Tirol, Austria), finance minister of Austria (1895, 1897-98, 1900-04). He was also an important economist.

Bohman, (Bo) Gösta (b. Jan. 15, 1911, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Aug. 12, 1997), economy minister of Sweden (1976-78, 1979-81). He was also leader of the Moderate Party (1970-81).

Böhmer
Böhrnsen
Böhmer, Wolfgang (b. Jan. 27, 1936, Dürrhennersdorf, Sachsen, Germany), minister-president of Sachsen-Anhalt (2002-11).

Bohn (Sikol), Robert (Murray) (b. Sept. 20, 1956, United States), justice minister of Vanuatu (2015-16).

Bohoslovska, Inna (Hermanivna) (b. Aug. 5, 1960, Kharkov, Ukrainian S.S.R.), Ukrainian politician. She was a minor presidential candidate (2010, 2019).

Bohoun Bouabré, Paul Antoine (b. Feb. 9, 1957, near Issia, Ivory Coast [now Côte d'Ivoire] - d. Jan. 11, 2012, Jerusalem), economy and finance minister of Côte d'Ivoire (2001-05). He was also minister of planning and development (2005-11 [from 2010 Ouattara government]).

Böhrnsen, Jens (b. June 12, 1949, Bremen, Germany), mayor of Bremen (2005-15) and president of the Bundesrat (2009-10) and acting president (2010) of Germany.

Boies, Horace (b. Dec. 7, 1827, Aurora, N.Y. - d. April 4, 1923, Long Beach, Calif.), governor of Iowa (1890-94).

Boije af Gennäs, Erik Gustaf (Johansson) friherre (b. August 1763 - d. Aug. 15, 1815), governor of Jönköping (1805-15); grandnephew of Hans Henrik friherre Boije af Gennäs.

Boije af Gennäs, Hans Henrik friherre (b. 1716, Skällvik socken, Östergötland, Sweden - d. Oct. 2, 1781, Salem socken, Stockholm county, Sweden), governor of Nyland och Tavastehus (1761-72). He was made friherre (baron) in 1771.

Boije af Gennäs, Otto Ernst (b. Dec. 4, 1719 - d. Jan. 12, 1781), governor of Savolax och Karelen (1774-81).

Boileau, Guy (Robert) (b. July 25, 1925 - d. May 30, 1992), administrator-superior of Wallis and Futuna (1971-72).

Boilève, Charles (Émile) (b. Dec. 6, 1837, Le Château d'Oléron, Charente-Inférieure [now Charente-Maritime], France - d. 1899), commandant-superior of Haut-Sénégal (1880, 1883-84).

Boisadam, Philippe (Pierre Henri) (b. Feb. 21, 1941, Dakar, Senegal), prefect of Mayotte (1996-98).

Boisdé, Raymond (Paul Victor) (b. Aug. 15, 1899, Chantonnay, Vendée, France - d. July 13, 1981, Cannes), president of the Regional Council of Centre (1974-76).

Boisrond-Canal, Louis Auguste, dit Boisrond-Canal jeune (b. March 1, 1847, Les Cayes, Haiti - d. 1940, Pétionville, Haiti), member of the Public Order Commission of Haiti (1908); brother of Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal. He was also minister of public works and agriculture (1908-09).

Boisrond-Canal, Pierre Théoma (b. June 12, 1832, Torbeck, Haiti - d. June 3, 1905, Freres, Haiti), president (1876-79) and president of the Provisional Government (1888, 1902) of Haiti. He was also minister of war and navy (1888).

Boissier, Jacques (Alphonse) (b. July 8, 1910, Barbezieux, Charente, France - d. [car crash] Dec. 29, 1967, Fauville, Eure, France), governor of Dahomey (1949) and prefect of Martinique (1957-60). He was also prefect of Eure département (1960-67).

L. Boissier
Boissier, Léopold (b. July 16, 1893, Geneva, Switzerland - d. Oct. 22, 1968, Geneva), president of the International Committee of the Red Cross (1955-64).

Boisson, Jacques (Louis) (b. Jan. 8, 1940, Monaco), Monegasque diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1993-2003) and ambassador to Spain (2003-05), France (2006-08), and Andorra (2007-08).

Boisson, Pierre (François) (b. June 19, 1894, Saint-Launeuc, Côtes-du-Nord [now Côtes-d'Armor], France - d. July 20, 1948, Chatou, Seine-et-Oise [now in Yvelines], France), commissioner of French Cameroons (1937-38) and governor-general of French West Africa (1938-39, 1940-43) and French Equatorial Africa (1939-40).

Boisvert, Michel Patrick (b. Petit-Goâve, Haiti), finance minister (2020- ) and acting prime minister (2024- ) of Haiti.

Boito, John (b. Dec. 2, 1969), internal security minister of Papua New Guinea (2011-12). He has also been agriculture minister (2024- ).

Boittelle, Symphorien (Casimir Joseph) (b. Feb. 23, 1813, Fontaine-Notre-Dame, Nord, France - d. Nov. 22, 1897, Paris, France), prefect of police of Paris (1858-66). He was also prefect of the départements of Aisne (1853-56) and Yonne (1856-58).

Bøjer, Jørgen Rud Hansen (b. March 5, 1940, Hjørring, Denmark), Danish diplomat. He was ambassador to Egypt, Sudan, and Somalia (1987-92), Austria, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia (1993-97), and the Czech Republic (2001-06) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1997-2001).

Bojórquez (León), Juan de Dios (b. March 8, 1892, San Miguel de Horcasitas, Sonora, Mexico - d. July 27, 1967, Mexico City, Mexico), interior minister of Mexico (1934-35). He was also minister to Honduras (1921-22), Guatemala (1922-24), and Cuba (1926).

Boka, Ernest (b. Dec. 7, 1928, Azaguié, near Abidjan, Ivory Coast [now Côte d'Ivoire] - d. April 6, 1964, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast), Ivorian politician. He was minister of education (1958-59) and public service (1959-60) and president of the Supreme Court (1960-63). He was announced to have committed suicide four days after being arrested on suspicion of implication in a January 1963 plot against Pres. Félix Houphouët-Boigny.

Bokanowski, Maurice (b. Aug. 31, 1879, Le Havre, France - d. [plane crash] Sept. 2, 1928, Toul, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France), French minister of marine (1924) and commerce and industry (1926-28).

J.-B. Bokassa
Bokassa, Jean-Bédel, also called (Oct. 17-Dec. 4, 1976) Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa and (1976-79) Bokassa I (b. Feb. 22, 1921, Bobangui, Middle Congo, French Equatorial Africa [now in Central African Republic] - d. Nov. 3, 1996, Bangui, Central African Republic), president of the Central African Republic (1966-76) and emperor of the Central African Empire (1976-79); nephew of Barthélemy Boganda. He joined the French army in 1939. He finished World War II a sergeant-major after landing with Gen. Charles de Gaulle's Free French forces in France. By 1961 he had achieved the rank of captain. At the request of Pres. David Dacko, he left the French armed forces to head the army of the newly independent Central African Republic. He used this position to overthrow Dacko (Jan. 1, 1966) and declare himself president. He also was minister of defense (1966-76), interior (1966-68, 1969-70), justice (1966-67, 1968-70), information (1968-71, 1976), agriculture and stockbreeding (1970-74), public health and population (1970-76), civil and military aviation (1971-76), civil service (1973-76), land, river, and air transport (1973-76), mines (1973-76), trade and industry (1973-74, 1976), and posts and telecommunications (1976) and was declared president for life in 1972. Known for his autocratic and unpredictable policies, he declared himself emperor in 1976; emulating his hero Napoléon I, he crowned himself in a lavish ceremony in 1977 that cost more than $20 million. Following the substantiation of international charges that Bokassa had personally participated in a massacre of 100 schoolchildren by his Imperial Guard, French paratroops carried out a coup against him that reestablished the republic and reinstated Dacko as president (September 1979). Bokassa went into exile, first traveling to Ivory Coast but later settling in France. He was sentenced to death in absentia in 1980, but he inexplicably chose to return to the C.A.R. in 1986. He was arrested and put on trial and in 1987 was found guilty of the murders of the schoolchildren and other crimes (although he was acquitted of charges of cannibalism). His death sentence was subsequently commuted to a 20-year jail term, and he was freed in September 1993.

Bokassa, Jean-Serge (b. Feb. 25, 1972, Bangui, Central African Republic), Central African Republic politician; son of Jean-Bédel Bokassa. He was minister of youth, sports, art, and culture (2011-13), interior and public security (2016-17), and territorial administration, decentralization, and local development (2017-18) and a presidential candidate (2015, 2020).

Böker, (Robert) Alexander (b. April 13, 1912, Heidelberg, Germany - d. May 23, 1997, Munich, Germany), West German diplomat. He was permanent observer to the United Nations (1968-71) and ambassador to the Vatican (1971-77).

Bokhari, (Pir Syed) Ahmad Shah (b. Oct. 1, 1898, Peshawar, India [now in Pakistan] - d. Dec. 5, 1958, New York), Pakistani diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1951-54).

Bokov, Khazhbikar (Khakyashevich) (b. Jan. 5, 1935, Sagopshi, Chechen-Ingush autonomous oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. [now in Ingushetia, Russia] - d. June 18, 2023), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Chechen-Ingush A.S.S.R. (1973-90).

Bokova
Bokova, Irina (Georgieva) (b. July 12, 1952, Sofia, Bulgaria), Bulgarian politician. She was senior attaché and third secretary in the department "The UN and Disarmament" at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1977 to 1982 and third secretary in the standing delegation of Bulgaria at the UN in New York from 1982 to 1983. She was second and later first secretary in the department "The UN and Disarmament" in the foreign minister's office from 1982 to 1991. She served as deputy minister of foreign affairs in charge of relations with international organizations and the European integration from August 1995 and became first deputy minister of foreign affairs in August 1996. A member of the Bulgarian Socialist Party until February 1997, she was a vice presidential candidate in October-November 1996. She was acting foreign minister from November 1996 to February 1997, when she became advisor to the foreign minister of the new government. In 2005-09 she was ambassador to France and in 2009-17 director-general of UNESCO, the first woman and first Eastern European in the post.

Bokovikov, Aleksandr (Aleksandrovich) (b. Sept. 7, 1956, Ayan, Irkutsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Aug. 8, 2010, Baykit, Krasnoyarsk kray, Russia), head of the administration of Evenkia autonomous okrug (1997-2001).

Bokros, Lajos (András) (b. June 26, 1954, Budapest, Hungary), finance minister of Hungary (1995-96).

Bolack, Tom, byname of Thomas Felix Bolack (b. May 18, 1918, Cowley county, Kan. - d. May 20, 1998, Farmington, N.M.), governor of New Mexico (1962-63).

Bolamba, Tony Cassius (b. Jan. 25, 1972, Liège, Belgium), governor of Équateur (2016-17). He was a minor presidential candidate in Congo (Kinshasa) in 2023.

Boland, Frederick H(enry) (b. Jan. 31, 1904, Dublin, Ireland - d. Dec. 4, 1985, Dublin), president of the UN General Assembly (1960-61). He was also ambassador to the United Kingdom (1950-56) and permanent representative to the UN (1956-63).

Boland, Gerald (b. May 25, 1885, Manchester, England - d. Jan. 5, 1973, Dublin, Ireland), justice minister of Ireland (1939-48, 1951-54). He was also minister of posts and telegraphs (1933-36) and lands (1936-39).

Boland, Kevin, Irish Caoimhghin Ó Beoláin (b. Oct. 15, 1917, Dublin, Ireland - d. Sept. 23, 2001, Kill, County Kildare, Ireland), defence minister of Ireland (1957-61); son of Gerald Boland. He was also minister of social welfare (1961-66, 1969-70) and local government (1966-70).

Bolani, Jawad al- (b. 1960, Baghdad, Iraq), interior minister of Iraq (2006-10).

E. Bolaños
Bolaños (Geyer), Enrique (José) (b. May 13, 1928, Masaya, Nicaragua - d. June 14, 2021), vice president (1997-2001) and president (2002-07) of Nicaragua.

Bolaños (Estrada), (José) Óscar A(dán) (b. Dec. 18, 1912, Sonsonate, El Salvador - d. Jan. 28, 1995, San Salvador, El Salvador), member of the Revolutionary Council of Government (1948-50) and defense minister (1950-53) of El Salvador.

Bold
Bold, Luvsanvandan(giyn) (b. Oct. 4, 1961), defense minister (2008-12) and foreign minister (2012-14) of Mongolia. He has also been ambassador to the Benelux countries (2022- ).

Boldarev, Nikolay (Arkadyevich) (b. Feb. 8, 1826 - d. 1909), governor of Ryazan (1866-73).

Bolden, Charles (Frank, Jr.) (b. Aug. 19, 1946, Columbia, S.C.), administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2009-17). He is a former astronaut.

Boldoczki, János (b. Aug. 22, 1912, Tótkomlós, Hungary - d. Dec. 14, 1988, Budapest, Hungary), foreign minister of Hungary (1953-56). He was also minister to Czechoslovakia (1950-53) and ambassador to the Soviet Union (1956-60) and Mongolia (1957).

Boldyrev, Vasily (Georgiyevich) (b. April 5, 1875, Syzran, Simbirsk province, Russia - d. [executed] Aug. 20, 1933, near Novosibirsk, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Provisional All-Russian Government ("Ufa Directory") (1918).

Bole, Filipe (Nagera) (b. Aug. 23, 1936 - d. June 19, 2019, Suva, Fiji), foreign minister of Fiji (1987, 1992-94, 1994-97). He also was permanent representative to the United Nations and ambassador to the United States (1980-83), minister of education (1986-87, 1987-92, 2008-11) and youth and sport (1989-92, 2008-11), and deputy prime minister (1992-94).

Bolea Foradada, Juan Antonio (b. March 30, 1930, Ayerbe, Aragón, Spain - d. Feb. 27, 2021, Zaragoza, Aragón), president of the Diputación General of Aragón (1978-81).

Bolfing, Karl (b. July 4, 1925, Schwyz - d. March 22, 2001, Schwyz), Landammann of Schwyz (1976-78).

Bolger
Bolger, Jim, byname of James Brendan Bolger (b. May 31, 1935, Opunake, North Island, New Zealand), prime minister of New Zealand (1990-97). He won election to parliament for the National Party from 1972, holding the King Country seat for nine elections. After standing for three years in opposition to the Labour government, he was appointed undersecretary both for agriculture and fisheries and for Maori affairs by the new National Party prime minister, Robert Muldoon, in 1975. As labour minister from 1978, he championed a bold assault on compulsory unionism. He made unsuccessful challenges for the posts of deputy leader in 1981 and leader in 1984 before replacing Jim McLay as party leader in March 1986. He failed to upset David Lange in the August 1987 elections, but the National Party won the Oct. 27, 1990, elections by a landslide. He offered his old mentor Muldoon the post of minister of state outside the cabinet, but Muldoon declined anything less than a cabinet post. Bolger started to implement far-reaching changes in economic and social policies and pursued an outward-looking foreign policy to strengthen New Zealand's relationships with other countries, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. He represented New Zealand at each of the five Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) leaders' summits since 1993. In the November 1993 election the National Party was once again returned to government. Following the 1996 elections, he entered into a coalition with the New Zealand First Party. He resigned in November 1997 and was then appointed minister of state and associate minister of foreign affairs and trade (with special responsibility for APEC). He resigned as minister and MP on April 6, 1998, and was appointed ambassador to Washington, serving until 2001.

Bolieiro
Bolieiro, José Manuel (Cabral Dias) (b. June 23, 1965, Povoação, Azores, Portugal), president of the government of the Azores (2020- ).

Bolin, (Harvey) Wesley (b. July 1, 1908, Butler, Mo. - d. March 4, 1978, Phoenix, Ariz.), governor of Arizona (1977-78).

Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, (1st) Viscount (b. Sept. 16, 1678, Lydiard Tregoze, Wiltshire, England? - d. Dec. 12, 1751, Battersea, Surrey [now part of London], England), British secretary at war (1704-08) and secretary of state for the Northern Department (1710-13) and the Southern Department (1713-14). He was created Viscount Bolingbroke and Baron St. John in 1712.

Bolívar
Bolívar (y Palacios), Simón (José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad), byname The Liberator, Spanish El Libertador (b. July 24, 1783, Caracas - d. Dec. 17, 1830, near Santa Marta, Colombia), South American revolutionary leader. The Latin-American independence movement was launched in 1808, and he participated in many conspiratorial meetings. In 1810 the Spanish governor of Venezuela was expelled and a junta took over. Venezuela's independence was declared on July 5, 1811, but an armistice (July 1812) left the entire country to the mercy of Spain. In a sweeping hard-fought campaign Bolívar vanquished the Spaniards and regained control of the capital. On Aug. 6, 1813, he entered Caracas and assumed power. But the war of independence was just beginning. In 1814 he was once more defeated by the Spanish. By 1815 Spain had sent to its seditious colonies the strongest expeditionary force that had ever crossed the Atlantic. Three years of indecisive defeats and victories followed. In the spring of 1819 he conceived his master plan of attacking the Spanish viceroyalty of New Granada. The Spaniards were taken by surprise, and in the crucial Battle of Boyacá on Aug. 7, 1819, the bulk of the royalist army surrendered to him. Three days later he entered Bogotá. Indefatigably he set out to complete his task. By 1822 the territory of Gran Colombia, comprising what is now Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador, had been completely recovered from Spain. Only Peru remained in Spanish hands, but on Dec. 9, 1824, the Spanish viceroy surrendered with his entire army. Only a small section of the continent - Upper Peru - was defended by royalist forces until April 1825. The new nation chose to be called Bolivia after the name of the Liberator.

Boljkovac, Josip (b. Nov. 12, 1920, Vukova Gorica, Croatia - d. Nov. 10, 2014, Karlovac, Croatia), interior minister of Croatia (1990-91).

Bolkestein, Frits, byname of Frederik Bolkestein (b. April 4, 1933, Amsterdam, Netherlands), defense minister of the Netherlands (1988-89). He was also leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (1990-98), president of the Liberal International (1996-99), and EU commissioner for internal market (1999-2004).

Jefri Bolkiah
Bolkiah, Pengiran Muda Jefri (b. Nov. 6, 1954), Brunei politician. Sultan Sir Hassanal Bolkiah's youngest brother, he served as minister of youth, sports, and culture (1984-86) and finance (1986-97). He has been the target of scathing criticism at home and abroad, accused of bankrupting one of the sultanate's biggest firms amid reports of billions of dollars of losses. His many critics say his empire collapsed under debt and he is on the run in Europe or the United States, afraid to face the consequences of returning home where he is under investigation. Associates familiar with Prince Jefri's worldwide business holdings said his conglomerate, Amedeo, had been unfairly seized and his interests elsewhere were faring well. They said Muslim conservatives in the palace who oppose opening up one of the world's last remaining absolute monarchies to Western influence took advantage of publicity from two court cases which tarnished Prince Jefri's reputation to force the palace to move against him. Jefri was acquitted in the first case, brought by a former Miss USA beauty queen who claimed she had been kept as a sex slave in the sultan's palace. He settled the second case over a $130 million commercial dispute out of court. But the cases appeared to paint the portrait of a prodigal prince with lavish spending habits out of tune with Asia's economic downturn. His extravagant lifestyle - he reputedly owns 2,000 cars and 17 aircraft, and owns a yacht called Tits, with tenders Nipple I and Nipple II - has long been an embarrassment to the royal family. He was sacked as Brunei Investment Agency chairman in 1998. He has not been in Brunei since April 1998. In February 2000 the Brunei government sued him over alleged misuse of state funds and froze his assets at home and abroad.

Mohamed Bolkiah
Bolkiah, Pengiran Muda Mohamed (b. Aug. 27, 1947, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei), foreign minister of Brunei (1984-2015); brother of Sir Hassanal Bolkiah.

Hassanal Bolkiah
Bolkiah Mu`izzadin Waddaulah, Sir Hassanal (b. July 15, 1946, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei), sultan (1967- ), prime minister (1984- ), and foreign minister (2015- ) of Brunei. The eldest son of Sultan Sir Omar Ali Saifuddin, he was named crown prince and heir apparent by his father in 1961. In 1967 he became sultan when Sir Omar abdicated; his coronation took place Aug. 1, 1968. For the next decade, the father remained the power behind the throne as the young ruler (who was knighted in 1972) occupied himself less with affairs of state than with polo, fast cars, and pleasure trips overseas, predilections that raised eyebrows in conservative circles. However, after the death of his influential mother in 1979, his father withdrew into the background and the sultan quickly took a dominant role in Brunei's administration. He made frequent trips into the kampongs (villages) to listen to his subjects as well as to fortify his own image as their ruler. In preparation for political independence, he initiated priority programs aimed at creating a viable bureaucracy, phasing out British expatriates in the civil service and replacing them with capable Bruneians, and cracking down on corruption. After 95 years as a British protectorate, Brunei achieved independence on Jan. 1, 1984. Though he expressed a wish for continued friendly relations with Britain, there were some bumps. He wanted to keep Britain's 900-strong Gurkha force in Brunei under his control after independence, but London was hesitant. After inconclusive talks, Brunei transferred the management of its massive investment portfolio from Britain's crown agents to the independent Brunei Investment Agency under U.S. advice. By September 1983, word was out that London would permit one battalion of Gurkhas to stay on under British control in Brunei for an unspecified period.

Bolla, Fulvio (b. Jan. 25, 1892, Olivone, Ticino, Switzerland - d. March 12, 1946, Lugano, Ticino), president of the government of Ticino (1945-46).

Bollaert
Bollaert, Émile (Édouard) (b. Nov. 13, 1890, Dunkerque, France - d. May 18, 1978, Paris, France), high commissioner of French Indochina (1947-48). He was also prefect of the French départements of Haute-Marne (1929-31), Vosges (1931-32), Maine-et-Loire (1932), and Rhône (1934-40). He joined the Résistance in 1941 and replaced, on Sept. 1, 1943, Jean Moulin as delegate-general of the French Committee of National Liberation. Arrested in February 1944, he was sent to Buchenwald, Dora, and Bergen-Belsen where he was liberated, on April 15, 1945, by the British 2nd Army.

M. Bollini
P. Bollini
Bollini, Marino (b. Feb. 25, 1933, Fiorentino, San Marino - d. Jan. 10, 2020), captain-regent of San Marino (1979, 1984-85, 1995, 1999-2000).

Bollini, Paolo (b. 1960), captain-regent of San Marino (1998-99, 2004).

Bolodurin, Aleksandr (Alekseyevich) (b. 1895, Kopan, Kazan province [now in Mari El republic], Russia - d. 1926, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of Mari autonomous oblast (1921).

Bolognesi (Bolognesi), Federico R(oberto) (b. June 7, 1892, Callao, Peru - d. Sept. 4, 1958, Lima, Peru), second vice president of Peru (1950-56).

Bologovsky, Dmitry (Nikolayevich) (b. April 30, 1775 - d. Aug. 27, 1852), governor of Vologda (1836-40); son-in-law of Grigory Osipov.

Bologovsky, Yakov (Dmitriyevich) (b. Nov. 14, 1863 - d. 19...), governor of Yeniseysk (1909-13) and Vologda (1913-14); grandson of Dmitry Bologovsky.

Boloko Bolumbu, (Dieudonné) Bobo (b. Jan. 18, 1964, Coquilhatville [now Mbandaka], Congo [Léopoldville (now Kinshasa)]), governor of Équateur (2018- ).

Boloña Behr, Carlos (Alberto) (b. July 27, 1950, Lima, Peru - d. Oct. 17, 2018, U.S.), finance minister of Peru (1991-93, 2000). He was a minor presidential candidate in 2001.

Bolot
Bolshakova
Bolot, Pascal (b. Feb. 13, 1963, Castres, Tarn, France), administrator-superior of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (2012-14). He has also been prefect of the French départements of Savoie (2020-22) and Morbihan (2022- ).

Bolotov, Ruslan (Nikolayevich) (b. May 12, 1972, Shelekhov, Irkutsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the government of Irkutsk oblast (2017-20). He has also been mayor of Irkutsk (2020- ).

Bolotte, Pierre (Jacques) (b. Oct. 26, 1921, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France - d. May 23, 2008), prefect of Guadeloupe (1965-67). He was also prefect of the départements of Seine-Saint-Denis (1969-74) and Seine-Maritime (1977-82).

Bols, Sir Louis Jean (b. Nov. 23, 1867 - d. Sept. 13, 1930, Bath, England), chief administrator of Palestine (1920) and governor of Bermuda (1927-30); knighted 1918.

Bolshakov, Aleksey (Alekseyevich) (b. Dec. 17, 1939, Morino, Pskov oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. April 21, 2017, St. Petersburg, Russia), a deputy prime minister (1994-96) and a first deputy prime minister (1996-97) of Russia.

Bolshakova, Mariya (Grigoryevna) (b. 1947), acting governor of Ulyanovsk oblast (2004-05).

Bolshaw, Patrick Sydney (b. Feb. 23, 1919 - d. 2008), administrator of the Cocos Islands (1947-48).

Bolsokhoyev, Daniil (Stepanovich) (b. 1912, Idyga, Irkutsk province, Russia - d. 1958), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Buryat-Mongol A.S.S.R. (1954-58).

Bolsonaro
Bolsonaro, Jair (Messias) (b. March 21, 1955, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil), president of Brazil (2019-23). A congressman from 1991, he was seen as offensive but irrelevant until 2018, when he took the playbook of Rodrigo Duterte or Donald Trump to the extreme, running for president on an ultra-right platform. He was known for engaging in misogynist, homophobic, and anti-indigenous bigotry and for praising the 1964-85 military dictatorship. When Pres. Dilma Rousseff of the Workers' Party (PT), who had been tortured during the dictatorship, was forced from office in a dubious impeachment process in 2016, Bolsonaro viciously dedicated his vote to the memory of the most notorious torturer. At one point he said: "You won't change anything in this country through voting... you'll only change things by having a civil war and doing the work the military regime didn't do. Killing 30,000, starting with FHC [former president Fernando Henrique Cardoso]. Killing. If a few innocent people die, that's alright." The military, wealthy farmers and businesspeople, the socially conservative, and evangelical churches threw their weight behind him. As the PT's hugely popular Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was not allowed to stand due to a corruption sentence, Bolsonaro's main opponent in the 2018 election was Lula's last-minute stand-in Fernando Haddad, who was much less known and less charismatic. Bolsonaro led Haddad 46%-29% in the first round, then defeated him in the runoff 55%-45%. As president he continued to act as an anti-socialist culture warrior, aligning with like-minded leaders like Trump or Hungary's Viktor Orbán, while relations with other countries cooled. Nearing the 2022 election, however, he beefed up aid programs to the poor, a group inclined to vote PT. But Lula was able to run that year; he first led Bolsonaro 48%-43%, then won the runoff 51%-49%. Bolsonaro initially refused to accept the result, but left office on Jan. 1, 2023. On January 8, almost repeating the events at the U.S. Capitol two years before, his supporters stormed the federal buildings in Brasília, but ultimately to no effect. In July 2023 he was barred from running for office again until 2030 due to having used government communication channels to promote his campaign and having cast unfounded doubts on the country's electronic voting system. In 2024 it emerged that he had planned a coup after his loss in 2022, but military leaders refused to go along.

Bolton, Charles Paulet, (2nd) Duke of, also known as (1675-89) Earl of Wiltshire and (1689-99) Marquess of Winchester (b. 1661 - d. Jan. 21, 1722, London, England), lord lieutenant of Ireland (1699-1700 [jointly], 1717-21). He succeeded as duke in 1699.

Bolton, Sir (Horatio) Norman (b. Feb. 1, 1875 - d. May 24, 1965), chief commissioner of the North-West Frontier Province (1923-30); knighted 1926.

Bolton, John (Robert) (b. Nov. 20, 1948, Baltimore, Md.), U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (2005-06) and national security advisor (2018-19).

Boluarte
Boluarte (Zegarra), Dina (Ercilia) (b. May 31, 1962, Chalhuanca, Apurímac, Peru), vice president (2021-22) and president (2022- ) of Peru. She was also minister of development and social inclusion (2021-22).

Bölükbasi, Riza Tevfik, until Jan. 1, 1935, Riza Tevfik Bey (b. 1868, Cisr-i Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman Empire [now Svilengrad, Bulgaria] - d. Dec. 30, 1949, Istanbul, Turkey), Ottoman official. Also known as a philosopher and poet, he was minister of education (1918-19) and chairman of the Council of State (1919, 1920).

Boly, Ba Mamadou Samba (b. 1924? - d. Jan. 5, 2012), finance minister of Mauritania (1961-63). He was also minister of lands, urbanism, housing, and tourism (1958-61) and planning (1959-61) and president of the National Assembly (1963-66).

Bolz, Lothar (b. Sept. 3, 1903, Gleiwitz, Germany [now Gliwice, Poland] - d. Dec. 29, 1986, East Berlin), foreign minister of East Germany (1953-65). He was also minister of reconstruction (1949-53) and a deputy premier (1950-67). He was chairman of the National Democratic Party of Germany from 1948 to 1972.

Bom Conselho, José Bento da Cunha Figueiredo, visconde do (b. April 22, 1808, Barra de São Francisco, Pernambuco [now in Bahia], Brazil - d. July 14, 1891, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Alagoas (1849-53), Pernambuco (1853-56), Minas Gerais (1861-62), and Pará (1868-69) and interior minister of Brazil (1875-77). He was made viscount in 1888.

Bom Jardim, Luiz Barbalho Muniz Fiusa (Barreto de Menezes), barão de (b. Aug. 25, 1813, Santo Amaro, Bahia, Brazil - d. Sept. 11, 1866), president of Pernambuco (1859-60). He was made baron in 1860.

Bom Jesus
Bom Jesus, Jorge (Lopes) (b. July 26, 1962, Conceição, São Tomé and Príncipe), prime minister (2018-22) and acting defense and interior minister (2021-22) of São Tomé and Príncipe. He was also minister of education and culture (2005-06, 2008-10, 2012-14).

Bom Retiro, Luiz Pedreira do Couto Ferraz, barão e visconde do (b. May 7, 1818, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Aug. 12, 1886, Rio de Janeiro), president of Espírito Santo (1846-48) and Rio de Janeiro (1848-53) and interior minister of Brazil (1853-57). He was made baron in 1867 and viscount in 1872.

Bomani, Paul (Lazaro) (b. Jan. 1, 1925, Ikizu, Tanganyika [now in Tanzania] - d. April 1, 2005), finance minister of Tanganyika/Tanzania (1962-65). He was also minister of agriculture (1960-62), economic affairs and development planning (1965-67, 1967-70), commerce and cooperatives (1967), commerce and industry (1970-72), minerals (1983-84), lands, natural resources, and tourism (1984-86), agriculture and livestock development (1986-87), labour and manpower development (1987-89), and local government, community development, cooperatives, and marketing (1989-90) and ambassador to the United States (1972-83) and Mexico (1975-83).

Bombet, Émile Constant (b. March 4 or 16, 1941, Rubino, Ivory Coast [now Côte d'Ivoire]), interior minister of Côte d'Ivoire (1990-99).

Bomboko Lokumba, Justin Marie (b. Sept. 22, 1928, Bolomba, Équateur province, Belgian Congo [now Congo (Kinshasa)] - d. April 10, 2014, Brussels, Belgium), chairman of the board of commissioners-general (1960-61) and foreign minister (1960-63, 1965-69, 1981) of Congo (Léopoldville/Kinshasa)/Zaire. He was also minister of justice (1963-65) and foreign trade (1967-69), deputy premier (1981), and ambassador to the United States (1969-70) and Belgium (1983-85).

Bomford, Sir Hugh (b. Aug. 12, 1882, Calcutta [now Kolkata], India - d. Jan. 19, 1939), acting governor of the Central Provinces and Berar (1938); knighted 1938.

Bomhoff, Eduard (Jan) (b. Sept. 30, 1944, Amsterdam, Netherlands), Dutch politician. He was a deputy prime minister and minister of health, welfare, and sports (2002).

Bomholt, (Laurits) Julius (b. June 11, 1896, Alderslyst, Denmark - d. Jan. 2, 1969, Esbjerg, Denmark), Danish politician. He was speaker of the Folketing (1945-50, 1964-68) and minister of education (1950, 1953-57), social affairs (1957-61), and culture (1961-64).

Bommai, Basavaraj (Somappa) (b. Jan. 28, 1960, Hubli, Mysore [now Karnataka], India), chief minister of Karnataka (2021-23); son of S.R. Bommai.

S.R. Bommai
Bommai, S(omappa) R(ayappa) (b. June 6, 1924, Karadigi, Mysore [now Karnataka], India - d. Oct. 10, 2007, Bangalore [now Bengaluru], India), Indian politician. A Fabian socialist who believed in the humanist tradition, he participated in the independence movement against British rule. He was chief minister of the southern state of Karnataka (1988-89), president of the Janata Dal party (1990-96), and minister of human resource development (1996-98) and coal (1996).

Bommier, Lucien (Jules Léon) (b. Feb. 14, 1856, Cambrai, Nord, France - d. Oct. 30, 1897, Tahiti, French Settlements in Oceania [now French Polynesia]), acting governor of the French Settlements in Oceania (1893).

Bompar, Maximin, marquis de (b. 1698, Grasse [now in Alpes-Maritimes département], France - d. Feb. 23, 1773, Toulon, France), governor of Martinique (1752).

Bompard, (Louis) Maurice (b. May 17, 1854, Metz, Moselle, France - d. 1935, Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes, France), resident-general of Madagascar (1889-90). He was also French minister-resident to Montenegro (1892-93) and ambassador to Russia (1902-07) and the Ottoman Empire (1909-14).

Bon, German Iogann, originally Herman Jensen Bohn (b. 1672, Rønne, Denmark - d. June 7, 1743, Reval, Russia [now Tallinn, Estonia]), governor of Riga (1726-27).

Bonacci, Teodorico (b. June 30, 1838, Jesi, Papal State [now in Marche, Italy] - d. Jan. 13, 1905, Rome, Italy), justice minister of Italy (1892-93, 1898).

Bonaccini
Bonaccini, Stefano (b. Jan. 1, 1967, Campogalliano, Emilia-Romagna, Italy), president of Emilia-Romagna (2014- ).

Bonafede, Alfonso (b. July 2, 1976, Mazara del Vallo, Sicilia, Italy), justice minister of Italy (2018-21).

Bonaparte, Charles J(oseph) (b. June 9, 1851, Baltimore, Md. - d. June 28, 1921, Baltimore), U.S. secretary of the navy (1905-06) and attorney general (1906-09); grandson of Hieronymus Napoleon.

Bonaparte, Jérôme Napoléon: see Hieronymus Napoleon.

Bonaparte, Joseph Napoléon: see José I Napoleón.

Bonaparte, Louis Napoléon (1778-1846): see Lodewijk I Napoleon.

Bonaparte, Louis-Napoléon (1808-1873): see Napoléon III.

Bonaparte, Lucien, originally Luciano Buonaparte (b. May 21, 1775, Ajaccio, Corsica [now in France] - d. June 29, 1840, Viterbo, Papal State [now in Italy]), interior minister of France (1799-1800); brother of José I Napoleón and Napoléon I. He was also president of the Council of Five Hundred (1799) and ambassador to Spain (1800-01).

Bonaparte, Napoléon: see Napoléon I.

Bonaparte, Napoléon Louis: see Napoleon Lodewijk II.

Bonaparte, Pauline (b. Oct. 20, 1780, Ajaccio, Corsica [now in France] - d. June 9, 1825, Florence, Tuscany [Italy]), princess of Guastalla (1806); sister of José I Napoleón, Napoléon I, Lucien Bonaparte, and Lodewijk I Napoleon.

Bonard, Louis Adolphe (b. March 27, 1805, Cherbourg [now part of Cherbourg-en-Cotentin], France - d. March 31, 1867, Vanves, Seine [now in Hauts-de-Seine], France), commandant of the French Settlements in Oceania (1850-52) and governor of French Guiana (1854-55) and Cochinchina (1861-63).

Bonarji, Neil B. (b. March 10, 1901 - d. ...), chief minister of Vindhya Pradesh (1949) and chief commissioner of Bhopal (1949-50).

Bonasi, Adeodato (b. March 25, 1838, San Felice sul Panaro - d. July 23, 1920, Rome, Italy), justice minister of Italy (1899-1900). He was also president of the Senate (1918-19).

Bonay, Eliezer (Jan) (b. Aug. 24, 1924, Serui, Netherlands East Indies [now in Papua, Indonesia] - d. March 14, 1990, Netherlands), governor of Irian Barat (1962-64).

Bond, Christopher S(amuel), byname Kit Bond (b. March 6, 1939, St. Louis, Mo.), governor of Missouri (1973-77, 1981-85). He was also a U.S. senator from Missouri (1987-2011).

R. Bond
Bond, Sir Robert (b. Feb. 26, 1857, St. John's, Newfoundland [now Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada] - d. March 16, 1927, Whitbourne, Newfoundland), premier of Newfoundland (1900-09). He entered politics in 1882. He was first elected to the Newfoundland House of Assembly in the general election of that year as the protégé of Prime Minister Sir William Whiteway. Within two years Bond was speaker of the House of Assembly but held the position for only one year. In the 1885 general election the Liberal Party was defeated, but in 1889 it returned as the majority party. Whiteway became prime minister and Bond entered the Executive Council (cabinet) as colonial secretary. The Liberal Party lost the 1897 election. Whiteway retired from politics and Bond succeeded him as Liberal leader and became leader of the opposition. In a vote of confidence in 1900 the Conservative administration was defeated. Bond was asked to form a new administration and became premier. A general election was held on Nov. 8, 1900, and the Liberal Party was returned with 32 of the 36 seats in the House of Assembly, the largest majority ever attained up to that time. In the election of Oct. 31, 1904, Bond scored another impressive victory. The Liberals won 30 seats. The next election was held Nov. 2, 1908, and produced a constitutional crisis when Bond's Liberal Party and the People's Party both won 18 seats. Bond finally resigned on Feb. 22, 1909. In new elections on May 8, 1909, the People's Party won 26 seats and the Liberal Party 10. Bond became leader of the opposition once again. He continued in that position for the next four years. He resigned his seat on Jan. 10, 1914, and retired from public life. He had been created a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in 1901.