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1556 Spanish Monarchy¹
6 May 1808 the kings of the Borbón dynasty abdicate in favour of
Napoléon I, emperor of the French and king of Italy
6 Jun 1808 Napoléon I proclaims his brother Joseph Napoléon, king of
the Two Sicilies, as king of Spain
11 Dec 1813 Borbón dynasty restored
11 Feb 1873 Spanish Republic
29 Dec 1874 Spanish Monarchy (restored)
14 Apr 1931 - 1 Apr 1939 Spanish Republic
23 Jul 1936 Spanish State (declared 28 Jul 1947 to be a kingdom)
29 Dec 1978 Spain (usually referred to as Kingdom of Spain)
Note: The dates of the rulers of the intermittent Carlista insurrections correspond to the actual presence of the rulers or their forces in the territory of the Spanish Monarchy.
Kings/Queens²
- Austria (Habsburgo) dynasty -
17 Sep 1665 - 1 Nov 1700 Carlos II "el Hechizado" (b. 1661 - d. 1700)
1 Nov 1700 - 16 Nov 1700 Governing Board³
- Borbón (Capet) dynasty -
16 Nov 1700 - 15 Jan 1724 Felipe V (1st time) (b. 1683 - d. 1746)
12 Sep 1703 - 7 Sep 1714 Carlos III (in rebellion) (b. 1685 - d. 1740)
(- Austria [Habsburgo] dynasty -)
15 Jan 1724 - 31 Aug 1724 Luis I (b. 1707 - d. 1724)
31 Aug 1724 - 6 Sep 1724 vacant
6 Sep 1724 - 9 Jul 1746 Felipe V (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Jul 1746 - 10 Aug 1759 Fernando VI (b. 1713 - d. 1759)
10 Aug 1759 - 14 Dec 1788 Carlos III (b. 1716 - d. 1788)
14 Dec 1788 - 19 Mar 1808 Carlos IV (b. 1748 - d. 1819)
(abdication retracted 21 Mar 1808,
final abdication 5 May 1808)
19 Mar 1808 - 6 May 1808 Fernando VII (1st time) (b. 1784 - d. 1833)
4 May 1808 - 6 Jun 1808 Joaquín Murat, gran duque de Berg
y de Cleves (b. 1767 - d. 1815)
(lieutenant-general and governor of the realm)
- Bonaparte dynasty -
6 Jun 1808 - 11 Dec 1813 José I Napoleón (b. 1768 - d. 1844)
(left Spain 27 Jun 1813)
1 Jul 1813 - 11 Dec 1813 Jean de Dieu Soult, duc de
Dalmatie (lieutenant general) (b. 1769 - d. 1851)
- Borbón (Capet) dynasty -
11 Dec 1813 - 29 Sep 1833 Fernando VII (2nd time) (s.a.)
(returned to Spain 22 Mar 1814)
Set up by the Cortes:
11 Jun 1823 - 15 Jun 1823 Provisional Regency
(for "morally incapacitated" Fernando VII)
- Cayetano Valdés y Flores Bazán (b. 1767 - d. 1835)
- Gabriel de Císcar y Císcar (b. 1760 - d. 1829)
- Gaspar de Vigodet
Set up by the invading Powers:
9 Apr 1823 - 25 May 1823 Francisco Ramón de Eguía Letona (b. 1750 - d. 1827)
(President of the Provisional Government Junta)
25 May 1823 - 1 Oct 1823 Pedro Alcántara de Toledo y
Salm-Salm, duque del Infantado (b. 1768 - d. 1841)
(President of the Regency)
29 Sep 1833 - 30 Sep 1868 Isabel II (f) (b. 1830 - d. 1904)
29 Sep 1833 - 12 Oct 1840 Queen María Cristina (f) (b. 1806 - d. 1878)
(regent)
1 Oct 1833 - 31 Aug 1839 Carlos V (b. 1788 - d. 1855)
(Carlista insurrection)
12 Oct 1840 - 23 Jul 1843 Baldomero Espartero,
duque de la Victoria (b. 1792 - d. 1879)
(president of the Provisional Regency to 10 May 1841;
from 10 May 1841, regent)
(continuing in dissidence to 30 Jul 1843)
23 Jul 1843 - 10 Nov 1843 Joaquín María López (b. 1798 - d. 1855)
(president of the Government acting as regent)
Apr 1860 Carlos VI (b. 1818 - d. 1861)
(Carlista insurrection)
Revolutionary authorities
30 Sep 1868 - 3 Oct 1868 Pascual Madoz (b. 1806 - d. 1870)
(President of the Interim Revolutionary Junta)
3 Oct 1868 - 8 Oct 1868 Joaquín Aguirre (b. 1807 - d. 1869)
(President of the Interim Revolutionary Junta to 5 Oct
1868, then President of the Revolutionary Superior Junta)
8 Oct 1868 - 18 Jun 1869 Francisco Serrano y Domínguez,
duque de la Torre (b. 1810 - d. 1885)
(President of the Provisional Government to 25 Feb 1869,
then President of the Executive Power)
Kings
18 Jun 1869 - 2 Jan 1871 Francisco Serrano y Domínguez,
duque de la Torre (regent) (s.a.)
- Saboya-Carignan dynasty -
2 Jan 1871 - 11 Feb 1873 Amadeo I (b. 1845 - d. 1890)
1872 - 28 Feb 1876 Carlos VII (b. 1848 - d. 1909)
(Carlista insurrection)
Presidents of the Executive Power
11 Feb 1873 - 12 Feb 1873 Nicolás María Rivero (b. 1813/14 - d. 1878)
(president of the National Assembly)
12 Feb 1873 - 24 Feb 1873 Estanislao Figueras y Moragas
(1st time) (b. 1819 - d. 1882)
24 Feb 1873 Cristino Martos y Balbi (b. 1830 - d. 1893)
(president of the National Assembly)
24 Feb 1873 - 11 Jun 1873 Estanislao Figueras y Moragas
(2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Jun 1873 - 18 Jul 1873 Francisco Pi y Margall (b. 1824 - d. 1901)
18 Jul 1873 - 7 Sep 1873 Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso (b. 1838 - d. 1908)
7 Sep 1873 - 3 Jan 1874 Emilio Castelar Ripoll (b. 1832 - d. 1899)
3 Jan 1874 - 30 Dec 1874 Francisco Serrano y Domínguez,
duque de la Torre (s.a.)
Kings
- Borbón dynasty -
30 Dec 1874 - 25 Nov 1885 Alfonso XII (b. 1857 - d. 1885)
(in exile to 8 Jan 1875)
25 Nov 1885 - 17 May 1886 Queen María Cristina (f) (regent) (b. 1858 - d. 1929)
17 May 1886 - 14 Apr 1931 Alfonso XIII (b. 1886 - d. 1941)
17 May 1886 - 17 May 1902 Queen María Cristina (f) (s.a.)
(regent)
Presidents of the (until 30 Jul 1931, Provisional) Government of the Republic
14 Apr 1931 - 14 Oct 1931 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres (b. 1877 - d. 1949)
14 Oct 1931 - 11 Dec 1931 Manuel Azaña Díaz (b. 1880 - d. 1940)
Presidents (from 23 Jul 1936 in Republican Zone only)
11 Dec 1931 - 7 Apr 1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres (s.a.)
7 Apr 1936 - 11 May 1936 Diego Martínez Barrio (interim) (b. 1883 - d. 1962)
11 May 1936 - 28 Feb 1939 Manuel Azaña Díaz (s.a.)
Presidents of the National Council of Defense (Republican Zone)
5 Mar 1939 - 6 Mar 1939 Segismundo Casado López (b. 1893 - d. 1968)
6 Mar 1939 - 27 Mar 1939 José Miaja Menant (b. 1878 - d. 1958)
Chairman of the National Junta of Defense (Nationalist Zone)
24 Jul 1936 - 1 Oct 1936 Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer (b. 1862 - d. 1938)
Head of state (to 31 Mar 1939 in Nationalist Zone only)
1 Oct 1936 - 20 Nov 1975 Francisco Franco (b. 1892 - d. 1975)
19 Jul 1974 - 2 Sep 1974 Prince Juan Carlos (1st time) (b. 1938)
(acting for Franco)
30 Oct 1975 - 20 Nov 1975 Prince Juan Carlos (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Franco)
Chairman of the Regency Council
20 Nov 1975 - 22 Nov 1975 Alejandro Rodríguez de Valcárcel
y Nebreda (b. 1917 - d. 1976)
Kings
- Borbón dynasty -
22 Nov 1975 - 18 Jun 2014 Juan Carlos I (s.a.)
19 Jun 2014 - Felipe VI (b. 1968)
Secretarios del despacho universal
11 Jul 1705 - 15 Apr 1714 Pedro Fernández del Campo y
Angulo, marqués de Mejorada (b. 1656 - d. 1721)
15 Apr 1714 - 30 Nov 1714 Manuel de Vadillo y Velasco (b. 1659 - d. 1729)
30 Nov 1714 - 14 Jan 1724 José de Grimaldo y Gutiérrez de
Solórzano, marqués de Grimaldo
(1st time) (b. 1664 - d. 1733)
14 Jan 1724 - 4 Sep 1724 Juan Bautista Orendayn y
Azpilcueta (1st time)
4 Sep 1724 - 12 Dec 1725 José de Grimaldo y Gutiérrez de
Solórzano, marqués de Grimaldo
(2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Dec 1725 - 14 Apr 1726 Juan Guillermo Ripperdá,
duque de Ripperdá (b. 1682 - d. 1737)
14 Apr 1726 - 1 Oct 1726 José de Grimaldo y Gutiérrez de
Solórzano, marqués de Grimaldo
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Oct 1726 - 21 Nov 1734 Juan Bautista Orendayn y
Azpilcueta, marqués de la Paz
(2nd time)
First secretaries of state
21 Nov 1734 - 26 Nov 1736 José de Patiño y Rosales (b. 1666 - d. 1736)
26 Nov 1736 - 4 Dec 1746 Sebastián de la Cuadra y Llerena,
marqués de Villarías (b. 1687 - d. 1766)
4 Dec 1746 - 9 Apr 1754 José de Carvajal y Lancaster (b. 1698 - d. 1754)
9 Apr 1754 - 15 May 1754 Fernando de Silva y Álvarez de
Toledo, duque de Huéscar (acting)
15 May 1754 - 9 Oct 1763 Ricardo Wall y Devreux (b. 1695 - d. 1777)
9 Oct 1763 - 19 Feb 1777 Pablo Jerónimo de Grimaldi y
Pallavicini, marqués de Grimaldi (b. 1706 - d. 1789)
19 Feb 1777 - 28 Feb 1792 José Moñino y Redondo, conde de
Floridablanca (b. 1728 - d. 1808)
28 Feb 1792 - 15 Nov 1792 Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea y
Ximénez de Urrea, conde de Aranda (b. 1719 - d. 1798)
(acting)
15 Nov 1792 - 30 Mar 1798 Manuel Godoy y Álvarez de Faria,
duque de Alcudia, (from 27 Sep
1795) príncipe de la Paz (b. 1767 - d. 1851)
30 Mar 1798 - 21 Feb 1799 Francisco de Saavedra y Sangronís (b. 1746 - d. 1819)
(acting to 6 Sep 1798)
21 Feb 1799 - 13 Dec 1800 Mariano Luis de Urquijo y Muga
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1768 - d. 1817)
13 Dec 1800 - 3 Mar 1808 Pedro Cevallos Guerra (1st time) (b. 1759 - d. 1839)
3 Mar 1808 - 19 Mar 1808 Gonzalo O'Farrill y Herrera (b. 1754 - d. 1831)
(acting)
19 Mar 1808 - 7 Jul 1808 Pedro Cevallos Guerra (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Jul 1808 - 27 Jun 1813 Mariano Luis de Urquijo y Muga
(2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Oct 1813 - 17 Oct 1813 Juan O'Donojú (acting) (b. 1762 - d. 1821)
17 Oct 1813 - 3 Dec 1813 Fernando de Laserna (acting)
3 Dec 1813 - 4 May 1814 José Luyando (1st time) (acting) (b. 1773 - d. 1835)
4 May 1814 - 15 Nov 1814 José Miguel de Carvajal Vargas y
Manrique, duque de San Carlos (b. 1771 - d. 1828)
15 Nov 1814 - 24 Jan 1816 Pedro Cevallos Guerra (3rd time) (s.a.)
24 Jan 1816 - 26 Jan 1816 Juan Esteban Lozano de Torres (b. 1769 - d. 1831)
26 Jan 1816 - 30 Oct 1816 Pedro Cevallos Guerra (4th time) (s.a.)
30 Oct 1816 - 14 Sep 1818 José García de León y Pizarro (b. 1770 - d. 1835)
14 Sep 1818 - 12 Jun 1819 Carlos Fernando Martínez de Irujo
y Tacón, marqués de Casa Irujo
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1763 - d. 1824)
12 Jun 1819 - 12 Sep 1819 Manuel González Salmón y Gómez de
Torres (1st time) (acting) (b. 1778 - d. 1832)
12 Sep 1819 - 18 Mar 1820 Joaquín José Melgarejo Saurín,
duque de San Fernando de Quiroga (b. 1780 - d. 1835)
18 Mar 1820 Juan Jabat Aztal (acting)
18 Mar 1820 - 2 Mar 1821 Evaristo Pérez de Castro Brito (b. 1778 - d. 1848)
2 Mar 1821 - 23 Apr 1821 Joaquín Anduaga Cuenca (acting)
23 Apr 1821 Francisco de Paula Escudero (b. 1764 - d. 1831)
(acting)
23 Apr 1821 - 8 Jan 1822 Eusebio Bardají y Azara (b. 1776 - d. 1842)
8 Jan 1822 - 24 Jan 1822 Ramón López Pelegrín (1st time) (b. 1767 - d. 1841)
(acting)
24 Jan 1822 - 30 Jan 1822 José Gabriel de Silva Bazán,
marqués de Santa Cruz (b. 1782 - d. 1839)
30 Jan 1822 - 28 Feb 1822 Ramón López Pelegrín (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
28 Feb 1822 - 5 Aug 1822 Francisco Martínez de la Rosa (b. 1787 - d. 1862)
5 Aug 1822 - 25 Apr 1823 Evaristo Fernández San Miguel y
Valledor (b. 1785 - d. 1862)
(acting from 28 Feb 1823)
25 Apr 1823 - 7 May 1823 José Manuel de Vadillo (acting) (b. 1773 - d. 1858)
7 May 1823 - 13 May 1823 Santiago Usoz y Mozí (acting)
13 May 1823 - 29 Aug 1823 José María Pando (b. 1787 - d. 1840)
29 Aug 1823 - 4 Sep 1823 Luis María de Salazar y Salazar
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1758 - d. 1838)
4 Sep 1823 - 6 Sep 1823 Juan Antonio Yandiola Garay (b. 1786 - d. 1830)
(acting)
6 Sep 1823 - 1 Oct 1823 José Luyando (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 Apr 1823 - 2 Dec 1823 Víctor Damián Sáez y Sánchez Mayor (b. 1777 - d. 1839)
(acting to 7 Aug 1823)
(counter-government to 1 Oct 1823)
2 Dec 1823 - 18 Jan 1824 Carlos Fernando Martínez de Irujo
y Tacón, marqués de Casa Irujo
(2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Jan 1824 - 11 Jul 1824 Narciso de Heredia y Begines
de los Ríos, conde de Ofalia (b. 1777 - d. 1843)
11 Jul 1824 Luis María de Salazar y Salazar
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
11 Jul 1824 - 24 Oct 1825 Francisco Cea Bermúdez (1st time) (b. 1779 - d. 1850)
24 Oct 1825 - 19 Aug 1826 Pedro Alcántara de Toledo y
Salm-Salm, duque del Infantado (s.a.)
19 Aug 1826 - 20 Jan 1832 Manuel González Salmón y Gómez de
Torres (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 15 Oct 1830)
20 Jan 1832 - 22 Feb 1832 Francisco Tadeo Calomarde y Arría (b. 1773 - d. 1842)
(acting)
22 Feb 1832 - 1 Oct 1832 Antonio de Saavedra y Jofré,
conde de la Alcudia (acting) (b. 1777 - d. 1842)
1 Oct 1832 - 29 Nov 1832 José Cafranga Costilla (acting)
29 Nov 1832 - 15 Jan 1834 Francisco Cea Bermúdez (2nd time) (s.a.)
Prime ministers (presidents of the Council of Ministers)
15 Jan 1834 - 7 Jun 1835 Francisco Martínez de la Rosa (s.a.)
7 Jun 1835 - 14 Sep 1835 José María Queipo de Llano Ruiz
de Saravia, conde de Toreno (b. 1786 - d. 1843)
14 Sep 1835 - 25 Sep 1835 Miguel Ricardo de Álava y Esquivel (b. 1772 - d. 1843)
25 Sep 1835 - 15 May 1836 Juan Álvarez Mendizábal (acting) (b. 1790 - d. 1853)
15 May 1836 - 14 Aug 1836 Francisco Javier de Istúriz y
Montero (1st time) (b. 1785 - d. 1871)
14 Aug 1836 - 18 Aug 1837 José María Calatrava (b. 1781 - d. 1846)
18 Aug 1837 - 18 Oct 1837 Baldomero Espartero,
conde de Luchana (1st time) (s.a.)
18 Oct 1837 - 16 Dec 1837 Eusebio Bardají y Azara (s.a.)
16 Dec 1837 - 6 Sep 1838 Narciso de Heredia y Begines
de los Ríos, conde de Ofalia (s.a.)
6 Sep 1838 - 9 Dec 1838 Bernardino Fernández de Velasco,
duque de Frías (b. 1783 - d. 1851)
9 Dec 1838 Isidro Alaix (acting) (b. 1790 - d. 1853)
9 Dec 1838 - 18 Jul 1840 Evaristo Pérez de Castro y
Colomera (b. 1769 - d. 1849)
20 Jul 1840 - 12 Aug 1840 Antonio González y González
(1st time) (b. 1792 - d. 1876)
12 Aug 1840 - 28 Aug 1840 Valentín Ferraz y Barrau (b. 1793 - d. 1866)
29 Aug 1840 - 11 Sep 1840 Modesto Cortázar (acting) (b. 1783 - d. 1862)
11 Sep 1840 - 16 Sep 1840 Vicente Sancho (b. 1784 - d. 1860)
16 Sep 1840 - 10 May 1841 Baldomero Espartero,
duque de la Victoria (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 May 1841 - 20 May 1841 Joaquín María Ferrer Cafranga (b. 1777 - d. 1861)
20 May 1841 - 17 Jun 1842 Antonio González y González
(2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Jun 1842 - 9 May 1843 José Ramón Rodil y Galloso,
marqués de Rodil (b. 1789 - d. 1853)
9 May 1843 - 19 May 1843 Joaquín María López (1st time) (s.a.)
19 May 1843 - 23 Jul 1843 Álvaro Gómez Becerra (b. 1771 - d. 1855)
23 Jul 1843 - 20 Nov 1843 Joaquín María López (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Nov 1843 - 5 Dec 1843 Salustiano Olózaga (b. 1805 - d. 1873)
5 Dec 1843 - 3 May 1844 Luis González Bravo (1st time) (b. 1811 - d. 1871)
3 May 1844 - 12 Feb 1846 Ramón María Narváez (1st time) (b. 1800 - d. 1868)
12 Feb 1846 - 16 Mar 1846 Manuel Pando Fernández de Pinedo,
marqués de Miraflores (1st time) (b. 1792 - d. 1872)
16 Mar 1846 - 5 Apr 1846 Ramón María Narváez (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Apr 1846 - 28 Jan 1847 Francisco Javier de Istúriz y
Montero (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Jan 1847 - 28 Mar 1847 Carlos Martínez de Irujo, marqués
de Casa Irujo, duque de Sotomayor (b. 1802 - d. 1855)
28 Mar 1847 - 31 Aug 1847 Joaquín Francisco Pacheco y
Gutiérrez Calderón (b. 1808 - d. 1865)
31 Aug 1847 - 12 Sep 1847 José de Salamanca y Mayol (b. 1811 - d. 1883)
12 Sep 1847 - 4 Oct 1847 Florencio García Goyena (b. 1783 - d. 1855)
4 Oct 1847 - 19 Oct 1849 Ramón María Narváez, duque de
Valencia (3rd time) (s.a.)
19 Oct 1849 - 20 Oct 1849 Serafín María de Sotto, conde de
Clonard (b. 1793 - d. 1862)
20 Oct 1849 - 14 Jan 1851 Ramón María Narváez, duque de
Valencia (4th time) (s.a.)
14 Jan 1851 - 14 Dec 1852 Juan Bravo Murillo (b. 1803 - d. 1873)
14 Dec 1852 - 14 Apr 1853 Federico Roncali, conde de Alcoy (b. 1806 - d. 1857)
14 Apr 1853 - 19 Sep 1853 Francisco de Lersundi y Ormaechea (b. 1817 - d. 1874)
19 Sep 1853 - 17 Jul 1854 Luis José Sartorius, conde de San
Luis (b. 1820 - d. 1871)
17 Jul 1854 - 18 Jul 1854 Fernando Fernández de Córdova
(1st time) (b. 1809 - d. 1883)
18 Jul 1854 - 19 Jul 1854 Ángel de Saavedra y Ramírez de
Baquedano, duque de Rivas (b. 1791 - d. 1865)
19 Jul 1854 - 14 Jul 1856 Baldomero Espartero,
duque de la Victoria (3rd time) (s.a.)
14 Jul 1856 - 12 Oct 1856 Leopoldo O'Donnell, conde de
Lucena (1st time) (b. 1809 - d. 1867)
12 Oct 1856 - 15 Oct 1857 Ramón María Narváez, duque de
Valencia (5th time) (s.a.)
15 Oct 1857 - 14 Jan 1858 Francisco Armero y Peñaranda (b. 1804 - d. 1866)
14 Jan 1858 - 30 Jun 1858 Francisco Javier de Istúriz y
Montero (3rd time) (s.a.)
30 Jun 1858 - 2 Mar 1863 Leopoldo O'Donnell, conde de
Lucena, (from 1860) duque de
Tetuán (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Mar 1863 - 17 Jan 1864 Manuel Pando Fernández de Pinedo,
marqués de Miraflores (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Jan 1864 - 1 Mar 1864 Lorenzo Arrazola García (b. 1797 - d. 1873)
1 Mar 1864 - 16 Sep 1864 Alejandro Mon Menéndez (b. 1801 - d. 1882)
16 Sep 1864 - 21 Jun 1865 Ramón María Narváez, duque de
Valencia (6th time) (s.a.)
21 Jun 1865 - 10 Jul 1866 Leopoldo O'Donnell, conde de
Lucena, duque de Tetuán (3rd time) (s.a.)
10 Jul 1866 - 23 Apr 1868 Ramón María Narváez, duque de
Valencia (7th time) (s.a.)
23 Apr 1868 - 19 Sep 1868 Luis González Bravo (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Sep 1868 - 30 Sep 1868 José Gutiérrez de la Concha,
marqués de la Habana (b. 1809 - d. 1895)
18 Jun 1869 - 27 Dec 1870 Juan Prim y Prats, marqués de los
Castillejos, conde de Reus,
vizconde del Bruch (b. 1814 - d. 1870)
27 Dec 1870 - 4 Jan 1871 Juan Bautista Topete y Carballo
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1821 - d. 1885)
4 Jan 1871 - 24 Jul 1871 Francisco Serrano y Domínguez,
duque de la Torre (1st time) (s.a.)
24 Jul 1871 - 5 Oct 1871 Manuel Ruíz Zorrilla (1st time) (b. 1833 - d. 1895)
5 Oct 1871 - 21 Dec 1871 José Malcampo y Monge, marqués
de San Rafael (b. 1828 - d. 1880)
21 Dec 1871 - 26 May 1872 Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (1st time) (b. 1825 - d. 1903)
26 May 1872 - 4 Jun 1872 Juan Bautista Topete y Carballo
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
4 Jun 1872 - 13 Jun 1872 Francisco Serrano y Domínguez,
duque de la Torre (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Jun 1872 - 16 Jun 1872 Fernando Fernández de Córdova,
marqués de Mendigorría (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
16 Jun 1872 - 12 Feb 1873 Manuel Ruíz Zorrilla (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Jan 1874 - 26 Feb 1874 Francisco Serrano y Domínguez,
duque de la Torre (3rd time) (s.a.)
26 Feb 1874 - 3 Sep 1874 Juan de Zavala y de la Puente,
marqués de Sierra Bullones,
conde de Paredes de Nava (b. 1804 - d. 1879)
3 Sep 1874 - 30 Dec 1874 Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (2nd time) (s.a.)
31 Dec 1874 - 12 Sep 1875 Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
(1st time) (b. 1828 - d. 1897)
12 Sep 1875 - 2 Dec 1875 Joaquín Jovellar y Soler (b. 1819 - d. 1892)
2 Dec 1875 - 7 Mar 1879 Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
(2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Mar 1879 - 9 Dec 1879 Arsenio Martínez Campos (b. 1831 - d. 1900)
9 Dec 1879 - 8 Feb 1881 Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
(3rd time) (s.a.)
8 Feb 1881 - 13 Oct 1883 Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (3rd time) (s.a.)
13 Oct 1883 - 18 Jan 1884 José Posada Herrera (b. 1814 - d. 1885)
18 Jan 1884 - 27 Nov 1885 Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
(4th time) (s.a.)
27 Nov 1885 - 5 Jul 1890 Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (4th time) (s.a.)
5 Jul 1890 - 11 Dec 1892 Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
(5th time) (s.a.)
11 Dec 1892 - 23 Mar 1895 Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (5th time) (s.a.)
23 Mar 1895 - 8 Aug 1897 Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
(6th time) (s.a.)
8 Aug 1897 - 4 Oct 1897 Marcelo de Azcárraga y Palmero
(1st time) (acting to 21 Aug 1897) (b. 1832 - d. 1915)
4 Oct 1897 - 4 Mar 1899 Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (6th time) (s.a.)
4 Mar 1899 - 23 Oct 1900 Francisco Silvela y de Le
Vielleuze (1st time) (b. 1843 - d. 1905)
23 Oct 1900 - 6 Mar 1901 Marcelo de Azcárraga y Palmero
(2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Mar 1901 - 6 Dec 1902 Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (7th time) (s.a.)
6 Dec 1902 - 20 Jul 1903 Francisco Silvela y de Le
Vielleuze (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Jul 1903 - 5 Dec 1903 Raimundo Fernández Villaverde,
marqués de Pozo Rubio (1st time) (b. 1848 - d. 1905)
5 Dec 1903 - 16 Dec 1904 Antonio Maura y Montaner
(1st time) (b. 1853 - d. 1925)
16 Dec 1904 - 27 Jan 1905 Marcelo de Azcárraga y Palmero
(3rd time) (s.a.)
27 Jan 1905 - 23 Jun 1905 Raimundo Fernández Villaverde,
marqués de Pozo Rubio (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Jun 1905 - 1 Dec 1905 Eugenio Montero Ríos (b. 1832 - d. 1914)
1 Dec 1905 - 6 Jul 1906 Segismundo Moret y Prendergast
(1st time) (b. 1838 - d. 1913)
6 Jul 1906 - 30 Nov 1906 José López Domínguez (b. 1829 - d. 1911)
30 Nov 1906 - 4 Dec 1906 Segismundo Moret y Prendergast
(2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Dec 1906 - 25 Jan 1907 Antonio Aguilar y Correa,
marqués de la Vega de Armijo (b. 1824 - d. 1908)
25 Jan 1907 - 21 Oct 1909 Antonio Maura y Montaner
(2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Oct 1909 - 9 Feb 1910 Segismundo Moret y Prendergast
(3rd time) (s.a.)
9 Feb 1910 - 12 Nov 1912 José Canalejas y Méndez (b. 1854 - d. 1912)
12 Nov 1912 - 14 Nov 1912 Manuel García Prieto,
marqués de Alhucemas (1st time) (b. 1859 - d. 1938)
(acting)
14 Nov 1912 - 27 Oct 1913 Álvaro Figueroa y Torres Mendieta,
conde de Romanones (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1950)
27 Oct 1913 - 9 Dec 1915 Eduardo Dato e Iradier (1st time) (b. 1856 - d. 1921)
9 Dec 1915 - 19 Apr 1917 Álvaro Figueroa y Torres Mendieta,
conde de Romanones (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Apr 1917 - 11 Jun 1917 Manuel García Prieto,
marqués de Alhucemas (2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Jun 1917 - 3 Nov 1917 Eduardo Dato e Iradier (2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Nov 1917 - 22 Mar 1918 Manuel García Prieto,
marqués de Alhucemas (3rd time) (s.a.)
22 Mar 1918 - 9 Nov 1918 Antonio Maura y Montaner
(3rd time) (s.a.)
9 Nov 1918 - 5 Dec 1918 Manuel García Prieto,
marqués de Alhucemas (4th time) (s.a.)
5 Dec 1918 - 15 Apr 1919 Álvaro Figueroa y Torres Mendieta,
conde de Romanones (3rd time) (s.a.)
15 Apr 1919 - 20 Jul 1919 Antonio Maura y Montaner
(4th time) (s.a.)
20 Jul 1919 - 12 Dec 1919 Joaquín Sánchez de Toca Calvo (b. 1852 - d. 1942)
12 Dec 1919 - 5 May 1920 Manuel Allendesalazar (1st time) (b. 1856 - d. 1923)
5 May 1920 - 8 Mar 1921 Eduardo Dato e Iradier (3rd time) (s.a.)
8 Mar 1921 - 13 Mar 1921 Gabino Bugallal Araujo,
conde de Bugallal (b. 1861 - d. 1932)
13 Mar 1921 - 14 Aug 1921 Manuel Allendesalazar (2nd time) (s.a.)
14 Aug 1921 - 8 Mar 1922 Antonio Maura y Montaner
(5th time) (s.a.)
8 Mar 1922 - 7 Dec 1922 José Sánchez Guerra y Martínez (b. 1859 - d. 1935)
7 Dec 1922 - 15 Sep 1923 Manuel García Prieto,
marqués de Alhucemas (5th time) (s.a.)
15 Sep 1923 - 30 Jan 1930 Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja,
marqués de Estella (b. 1870 - d. 1930)
(president of the Military Directory to 3 Dec 1925)
30 Jan 1930 - 18 Feb 1931 Dámaso Berenguer, conde de Xauen (b. 1873 - d. 1953)
18 Feb 1931 - 14 Apr 1931 Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas (b. 1860 - d. 1933)
14 Apr 1931 - 14 Oct 1931 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres (s.a.)
14 Oct 1931 - 12 Sep 1933 Manuel Azaña Díaz (1st time) (s.a.)
12 Sep 1933 - 8 Oct 1933 Alejandro Lerroux García
(1st time) (b. 1864 - d. 1949)
8 Oct 1933 - 16 Dec 1933 Diego Martínez Barrio (1st time) (s.a.)
16 Dec 1933 - 28 Apr 1934 Alejandro Lerroux García
(2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Apr 1934 - 4 Oct 1934 Ricardo Samper Ibáñez (b. 1881 - d. 1938)
4 Oct 1934 - 25 Sep 1935 Alejandro Lerroux García
(3rd time) (s.a.)
25 Sep 1935 - 14 Dec 1935 Joaquín Chapaprieta Torregrosa (b. 1871 - d. 1951)
14 Dec 1935 - 19 Feb 1936 Manuel Portela Valladares (b. 1867 - d. 1952)
19 Feb 1936 - 10 May 1936 Manuel Azaña Díaz (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 May 1936 - 13 May 1936 Augusto Barcia Trelles (interim) (b. 1881 - d. 1961)
13 May 1936 - 19 Jul 1936 Santiago Casares Quiroga (b. 1884 - d. 1950)
19 Jul 1936 Diego Martínez Barrio (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Jul 1936 - 4 Sep 1936 José Giral Pereira (b. 1879 - d. 1962)
4 Sep 1936 - 17 May 1937 Francisco Largo Caballero (b. 1869 - d. 1946)
17 May 1937 - 5 Mar 1939 Juan Negrín López (b. 1894 - d. 1956)
Chairmen of the Technical Junta (Nationalist Zone)
3 Oct 1936 - 3 Jun 1937 Fidel Dávila Arrondo (b. 1878 - d. 1962)
3 Jun 1937 - 31 Jan 1938 Francisco Gómez Jordana (b. 1876 - d. 1944)
Prime ministers (presidents of the Government) (to 31 Mar 1939 in Nationalist Zone only)
31 Jan 1938 - 9 Jun 1973 Francisco Franco (s.a.)
9 Jun 1973 - 20 Dec 1973 Luis Carrero Blanco (b. 1903 - d. 1973)
20 Dec 1973 - 2 Jan 1974 Torcuato Fernández-Miranda (b. 1915 - d. 1980)
(acting)
2 Jan 1974 - 1 Jul 1976 Carlos Arias Navarro (b. 1908 - d. 1989)
1 Jul 1976 - 5 Jul 1976 Fernando de Santiago y Díaz de
Mendivil (acting) (b. 1910 - d. 1994)
5 Jul 1976 - 25 Feb 1981 Adolfo Suárez González (b. 1932 - d. 2014)
25 Feb 1981 - 2 Dec 1982 Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo y Bustelo (b. 1926 - d. 2008)
2 Dec 1982 - 5 May 1996 Felipe González Márquez (b. 1942)
5 May 1996 - 17 Apr 2004 José María Aznar (b. 1953)
17 Apr 2004 - 21 Dec 2011 José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (b. 1960)
21 Dec 2011 - 2 Jun 2018 Mariano Rajoy (b. 1955)
2 Jun 2018 - Pedro Sánchez (b. 1972)
May 1808 the abdication of Fernando VII on 6 May 1808 is not
recognized by the "Resistance"; Supreme Governing Juntas
are established in the provinces, ultimately numbering 18,
as well as in the Indies, ruling in the name of Fernando VII
25 Sep 1808 the Supreme Central Governing Junta is established, ruling
in the name of Fernando VII, and gradually superseding the
previously established Juntas
31 Jan 1810 a Supreme Council of Regency is established, governing in
the name of Fernando VII
10 May 1814 after the return of Fernando VII the Regency is dissolved
Presidents of the Supreme Central Governing Junta
25 Sep 1808 - 30 Dec 1808 José Moñino y Redondo, conde de
Floridablanca (s.a.)
(interim to 1 Oct 1808)
30 Dec 1808 - 1 Nov 1809 Vicente Isabel Osorio de Moscoso
y Álvarez de Toledo, marqués de
Astorga (b. 1777 - d. 1837)
(acting to 1 May 1809)
1 Nov 1809 - 31 Jan 1810 Juan Acisclo de Vera y Delgado,
arzobispo de Laodicea (b. 1761 - d. 1818)
Presidents of the Supreme Council of Regency
1 Feb 1810 - 29 May 1810 Francisco Javier Castaños y
Aragorri (b. 1758 - d. 1852)
29 May 1810 - 26 Sep 1810 Pedro de Quevedo y Quintano,
obispo de Orense (b. 1736 - d. 1818)
27?Sep 1810 - 28 Oct 1810 Francisco de Saavedra y Sangronís (s.a.)
Presidents of the Council of Regency
28 Oct 1810 - 8 Dec 1810 Pedro Agar y Bustillo (1st time) (b. 1760 - d. 1822)
8 Dec 1810 - 8 Apr 1811 Joaquín Blake y Joyes (b. 1739 - d. 1827)
8 Apr 1811 - 8 Aug 1811 Pedro Agar y Bustillo (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Aug 1811 - 8 Dec 1811 Gabriel de Císcar y Císcar (b. 1760 - d. 1829)
8 Dec 1811 - 22 Jan 1812 Pedro Agar y Bustillo (3rd time) (s.a.)
Presidents of the Regency
22 Jan 1812 - 15 Jun 1812 Joaquín de Mosquera y Figueroa (b. 1748 - d. 1830)
15 Jun 1812 - 15 Dec 1812? Pedro Alcántara de Toledo y
Salm-Salm, duque del Infantado (s.a.)
15 Dec 1812?- 8 Mar 1813 Juan María de Villavicencio (b. 1755 - d. 1830)
President of the (to 22 Mar 1813, Provisional) Regency
8 Mar 1813 - 10 May 1814 Cardenal Luis María de Borbón y
Vallabriga, arzobispo de Toledo,
primado de las Españas (b. 1777 - d. 1823)
First secretaries of state
15 Oct 1808 - 5 Jan 1809 Pedro Cevallos Guerra (s.a.)
5 Jan 1809 - 13 Oct 1809 Martín de Garay y Perales (acting) (b. 1771 - d. 1822)
13 Oct 1809 - 30 Oct 1809 Pedro Rivero (acting)
30 Oct 1809 - 31 Jan 1810 Francisco de Saavedra y Sangronís (s.a.)
31 Jan 1810 - 20 Mar 1810 Nicolás Ambrosio de Garro y
Arizcun, marqués de las Hormazas (b. 1747 - d. 1825)
(acting)
20 Mar 1810 - 6 Feb 1812 Eusebio Bardají y Azara (s.a.)
(acting to 27 May 1810)
6 Feb 1812 - 12 May 1812 José García de León y Pizarro (s.a.)
(acting)
12 May 1812 - 23 Jun 1812 Ignacio de la Pezuela y Sánchez (b. 1764 - d. 1850)
(acting)
23 Jun 1812 - 27 Sep 1812 Carlos Fernando Martínez de Irujo
y Tacón, marqués de Casa Irujo (s.a.)
27 Sep 1812 - 11 Jul 1813 Pedro Gómez Labrador (b. 1764 - d. 1850)
11 Jul 1813 - 10 Oct 1813 Antonio Cano Manuel y Ramírez de
Arellano (acting) (b. 1769 - d. 1836)
Presidents
1940 - 17 Aug 1945 Álvaro de Albornoz y Liminiana (b. 1879 - d. 1954)
(acting)
17 Aug 1945 - 1 Jan 1962 Diego Martínez Barrio (s.a.)
11 Feb 1962 - 16 Nov 1970 Luis Jiménez de Asúa (b. 1889 - d. 1970)
Nov 1970 - 1 Jul 1977 José Maldonado González (b. 1900 - d. 1985)
Prime ministers
4 Mar 1939 - 17 Aug 1945 Juan Negrín López (s.a.)
17 Aug 1945 - 9 Feb 1947 José Giral Pereira (s.a.)
9 Feb 1947 - 8 Aug 1947 Rodolfo Llopis Ferrándiz (b. 1895 - d. 1983)
8 Aug 1947 - 13 Aug 1951 Álvaro de Albornoz y Liminiana (s.a.)
13 Aug 1951 - 9 May 1960 Félix Gordón Ordás (b. 1885 - d. 1973)
9 May 1960 - 28 Feb 1962 Emilio Herrera Linares (b. 1879 - d. 1967)
28 Feb 1962 - 28 Feb 1971 Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y
Menduiña (b. 1893 - d. 1984)
28 Feb 1971 - 23 Jul 1977 Fernando Valera Aparicio (b. 1899 - d. 1982)
¹What we usually think of as Spain had no constitutional identity until 1808. The style Monarquía Española gradually came into use for the whole complex, while several of the component units maintained (in some cases fanatically) their political identity, with their own Cortes, their own charters of rights (fueros), etc. Españas (or Españas e Indias) more closely reflects usage before 1808 than España.in Spain in Navarra Carlos II Carlos V Felipe V Felipe VII Luis I Luis II Fernando VI Fernando II Carlos III Carlos VI Carlos IV Carlos VII Fernando VII Fernando III Carlos V Carlos VIII (Carlist rebellion) Isabel II Isabel IOf course this separate identity was disrupted 6 May 1808 - 11 Dec 1813 during the Napoleonic wars.
1653 - 1796 Ceylon a Dutch colony
Aug 1795 British East India Company rule
1 Jan 1802 British crown colony
4 Feb 1948 independence (Dominion of Ceylon)
22 May 1972 Republic of Sri Lanka
7 Sep 1978 Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
Governors
22 Feb 1697 - 26 Nov 1702 Gerrit de Heere (b. 1657 - d. 1702)
11 May 1703 - 22 Nov 1707 Cornelis Joannes Simonsz
22 Nov 1707 - 5 Dec 1716 Hendrick Becker
5 Dec 1716 - 21 Jun 1723 Isaak Augustyn Rumpf (b. 1673 - d. 1723)
21 Jun 1723 - 12 Jan 1724 Arnold Mold (acting)
12 Jan 1724 - 19 Oct 1725 Johannes Hertenberg (b. 1668 - d. 1725)
19 Oct 1725 - 16 Sep 1726 Jan Paulus Schagen (acting)
16 Sep 1726 - 27 Aug 1729 Petrus Vuyst (b. 1691 - d. 1732)
27 Aug 1729 - 25 Aug 1732 Stephanus Versluys (b. 1691 - d. 1735/36)
25 Aug 1732 - 2 Dec 1732 Gualterus Woutersz (acting) (b. ... - d. 1739)
2 Dec 1732 - 27 Jan 1734 Jacob Christian Pielaat
(commissioner)
27 Jan 1734 - 7 Jun 1736 Diederick van Domburg (b. 1685 - d. 1736)
7 Jun 1736 - 23 Jul 1736 Jan Maccare (acting)
23 Jul 1736 - 12 Mar 1740 Gustaaf Willem baron van Imhoff (b. 1705 - d. 1750)
12 Mar 1740 - 8 Jan 1742 Willem Maurits Bruyninck
8 Jan 1742 - 11 May 1743 Daniel Overbeek (b. ... - d. 1751)
11 May 1743 - 6 May 1751 Julius Valentyn Stein van
Gollenesse (b. ... - d. 1755)
6 May 1751 - 26 Feb 1752 Gerrard Joan Vreeland (b. ... - d. 1752)
26 Feb 1752 - 10 Sep 1752 Jacob de Jong (acting)
10 Sep 1752 - 17 Mar 1757 Joan Gideon Loten (b. 1710 - d. 1789)
17 Mar 1757 - 17 Sep 1762 Jan Schreuder (b. 1704 - d. 1764)
17 Sep 1762 - 1 Apr 1765 Lubbert Jan baron van Eck (b. 1719 - d. 1765)
13 May 1765 - 7 Aug 1765 Anthony Mooyart (acting)
7 Aug 1765 - 6 Feb 1785 Iman Willem Falck (b. 1736 - d. 1785)
7 Feb 1785 - 15 Jul 1794 Willem Jacob van der Graaf (b. 1737 - d. 1804)
15 Jul 1794 - 16 Feb 1796 Johan Gerrard van Angelbeek (b. 1727 - d. 1799)
Military governors
Aug 1795 - 1 Mar 1796 Patrick Alexander Agnew (b. 1765 - d. 1813)
(in Trincomalee)
1 Mar 1796 - 1 Jan 1797 James Stewart
1 Jan 1797 - 2 Jul 1797 Welbore Ellis Doyle (b. 1758 - d. 1797)
2 Jul 1797 - 12 Jul 1797 Peter Bonnevaux (b. c.1752 - d. 1797)
12 Jul 1797 - 12 Oct 1798 Pierre Frédéric de Meuron (b. 1746 - d. 1813)
Resident
12 Feb 1796 - 12 Oct 1798 Robert Andrews
Governors
12 Oct 1798 - 19 Jul 1805 Frederick North (b. 1766 - d. 1827)
19 Jul 1805 - 19 Mar 1811 Thomas Maitland (b. 1759 - d. 1824)
19 Mar 1811 - 11 Mar 1812 John Wilson (1st time) (acting) (b. 1780 - d. 1856)
11 Mar 1812 - 1 Feb 1820 Robert Brownrigg (b. 1759 - d. 1833)
1 Feb 1820 - 2 Feb 1822 Edward Barnes (1st time) (acting) (b. 1776 - d. 1838)
2 Feb 1822 - 6 Nov 1822 Edward Paget (b. 1775 - d. 1849)
6 Nov 1822 - 18 Jan 1824 James Campbell (acting)
18 Jan 1824 - 13 Oct 1831 Edward Barnes (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Oct 1831 - 23 Oct 1831 John Wilson (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
23 Oct 1831 - 7 Nov 1837 Robert Wilmot-Horton (b. 1784 - d. 1841)
7 Nov 1837 - 15 Apr 1841 James Alexander Stewart Mackenzie (b. 1776 - d. 1843)
15 Apr 1841 - 19 Apr 1847 Sir Colin Campbell (b. 1776 - d. 1847)
19 Apr 1847 - 29 May 1847 James Emerson Tennent (acting) (b. 1804 - d. 1869)
29 May 1847 - 18 Oct 1850 George Byng, Viscount Torrington (b. 1812 - d. 1884)
18 Oct 1850 - 27 Nov 1850 Charles Justin MacCarthy
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1820 - d. 1864)
27 Nov 1850 - 18 Jan 1855 Sir George William Anderson (b. 1791 - d. 1857)
18 Jan 1855 - 11 May 1855 Charles Justin MacCarthy
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
11 May 1855 - 30 Jun 1860 Sir Henry George Ward (b. 1797 - d. 1860)
30 Jun 1860 - 30 Jul 1860 Henry Frederick Lockyer (acting) (b. 1797 - d. 1860)
30 Jul 1860 - 22 Oct 1860 Charles Edmund Wilkinson (acting) (b. 1807 - d. 1870)
22 Oct 1860 - 1 Dec 1863 Charles Justin MacCarthy
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Dec 1863 - 21 Mar 1865 Terence O'Brien (acting)
21 Mar 1865 - 4 Jan 1872 Sir Hercules Robinson (b. 1824 - d. 1897)
(acting to 16 May 1865)
4 Jan 1872 - 4 Mar 1872 Henry Turner Irving (acting) (b. 1833 - d. 1923)
4 Mar 1872 - 4 Sep 1877 William Henry Gregory (b. 1817 - d. 1892)
4 Sep 1877 - 10 Jul 1883 Sir James Robert Longden (b. 1827 - d. 1891)
10 Jul 1883 - 3 Dec 1883 John Douglas (acting)
3 Dec 1883 - 28 May 1890 Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon (b. 1829 - d. 1912)
28 May 1890 - 24 Oct 1895 Arthur Elibank Havelock (b. 1844 - d. 1908)
24 Oct 1895 - 10 Feb 1896 Sir Edward Noel Walker (acting) (b. 1842 - d. 1908)
10 Feb 1896 - 19 Nov 1903 Sir West Ridgeway (b. 1844 - d. 1930)
19 Nov 1903 - 3 Dec 1903 Everard im Thurn (acting) (b. 1852 - d. 1932)
3 Dec 1903 - 11 Jul 1907 Sir Henry Arthur Blake (b. 1840 - d. 1918)
11 Jul 1907 - 24 Aug 1907 Hugh Clifford (1st time) (b. 1866 - d. 1941)
(acting)
24 Aug 1907 - 24 Jan 1913 Sir Henry Edward McCallum (b. 1852 - d. 1919)
24 Jan 1913 - 18 Oct 1913 Edward Stubbs (1st time) (acting) (b. 1876 - d. 1947)
18 Oct 1913 - 4 Dec 1915 Sir Robert Chalmers (b. 1858 - d. 1938)
4 Dec 1915 - 15 Apr 1916 Edward Stubbs (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
15 Apr 1916 - 24 Mar 1918 Sir John Anderson (b. 1858 - d. 1918)
24 Mar 1918 - 10 Sep 1918 Edward Stubbs (3rd time) (acting) (s.a.)
10 Sep 1918 - 1 Apr 1925 Sir William Manning (b. 1863 - d. 1932)
1 Apr 1925 - 18 Oct 1925 Cecil Clementi (acting) (b. 1875 - d. 1947)
18 Oct 1925 - 30 Nov 1925 Edward Bruce Alexander (acting) (b. 1872 - d. 1955)
30 Nov 1925 - Jun 1927 Sir Hugh Clifford (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1927 - 20 Aug 1928 Murchison Fletcher (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1954)
20 Aug 1928 - 11 Feb 1931 Sir Herbert Stanley (b. 1872 - d. 1955)
11 Feb 1931 - 11 Apr 1931 Bernard Henry Bourdillon (acting) (b. 1883 - d. 1948)
11 Apr 1931 - 20 Sep 1933 Sir Graeme Thomson (b. 1875 - d. 1933)
20 Sep 1933 - 23 Dec 1933 Francis Graeme Tyrrell (acting) (b. 1876 - d. 1964)
23 Dec 1933 - 30 Jun 1937 Sir Edward Stubbs (4th time) (s.a.)
30 Jun 1937 - 16 Oct 1937 Maxwell MacLagan Wedderburn (b. 1883 - d. 1953)
(acting)
16 Oct 1937 - 19 Sep 1944 Sir Andrew Caldecott (b. 1884 - d. 1951)
19 Sep 1944 - 4 Feb 1948 Sir Henry Monck-Mason Moore (b. 1887 - d. 1964)
Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
4 Feb 1948 - 29 Jun 1949 Sir Henry Monck-Mason Moore (s.a.)
29 Jun 1949 - 6 Jul 1949 Sir Arthur Wijeyewardene (acting) (b. 1887 - d. 1964)
6 Jul 1949 - 17 Jul 1954 Herwald Ramsbotham, Baron Soulbury (b. 1887 - d. 1971)
17 Jul 1954 - 2 Mar 1962 Sir Oliver Goonetilleke (b. 1892 - d. 1978)
2 Mar 1962 - 22 May 1972 William Gopallawa (b. 1897 - d. 1981)
Presidents
22 May 1972 - 4 Feb 1978 William Gopallawa (s.a.)
4 Feb 1978 - 2 Jan 1989 Junius Richard Jayewardene (b. 1906 - d. 1996)
2 Jan 1989 - 1 May 1993 Ranasinghe Premadasa (b. 1924 - d. 1993)
1 May 1993 - 12 Nov 1994 Dingiri Banda Wijetunga (b. 1922 - d. 2008)
(acting to 7 May 1993)
12 Nov 1994 - 19 Nov 2005 Chandrika Kumaratunga (f) (b. 1945)
19 Nov 2005 - 9 Jan 2015 Mahinda Rajapakse (b. 1945)
9 Jan 2015 - 18 Nov 2019 Maithripala Sirisena (b. 1951)
18 Nov 2019 - 15 Jul 2022 Gotabaya Rajapakse (b. 1949)
13 Jul 2022 - 23 Sep 2024 Ranil Wickremesinghe (b. 1949)
(acting [for Rajapakse to 15 Jul 2022] to 21 Jul 2022)
23 Sep 2024 - Anura Kumara Dissanayake (b. 1968)
Prime ministers
24 Sep 1947 - 22 Mar 1952 Don Stephen Senanayake (b. 1884 - d. 1952)
26 Mar 1952 - 12 Oct 1953 Dudley Shelton Senanayake
(1st time) (b. 1911 - d. 1973)
12 Oct 1953 - 12 Apr 1956 Sir John Kotelawala (b. 1897 - d. 1980)
12 Apr 1956 - 26 Sep 1959 S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike (b. 1899 - d. 1959)
26 Sep 1959 - 21 Mar 1960 Wijayananda Dahanayake (b. 1902 - d. 1997)
21 Mar 1960 - 21 Jul 1960 Dudley Shelton Senanayake
(2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Jul 1960 - 25 Mar 1965 Sirimavo Bandaranaike (f)
(1st time) (b. 1916 - d. 2000)
25 Mar 1965 - 29 May 1970 Dudley Shelton Senanayake
(3rd time) (s.a.)
29 May 1970 - 23 Jul 1977 Sirimavo Bandaranaike (f)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Jul 1977 - 6 Feb 1978 Junius Richard Jayewardene (s.a.)
6 Feb 1978 - 2 Jan 1989 Ranasinghe Premadasa (s.a.)
3 Mar 1989 - 7 May 1993 Dingiri Banda Wijetunga (s.a.)
7 May 1993 - 19 Aug 1994 Ranil Wickremesinghe (1st time) (s.a.)
19 Aug 1994 - 14 Nov 1994 Chandrika Kumaratunga (f) (s.a.)
14 Nov 1994 - 10 Aug 2000 Sirimavo Bandaranaike (f)
(3rd time) (s.a.)
10 Aug 2000 - 9 Dec 2001 Ratnasiri Wickremanayake
(1st time) (b. 1933 - d. 2016)
9 Dec 2001 - 6 Apr 2004 Ranil Wickremesinghe (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Apr 2004 - 21 Nov 2005 Mahinda Rajapakse (1st time) (s.a.)
21 Nov 2005 - 21 Apr 2010 Ratnasiri Wickremanayake
(2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Apr 2010 - 9 Jan 2015 D.M. Jayaratne (b. 1931 - d. 2019)
9 Jan 2015 - 26 Oct 2018 Ranil Wickremesinghe (3rd time) (s.a.)
(continues in opposition)
26 Oct 2018 - 16 Dec 2018 Mahinda Rajapakse (2nd time) (s.a.)
(suspended from 3 Dec 2018)
16 Dec 2018 - 21 Nov 2019 Ranil Wickremesinghe (4th time) (s.a.)
21 Nov 2019 - 12 May 2022 Mahinda Rajapakse (3rd time) (s.a.)
12 May 2022 - 21 Jul 2022 Ranil Wickremesinghe (5th time) (s.a.)
22 Jul 2022 - 24 Sep 2024 Dinesh Gunawardene (b. 1949)
24 Sep 2024 - Harini Amarasuriya (f) (b. 1970)
1469 Kingdom of Udarata established (often referred to as
Kingdom of Kandy by the name of its capital)
2 Mar 1815 - Jul 1817 occupied by U.K. (colony of Ceylon)
Oct 1818 incorporated into colony of Ceylon
Kings
- Dinajara dynasty -
1687 - 1707 Vimala Dharmasurya II
1707 - 13 May 1739 Viraparakkama Narendrasimha (b. ... - d. 1739)
- Nayakkar dynasty -
1739 - 11 Aug 1747 Sri Vijaya Rajasimha (b. ... - d. 1747)
12 Aug 1747 - 2 Jan 1782 Kirtisri Rajasimha (b. ... - d. 1782)
1782 - 12 Aug 1798 Sri Rajadhirajasimha (b. ... - d. 1798)
1798 - 17 Feb 1803 Sri Vikrama Rajasimha (1st time) (b. 1780 - d. 1832)
17 Feb 1803 - 24 Jun 1803 Muttusami (b. 17... - d. 1803)
24 Jun 1803 - 2 Mar 1815 Sri Vikrama Rajasimha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jul 1817 - Oct 1818 Kirtisri Doraisami
1821/22 Egyptian occupation and annexation
29 Jun 1881 Mahdiya established (Mahdi's "emergence")
2 Sep 1898 Mahdiya extinguished
19 Jan 1899 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (condominium)
1 Jan 1956 independence (Republic of The Sudan)
25 May 1969 Democratic Republic of The Sudan
15 Dec 1985 Republic of The Sudan
Mahdi
29 Jun 1881 - 22 Jun 1885 Muhammad Ahmad (b. 1844 - d. 1885)
Khalifa
22 Jun 1885 - 2 Sep 1898 `Abd Allah (b. 1846 - d. 1899)
Governors-general
19 Jan 1899 - 22 Dec 1899 Horatio Herbert Kitchener,
Baron Kitchener (b. 1850 - d. 1916)
22 Dec 1899 - 31 Dec 1916 Sir Reginald Wingate (b. 1861 - d. 1953)
1 Jan 1917 - 20 Nov 1924 Sir Lee Stack (acting to 1919) (b. 1868 - d. 1924)
21 Nov 1924 - 5 Jan 1925 Wasey Sterry (acting) (b. 1866 - d. 1955)
5 Jan 1925 - 6 Jul 1926 Sir Geoffrey Archer (b. 1882 - d. 1964)
31 Oct 1926 - 10 Jan 1934 Sir John Loader Maffey (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
10 Jan 1934 - 19 Oct 1940 Sir Stewart Symes (b. 1882 - d. 1962)
19 Oct 1940 - 8 Apr 1947 Sir Hubert Jervoise Huddleston (b. 1880 - d. 1950)
8 Apr 1947 - 29 Mar 1954 Sir Robert Howe (b. 1893 - d. 1981)
29 Mar 1954 - 12 Dec 1955 Sir Alexander Knox Helm (b. 1893 - d. 1964)
Presidents
1 Jan 1956 - 17 Nov 1958 Sovereignty Council
- Abdel Fattah Muhammad
al-Maghrabi (b. ... - d. 1985)
- Muhammad Ahmad Yasin
- Ahmad Muhammad Salih (b. 1896 - d. 1971)
- Muhammad Othman al-Dardiri
- Siricio Iro Wani (b. 1919 - d. 1985)
18 Nov 1958 - 15 Nov 1964 Ibrahim Abboud (b. 1900 - d. 1983)
(chairman Supreme Council of the Armed Forces to 31 Oct 1964)
15 Nov 1964 - 3 Dec 1964 Sirr al-Khatim al-Khalifa (acting) (b. 1919 - d. 2006)
3 Dec 1964 - 10 Jun 1965 Committee of Sovereignty
(chair rotating weekly)
- Abdel Halim Muhammad (1st time) (b. 1910 - d. 2009)
- Tijani al-Mahi (b. 1911 - d. 1970)
- Mubarak Shaddad (b. 1913 - d. 198...)
- Ibrahim Yusuf Sulayman
(to 31 May 1965)
- Luigi Adwok (1st time) (b. 1929 - d. 2010)
(from Dec 1964)
10 Jun 1965 - 8 Jul 1965 Committee of Sovereignty
(chair rotating weekly)
- Ismail al-Azhari (b. 1900 - d. 1969)
- Abdullah al-Fadil al-Mahdi (b. 1892 - d. 1966)
- Luigi Adwok (2nd time) (s.a.)
(to 14 Jun 1965)
- Abdel Halim Muhammad (2nd time) (s.a.)
- Khidr Hamad (b. 1908 - d. 1970)
8 Jul 1965 - 25 May 1969 Ismail al-Azhari (s.a.)
(chairman Sovereignty Council)
25 May 1969 - 19 Jul 1971 Gaafar Nimeiry (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 2009)
(chairman Revolutionary Command Council)
19 Jul 1971 - 22 Jul 1971 Babiker al-Nur Osman (b. ... - d. 1971)
(chairman Revolutionary Council)
22 Jul 1971 - 6 Apr 1985 Gaafar Nimeiry (2nd time) (s.a.)
(chairman Revolutionary Command Council to 12 Oct 1971)
6 Apr 1985 - 6 May 1986 Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab (b. 1934 - d. 2018)
(Commander-in-Chief to 9 Apr 1985, then
chairman Transitional Military Council)
6 May 1986 - 30 Jun 1989 Ahmad al-Mirghani (b. 1941 - d. 2008)
(chairman Supreme Council)
30 Jun 1989 - 11 Apr 2019 Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir (b. 1944)
(president of Revolutionary Command Council for
National Salvation to 16 Oct 1993)
11 Apr 2019 - 12 Apr 2019 Awad Ibn Auf (b. c.1954)
(chairman Transitional Military Council)
12 Apr 2019 - Abdel Fattah Burhan (b. 1960)
(chairman Transitional Military Council to 21 Aug 2019, then
chairman [Transitional] Sovereignty Council to 25 Oct 2021
and from 11 Nov 2021, and de facto ruler in the interim)
Prime ministers
9 Jan 1954 - 5 Jul 1956 Ismail al-Azhari (s.a.)
5 Jul 1956 - 17 Nov 1958 Abdullah Khalil (b. 1892 - d. 1970)
18 Nov 1958 - 31 Oct 1964 Ibrahim Abboud (s.a.)
31 Oct 1964 - 14 Jun 1965 Sirr al-Khatim al-Khalifa (s.a.)
14 Jun 1965 - 27 Jul 1966 Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub (1st time) (b. 1908 - d. 1976)
27 Jul 1966 - 18 May 1967 Sadiq al-Mahdi (1st time) (b. 1935 - d. 2020)
18 May 1967 - 25 May 1969 Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 May 1969 - 27 Oct 1969 Babiker Awadalla (b. 1917 - d. 2019)
28 Oct 1969 - 9 Aug 1976 Gaafar Nimeiry (1st time) (s.a.)
9 Aug 1976 - 10 Sep 1977 Rashid Bakr (b. 1930 - d. 1988)
10 Sep 1977 - 6 Apr 1985 Gaafar Nimeiry (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 Apr 1985 - 6 May 1986 al-Jazuli Dafalla (b. 1935)
6 May 1986 - 30 Jun 1989 Sadiq al-Mahdi (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Mar 2017 - 10 Sep 2018 Bakri Hassan Saleh (b. 1949)
10 Sep 2018 - 22 Feb 2019 Mutaz Musa (b. 1967)
24 Feb 2019 - 11 Apr 2019 Mohamed Tahir Ayala (b. 1951)
21 Aug 2019 - 25 Oct 2021 Abdalla Hamdok (1st time) (b. 1956)
21 Nov 2021 - 19 Jan 2022 Abdalla Hamdok (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Jan 2022 - Osman Hussein (acting)
14 Jul 1884 - 1898 annexed by the Mahdiya, but rulers continue in rebellion
1969 state extinguished
Kings (title Woster or Makk)
... - 1783 `Umar Abu Zintar walad al-Jayli
1783 - 1800 Isma`il walad Muhammad
1800 - 1820 Abu Bakr walad Isma`il
1820 - 1835 `Umar walad Abi Bakr
1835 - 1840 Ahmad walad Abi Bakr
1840 - 1843 al-Maryud walad Isma`il
1843 - 1864 Nasir walad Abi Bakr
1864 - 14 Jul 1884 Adam Umm Dabbalu walad `Umar
al-`Arabi
1884 - 1898 `Ali Abu Zanayt walad Adam
1898 - 1916 Mustafa al-Jayli walad Adam
1916 - 1920 Abu Bakr walad al-Jayli
1920 - 1969 Adam walad al-Jayli
1445 Kayra Fur dynasty established
23 Oct 1874 occupied by Egypt
1889 - 1898 annexed to the Mahdiya
22 May 1916 state extinguished
23 Apr 2007 Transitional Darfur Regional Authority inaugurated
13 Jun 2016 Darfur Regional Authority dissolved
Sultans
- Kayra Fur dynasty -
1785 - 1799 `Abd ar-Rahman ar-Rashid
1799 - 1839 Muhammad al-Fadl
1839 - Apr 1873 Muhammad al-Husayn
1839 - 1843 Muhammad Abu Madyan (in rebellion)
21 Apr 1873 - 23 Oct 1874 Ibrahim Qarad Koyko
1874 Hasab Allah
1874 - 1875 Sayf ad-Din Bush
1877 - 1880 Sayf ad-Din Muhammad Harun ar-Rashid
1880 - 1884 `Abd Allah Dud Banja
1887 - 14 Feb 1888 Yusuf
1888 - 1891 Abu´l Khayrat
1891 - 1908 Sanin al-Husayn (in rebellion)
21 Mar 1899 - 22 May 1916 `Ali Dinar ibn Zakariyya (b. c.1865 - d. 1916)
Chairmen of the Transitional Darfur Regional Authority
23 Apr 2007 - 5 Dec 2010 Minni Arkou Minawi (b. c.1970)
5 Dec 2010 - 21 Sep 2011 Shartai Jaafar Abdel Hakam
Chairman of the Darfur Regional Authority
21 Sep 2011 - 13 Jun 2016 Tijani al-Sissi
Governor
Jun 2021 - Minni Arkou Minawi (s.a.)
1884 state established
1921 state extinguished
Sultans
1884 - 1889 Isma`il ibn `Abd an-Nabi
1889 - 1907 Abu Bakr ibn Isma`il
1907 - 1910 Taj ad-Din Muhammad ibn Isma`il
1910 - 1921 Bahr ad-Din Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
Sultans
18.. - 1879 Abu Bakr
1879 - 1935 Idris ibn Abi Bakr (b. 1859 - d. 1935)
1935 - 1945 Hashim ibn Idris (b. 1873 - d. 19...)
Chief administrators
Jan 2008 - 31 Aug 2008 Edward Lino (b. 1946 - d. 2020)
31 Aug 2008 - 30 Dec 2009 Arop Moyak
30 Dec 2009 - 21 May 2011 Deng Arop Kuol
7 Jun 2011 - 201. Ahmed Hussein al-Imam
201. - 2015 Kuol Monyluak
24 Mar 2015 - Feb 2017 Chol Deng Alak (1st time) (b. 1955)
Feb 2017 - 29 Jun 2020 Kuol Alor Jok
29 Jun 2020 - 19 Jan 2023 Kuol Diem Kuol
19 Jan 2023 - Chol Deng Alak (2nd time) (s.a.)
1667 Dutch colony (Suriname; after 1816 commonly Dutch Guiana)
1804 - 27 Feb 1816 British rule
1828 - 1848 united with Netherlands Antilles as Dutch West Indies
20 Sep 1948 Suriname a coequal part of Netherlands realm
25 Nov 1975 independence (Republic of Suriname [also spelled
Surinam until 23 Jan 1978])
Chairman of the National Military Council (de facto leader)
25 Feb 1980 - 25 Jan 1988 Dési Bouterse (b. 1945)
Governors (of the Dutch West India Company)
14 May 1696 - 2 Mar 1707 Paulus van der Veen
2 Mar 1707 - 27 Sep 1707 William de Gruyter (b. 16... - d. 1707)
27 Sep 1707 - 19 Jan 1710 Francis Anthonie de Rayneval
(1st time) (acting)
19 Jan 1710 - 28 Jul 1715 Johan de Goyer (b. 16... - d. 1715)
28 Jul 1715 - 22 Jan 1716 Francis Anthonie de Rayneval
(2nd time) (acting)
22 Jan 1716 - 4 Oct 1717 Johan de Mahony (b. 16... - d. 1717)
4 Oct 1717 - 2 Mar 1718 Francis Anthonie de Rayneval
(3rd time) (acting)
2 Mar 1718 - 4 Sep 1721 Jan Coetier (b. 16... - d. 1721)
4 Sep 1721 - 1 Mar 1722 Francis Anthonie de Rayneval
(4th time) (acting)
Governors-general
1 Mar 1722 - 17 Sep 1727 Hendrik Temminck (b. ... - d. 1727)
17 Sep 1727 - 9 Nov 1728 Francis Anthonie de Rayneval
(acting)
9 Nov 1728 - 26 Jan 1734 Karel Emilius Henry de Cheusses (b. ... - d. 1734)
26 Jan 1734 - 11 Dec 1734 Johan Fredrik Cornelis de Vries
(1st time) (acting)
11 Dec 1734 - 26 Jan 1735 Jacob Alexander Henry de Cheusses
26 Jan 1735 - 4 Mar 1735 Johan Fredrik Cornelis de Vries
(2nd time) (acting)
4 Mar 1735 - 22 Dec 1735 Council
22 Dec 1735 - 11 Aug 1737 Johan Raye van Brenelerwaard
11 Aug 1737 - 15 Oct 1742 Gerrit van de Schepper (b. ... - d. 1742)
15 Oct 1742 - 23 Apr 1751 Johan Jacob Mauricius (b. 1692 - d. 1768)
23 Apr 1751 - 7 Sep 1752 Hendrik Ernst baron van Spörcke (b. ... - d. 1752)
(acting)
7 Sep 1752 - 22 Oct 1754 Wigbold Crommelin (1st time) (b. 1712 - d. 1789)
(acting)
22 Oct 1754 - 24 Aug 1756 Pieter Albert van der Meer (b. ... - d. 1756)
24 Aug 1756 - 21 Jan 1757 Jan Nepveu (1st time) (acting) (b. 1719 - d. 1779)
21 Jan 1757 - 22 Nov 1768 Wigbold Crommelin (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 20 Sep 1757)
22 Nov 1768 - 27 Feb 1779 Jan Nepveu (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 8 Mar 1770)
27 Feb 1779 - 23 Sep 1783 Bernard Texier (b. ... - d. 1783)
23 Sep 1783 - 24 Dec 1784 Wolphert Jacob Beeldsnijder Matroos
(acting)
24 Dec 1784 - 15 Jun 1790 Jan Gerhard Wichers
15 Jun 1790 - 4 Dec 1802 Juriaan François Frederici (b. 1751 - d. 1812)
(acting to 24 Aug 1792)
4 Dec 1802 - 9 Dec 1803 Willem Otto Blois van Treslong
(acting)
9 Dec 1803 - 9 May 1804 Pierre Beranger
(commissioner-general)
9 May 1804 - 15 Apr 1805 Sir Charles Green
15 Apr 1805 - 27 Sep 1808 William Carlyon Hughes (b. 17... - d. 1808)
(lieutenant governor)
27 Sep 1808 - 4 May 1809 Sir John Wardlau Bar (acting)
4 May 1809 - 8 Nov 1811 Charles Ferdinand Bentinck (b. 1764 - d. 1811)
(chief commissioner)
8 Nov 1811 - 27 Feb 1816 Pinson Bonham (acting) (b. 1762 - d. 1855)
27 Feb 1816 - 18 Jul 1816 Willem Benjamin van Panhuys (b. 17... - d. 1816)
18 Jul 1816 - 1 Apr 1822 Cornelis Reinhard Vaillant
(acting)
1 Apr 1822 - 12 Oct 1827 Abraham de Veer (b. 1767 - d. 1838)
12 Oct 1827 - 1 Aug 1828 Johannes van den Bosch (b. 1780 - d. 1844)
(commissioner-general)
1 Aug 1828 - 19 Dec 1831 Paulus Roelof Cantz'laar (b. ... - d. 1831)
19 Dec 1831 - 5 Jun 1838 Evert Ludolph baron van Heeckeren
(acting to 6 May 1832)
5 Jun 1838 - 16 Jul 1839 Philippus de Kanter (1st time)
(acting)
16 Jul 1839 - 31 Mar 1842 Julius Constantijn Rijk (b. 1787 - d. 1854)
31 Mar 1842 - 15 Nov 1842 Philippus de Kanter (2nd time)
(acting)
15 Nov 1842 - 16 Jul 1845 Burchard Joan Elias (b. 1799 - d. 1871)
16 Jul 1845 - 13 Oct 1845 Philippus de Kanter (3rd time)
(acting)
13 Oct 1845 - 1 Mar 1852 Reinier Frederik baron van Raders (b. 1794 - d. 1868)
1 Mar 1852 - 14 Jun 1852 Philippus de Kanter (4th time)
(acting)
14 Jun 1852 - 22 Jun 1852 Coenrad Barends (acting)
22 Jun 1852 - 25 Aug 1855 Johann George Otto Stuart von
Schmidt auf Altenstadt (b. 1806 - d. 1857)
25 Aug 1855 - 11 Aug 1859 Charles Pierre Schimpf (b. 1813 - d. 1886)
11 Aug 1859 - 29 Jun 1867 Reinhart Frans van Lansberge (b. 1804 - d. 1873)
29 Jun 1867 - 1 Aug 1873 Willem Hendrik Johan van Idsinga (b. 1822 - d. 1896)
1 Aug 1873 - 1 Nov 1882 Cornelis Ascanius van Sypesteyn (b. 1823 - d. 1892)
11 Nov 1882 - 30 Jul 1885 Johannes Herbert August Willem
baron van Heerdt tot Eversberg (b. 1829 - d. 1893)
30 Jul 1885 - 18 Jul 1888 Hendrik Jan Smidt (b. 1831 - d. 1917)
18 Jul 1888 - 30 Jan 1889 Warmolt Tonckens (1st time) (b. 1848 - d. 1922)
(acting)
30 Jan 1889 - 27 Jun 1891 Maurits Adriaan de Savornin Lohman (b. 1832 - d. 1899)
27 Jun 1891 - 12 May 1896 Jonkheer Titus van Asch van Wijck (b. 1849 - d. 1902)
12 May 1896 - 4 Oct 1902 Warmolt Tonckens (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Oct 1902 - 12 Sep 1905 Cornelis Lely (b. 1854 - d. 1929)
12 Sep 1905 - 18 Nov 1905 David Hendrick Havelaar (acting)
18 Nov 1905 - 28 Feb 1908 Alexander Willem Frederik Idenburg (b. 1861 - d. 1935)
28 Feb 1908 - 10 Aug 1908 Pieter Hofstede Crull (1st time)
(acting)
10 Aug 1908 - 30 Jun 1911 Dirk Fock (b. 1858 - d. 1941)
30 Jun 1911 - 14 Jul 1911 Louis Marie Rollin Couquerque
14 Jul 1911 - 17 Oct 1911 Pieter Hofstede Crull (2nd time)
(acting)
17 Oct 1911 - 25 Nov 1916 Willem Dirk Hendrik baron van
Asbeck (b. 1858 - d. 1935)
25 Nov 1916 - 25 Nov 1919 Gerard Johan Staal (1st time) (b. 1870 - d. 1936)
25 Nov 1919 - 15 Jul 1920 Lambertus Johannes Rietberg
(1st time)
15 Jul 1920 - 16 Dec 1920 Gerard Johan Staal (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Dec 1920 - 23 May 1921 Lambertus Johannes Rietberg
(2nd time)
23 May 1921 - 21 May 1924 Aarnoud Jan Anne Aleid baron van
Heemstra (1st time) (b. 1871 - d. 1957)
21 May 1924 - 18 Sep 1924 Lambertus Johannes Rietberg
(3rd time)
18 Sep 1924 - 21 Feb 1925 Jan Luchies Nysingh
21 Feb 1925 - 1 Apr 1928 Aarnoud Jan Anne Aleid baron van
Heemstra (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Apr 1928 - 16 Aug 1933 Bram Rutgers (b. 1884 - d. 1966)
16 Aug 1933 - 3 Jan 1944 Johannes Coenraad Kielstra (b. 1878 - d. 1951)
16 Aug 1935 - 12 Apr 1936 Johannes Cornelis Brons
(1st time) (acting for Kielstra) (b. 1884 - d. 1964)
Sep 1938 - Jan 1939 Johannes Cornelis Brons
(2nd time) (acting for Kielstra) (s.a.)
3 Jan 1944 - 2 Aug 1948 Johannes Cornelis Brons (3rd time) (s.a.)
2 Aug 1948 - 2 Dec 1949 Willem Huender (b. 1900 - d. 1963)
2 Dec 1949 - 11 Feb 1956 Jan Klaasesz (b. 1907 - d. 1997)
11 Feb 1956 - 18 Mar 1962 Jan van Tilburg (b. 1900 - d. 1977)
19 Mar 1962 - 22 Aug 1964 Archibald Currie (b. 1889 - d. 1986)
(acting to 1 May 1963)
22 Aug 1964 - 26 Feb 1965 François Haverschmidt (acting) (b. 1906 - d. 1987)
26 Feb 1965 - 12 Aug 1968 Henri Lucien de Vries (b. 1909 - d. 1987)
12 Aug 1968 - 25 Nov 1975 Johan Ferrier (b. 1910 - d. 2010)
Presidents
25 Nov 1975 - 13 Aug 1980 Johan Ferrier (s.a.)
13 Aug 1980 - 15 Aug 1980 Dési Bouterse (1st time) (s.a.)
(National Army Commander)
15 Aug 1980 - 4 Feb 1982 Hendrick R. Chin A Sen (b. 1934 - d. 1999)
4 Feb 1982 - 8 Feb 1982 Dési Bouterse (2nd time) (s.a.)
(National Army Commander)
8 Feb 1982 - 25 Jan 1988 L.F. Ramdat Misier (acting) (b. 1926 - d. 2004)
25 Jan 1988 - 24 Dec 1990 Ramsewak Shankar (b. 1937)
24 Dec 1990 - 29 Dec 1990 Ivan Graanoogst
(National Army Commander)
29 Dec 1990 - 16 Sep 1991 Johan Kraag (b. 1913 - d. 1996)
16 Sep 1991 - 15 Sep 1996 Ronald Venetiaan (1st time) (b. 1936)
15 Sep 1996 - 12 Aug 2000 Jules Wijdenbosch (b. 1941)
12 Aug 2000 - 12 Aug 2010 Ronald Venetiaan (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Aug 2010 - 16 Jul 2020 Dési Bouterse (3rd time) (s.a.)
16 Jul 2020 - Chandrikapersad Santokhi (b. 1959)
Prime ministers
1949 - 1951 Julius Caesar de Miranda (b. 1906 - d. 1956)
5 Apr 1951 - 4 Jun 1951 Jacques Adam Drielsma (b. 1886 - d. 1974)
4 Jun 1951 - 6 Sep 1952 Johannes A.E. Buiskool (b. 1899 - d. 1960)
6 Sep 1952 - 4 Dec 1952 Adriaan Alberga (b. 1887 - d. 1952)
4 Dec 1952 - 16 Apr 1955 Archibald Currie (s.a.)
(acting to 20 Aug 1954)
16 Apr 1955 - 16 Jul 1958 Johan Ferrier (s.a.)
16 Jul 1958 - Jun 1963 Severinus Désiré Emanuels (b. 1910 - d. 1981)
Jun 1963 - 5 Mar 1969 Johan Adolf Pengel (b. 1916 - d. 1970)
5 Mar 1969 - 20 Nov 1969 Arthur J. May (b. 1903 - d. 1979)
20 Nov 1969 - 24 Dec 1973 Jules Sedney (b. 1922 - d. 2020)
24 Dec 1973 - 25 Feb 1980 Henck Arron (b. 1936 - d. 2000)
15 Mar 1980 - Dec 1980 Hendrick R. Chin A Sen (s.a.)
31 Mar 1982 - 9 Dec 1982 Henry Neyhorst (b. 1940)
26 Feb 1983 - 8 Jan 1984 Errol Alibux (b. 1948)
3 Feb 1984 - 17 Jul 1986 Wim Udenhout (b. 1937 - d. 2023)
17 Jul 1986 - 7 Apr 1987 Pretaapnarian Radhakishun (b. 1935 - d. 2001)
7 Apr 1987 - 26 Jan 1988 Jules Wijdenbosch (s.a.)
Vice presidents (chairing the Council of Ministers ex officio)
26 Jan 1988 - 24 Dec 1990 Henck Arron (s.a.)
7 Jan 1991 - 16 Sep 1991 Jules Wijdenbosch (s.a.)
16 Sep 1991 - 15 Sep 1996 Jules Ajodhia (1st time) (b. 1945 - d. 2024)
15 Sep 1996 - 12 Aug 2000 Pretaapnarian Radhakishun (s.a.)
12 Aug 2000 - 12 Aug 2005 Jules Ajodhia (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Aug 2005 - 12 Aug 2010 Ram Sardjoe (b. 1935)
12 Aug 2010 - 12 Aug 2015 Robert Ameerali (b. 1961)
12 Aug 2015 - 16 Jul 2020 Ashwin Adhin (b. 1980)
16 Jul 2020 - Ronnie Brunswijk (b. 1962)
Mar 1388 Kingdom of Sweden
4 Nov 1814 - 7 Jun 1905 personal union with Norway
Kings/Queens¹
- Pfalz-Zweibrücken (Wittelsbach) dynasty -
15 Apr 1697 - 11 Dec 1718 Carl XII (b. 1682 - d. 1718)
11 Dec 1718 - 2 Feb 1719 Arvid Bernhard greve Horn af
Ekebyholm (b. 1664 - d. 1742)
(chancellery president)
2 Feb 1719 - 4 Apr 1720 Ulrica Eleonora (f) (b. 1688 - d. 1741)
- Hessen (Brabant) dynasty -
4 Apr 1720 - 5 Apr 1751 Fredrik I (b. 1676 - d. 1751)
- Holsten-Gottorp dynasty -
5 Apr 1751 - 12 Feb 1771 Adolf Fredrik (b. 1710 - d. 1771)
12 Feb 1771 - 29 Mar 1792 Gustaf III (b. 1746 - d. 1792)
29 Mar 1792 - 10 May 1809 Gustaf IV Adolf (b. 1778 - d. 1837)
(arrested 13 Mar 1809; abdicates 29 Mar 1809, but is held
to reign until 10 May 1809)
10 May 1809 - 5 Feb 1818 Carl XIII (b. 1748 - d. 1818)
(regent [as Carl, hertig af Södermanland] 10 May [de facto
from 13 Mar] - 6 Jun 1809)
- Bernadotte dynasty -
5 Feb 1818 - 8 Mar 1844 Carl XIV Johan (b. 1763 - d. 1844)
8 Mar 1844 - 8 Jul 1859 Oscar I (b. 1799 - d. 1859)
8 Jul 1859 - 18 Sep 1872 Carl XV (b. 1826 - d. 1872)
18 Sep 1872 - 8 Dec 1907 Oscar II (b. 1829 - d. 1907)
8 Dec 1907 - 29 Oct 1950 Gustaf V (b. 1858 - d. 1950)
29 Oct 1950 - 15 Sep 1973 Gustaf VI Adolf (b. 1882 - d. 1973)
15 Sep 1973 - Carl XVI Gustaf (b. 1946)
Chancellery presidents
1680 - 12 Jul 1702 Bengt greve Oxenstierna af
Korsholm och Wasa (b. 1623 - d. 1702)
(acting to 1685)
12 Jul 1702 - 1705 Carl greve Piper (acting) (b. 1647 - d. 1716)
1705 - 4 May 1709 Nils greve Gyldenstolpe (b. 1642 - d. 1709)
May 1709 - 10 Apr 1719 Arvid Bernhard greve Horn af
Ekebyholm (1st time) (s.a.)
(acting to 21 Mar 1710)
15 May 1719 - 12 Dec 1719 Gustaf greve Cronhielm af Flosta (b. 1664 - d. 1737)
Apr 1720 - Dec 1738 Arvid Bernhard greve Horn af
Ekebyholm (2nd time) (s.a.)
1739 - 9 Dec 1746 Carl greve Gyllenborg (b. 1679 - d. 1746)
9 Dec 1746 - Mar 1752 Carl Gustaf greve Tessin (b. 1695 - d. 1770)
(acting to 5 Dec 1747)
Mar 1752 - 1761 Andreas Johan friherre von Höpken (b. 1712 - d. 1789)
1761 - 1765 Claes greve Ekeblad (1st time) (b. 1708 - d. 1771)
1765 - 7 Mar 1768 Carl Gustaf greve Löwenhielm (b. 1701 - d. 1768)
1768 - 1769 Fredrik friherre von Friesendorff (b. 1707 - d. 1770)
(acting)
1769 - 1771 Claes greve Ekeblad (2nd time) (s.a.)
1771 - 1772 Ulrik greve Scheffer (1st time) (b. 1716 - d. 1799)
(acting)
22 Apr 1772 - 22 Aug 1772 Joachim friherre von Düben (b. 1708 - d. 1786)
22 Aug 1772 - 1783 Ulrik greve Scheffer (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1783 - 30 Oct 1785 Gustaf Philip greve Creutz (b. 1731 - d. 1785)
1785 - 1786 Malte friherre Ramel (acting) (b. 1747 - d. 1824)
Apr 1786 - 1789 Johan Gabriel greve Oxenstierna af
Korsholm och Wasa (b. 1750 - d. 1818)
(jointly with the following two)
Apr 1786 - 1787 Emanuel friherre De Geer af
Leufsta (b. 1748 - d. 1803)
1788 - Nov 1790 Carl Wilhelm greve von Düben (b. 1724 - d. 1790)
Nov 1790 - 1792 Ulric Gustaf Franc (acting) (b. 1736 - d. 1811)
1792 Evert Wilhelm friherre Taube af
Odenkat (acting) (b. 1737 - d. 1799)
15 May 1792 - 1793 Christoffer Bogislaus Zibet
(1st time) (b. 1740 - d. 1809)
16 Jul 1792 - 14 Dec 1797 Fredrik friherre Sparre (b. 1731 - d. 1803)
(first chancellor)
Aug 1793 - 1799 Nils Anton Augustus greve Barck (b. 1760 - d. 1822)
5 Oct 1799 - 1801 Christoffer Bogislaus Zibet
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1801 - 27 Mar 1809 Fredrik Wilhelm von Ehrenheim
(from 1805, Fredrik Wilhelm
friherre Ehrenheim) (b. 1753 - d. 1828)
16 May 1809 - 9 Jun 1809 Lars von Engeström (b. 1751 - d. 1826)
Prime ministers for justice²
9 Jun 1809 - 5 Apr 1810 Carl Axel greve
Trolle-Wachtmeister (b. 1754 - d. 1810)
25 Jun 1810 - 18 Aug 1829 Fredrik greve Gyllenborg (b. 1767 - d. 1829)
31 Aug 1829 - 6 Feb 1840 Mathias greve Rosenblad (b. 1758 - d. 1847)
6 Feb 1840 - 28 Mar 1840 Hans Gabriel greve
Trolle-Wachtmeister (b. 1782 - d. 1871)
(did not take office)
28 Mar 1840 - 5 Sep 1840 Arvid greve Posse (1st time) (b. 1792 - d. 1850)
5 Sep 1840 - 5 Jan 1843 Carl Törnebladh (b. 1774 - d. 1844)
(acting to 14 Jan 1841)
5 Jan 1843 - 28 Dec 1844 Lars Herman friherre Gyllenhaal
af Härlingstorp (b. 1790 - d. 1858)
28 Dec 1844 - 9 Mar 1846 Johan friherre Nordenfalk (b. 1796 - d. 1846)
23 Mar 1846 - 10 Apr 1848 Arvid greve Posse (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Apr 1848 - 25 Sep 1856 Gustaf Adolf Vive greve Sparre af
Söfdeborg (b. 1802 - d. 1886)
25 Sep 1856 - 7 Apr 1858 Claës Efraim Günther (b. 1799 - d. 1861)
7 Apr 1858 - 3 Jun 1870 Louis Gerard friherre De Geer af
Finspång (1st time) (b. 1818 - d. 1896)
3 Jun 1870 - 8 Apr 1874 Axel Gustaf Adlercreutz (b. 1821 - d. 1880)
4 May 1874 - 11 May 1875 Edvard Carleson (b. 1820 - d. 1884)
11 May 1875 - 20 Mar 1876 Louis Gerard friherre De Geer af
Finspång (2nd time) (s.a.)
Prime ministers for foreign affairs²
9 Jun 1809 - 8 Jun 1824 Lars (from 29 Jun 1809, friherre;
from 28 Jan 1813, greve) von
Engeström (s.a.)
8 Jun 1824 - 15 May 1837 Gustaf greve af Wetterstedt (b. 1776 - d. 1837)
18 May 1837 - 30 Jan 1838 Adolf Göran greve Mörner af
Morlanda (acting) (b. 1773 - d. 1838)
7 Mar 1838 - 11 Jul 1842 Gustaf Nils Algernon Adolph
friherre Stierneld (1st time) (b. 1791 - d. 1868)
11 Jul 1842 - 10 Apr 1848 Albrecht Elof (from 1843,
friherre) Ihre (b. 1797 - d. 1877)
(acting [for Stierneld from 5 Sep 1840] to 29 Dec 1842)
10 Apr 1848 - 8 Sep 1856 Gustaf Nils Algernon Adolph
friherre Stierneld (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Sep 1856 - 16 Mar 1858 Elias friherre Lagerheim (b. 1791 - d. 1864)
16 Mar 1858 - 4 Jun 1868 Ludvig friherre Manderström (from
1860, Ludvig greve Manderström) (b. 1806 - d. 1873)
4 Jun 1868 - 14 Oct 1871 Carl greve Wachtmeister af
Johannishus (b. 1823 - d. 1871)
10 Nov 1871 - 17 Dec 1872 Baltzar greve von Platen (b. 1804 - d. 1875)
17 Dec 1872 - 20 Mar 1876 Oscar Magnus Fredrik Björnstjerna (b. 1819 - d. 1905)
Prime ministers
20 Mar 1876 - 19 Apr 1880 Louis Gerard friherre De Geer af
Finspång (s.a.)
19 Apr 1880 - 13 Jun 1883 Arvid Rutger Fredriksson greve
Posse (b. 1820 - d. 1901)
13 Jun 1883 - 16 May 1884 Carl Johan Thyselius (b. 1811 - d. 1891)
16 May 1884 - 6 Feb 1888 Robert Themptander (b. 1844 - d. 1897)
6 Feb 1888 - 12 Oct 1889 Gillis friherre Bildt (b. 1820 - d. 1894)
12 Oct 1889 - 10 Jul 1891 Gustaf friherre Åkerhielm af
Margrethelund (b. 1833 - d. 1900)
10 Jul 1891 - 12 Sep 1900 Erik Gustaf Boström (1st time) (b. 1842 - d. 1907)
12 Sep 1900 - 5 Jul 1902 Fredrik Wilhelm friherre von Otter (b. 1833 - d. 1910)
5 Jul 1902 - 13 Apr 1905 Erik Gustaf Boström (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Apr 1905 - 2 Aug 1905 Johan Olof Ramstedt (b. 1852 - d. 1935)
2 Aug 1905 - 8 Nov 1905 Christian Lundeberg (b. 1842 - d. 1911)
8 Nov 1905 - 29 May 1906 Karl Albert Staaff (1st time) (b. 1860 - d. 1915)
29 May 1906 - 7 Oct 1911 Salomon Arvid Achates Lindman
(1st time) (b. 1862 - d. 1936)
7 Oct 1911 - 16 Feb 1914 Karl Albert Staaff (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Feb 1914 - 30 Mar 1917 Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (b. 1862 - d. 1953)
30 Mar 1917 - 19 Oct 1917 Carl Johan Gustaf Swartz (b. 1858 - d. 1926)
19 Oct 1917 - 10 Mar 1920 Nils Edén (b. 1871 - d. 1945)
10 Mar 1920 - 27 Oct 1920 Karl Hjalmar Branting (1st time) (b. 1860 - d. 1925)
27 Oct 1920 - 23 Feb 1921 Gerard Louis friherre De Geer af
Finspång (b. 1854 - d. 1935)
23 Feb 1921 - 13 Oct 1921 Oscar von Sydow (b. 1873 - d. 1936)
13 Oct 1921 - 29 Apr 1923 Karl Hjalmar Branting (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Apr 1923 - 19 Oct 1924 Ernst Trygger (b. 1857 - d. 1943)
19 Oct 1924 - 25 Jan 1925 Karl Hjalmar Branting (3rd time) (s.a.)
25 Jan 1925 - 6 Jun 1926 Rickard Sandler (b. 1884 - d. 1964)
6 Jun 1926 - 1 Oct 1928 Carl Gustaf Ekman (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1945)
1 Oct 1928 - 6 Jun 1930 Salomon Arvid Achates Lindman
(2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Jun 1930 - 6 Aug 1932 Carl Gustaf Ekman (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Aug 1932 - 26 Sep 1932 Felix Hamrin (b. 1875 - d. 1937)
26 Sep 1932 - 19 Jun 1936 Per Albin Hansson (1st time) (b. 1885 - d. 1946)
19 Jun 1936 - 28 Sep 1936 Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp (b. 1883 - d. 1954)
28 Sep 1936 - 6 Oct 1946 Per Albin Hansson (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Oct 1946 - 11 Oct 1946 Östen Undén (acting) (b. 1886 - d. 1974)
11 Oct 1946 - 14 Oct 1969 Tage Fritiof Erlander (b. 1901 - d. 1985)
14 Oct 1969 - 7 Oct 1976 Olof Palme (1st time) (b. 1927 - d. 1986)
7 Oct 1976 - 13 Oct 1978 Thorbjörn Fälldin (1st time) (b. 1926 - d. 2016)
13 Oct 1978 - 9 Oct 1979 Ola Ullsten (b. 1931 - d. 2018)
9 Oct 1979 - 7 Oct 1982 Thorbjörn Fälldin (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Oct 1982 - 28 Feb 1986 Olof Palme (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Feb 1986 - 3 Oct 1991 Ingvar Carlsson (1st time) (b. 1934)
(acting to 12 Mar 1986)
3 Oct 1991 - 7 Oct 1994 Carl Bildt (b. 1949)
7 Oct 1994 - 21 Mar 1996 Ingvar Carlsson (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Mar 1996 - 6 Oct 2006 Göran Persson (b. 1949)
6 Oct 2006 - 3 Oct 2014 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b. 1965)
3 Oct 2014 - 30 Nov 2021 Stefan Löfven (b. 1957)
30 Nov 2021 - 18 Oct 2022 Magdalena Andersson (f) (b. 1967)
18 Oct 2022 - Ulf Kristersson (b. 1963)
¹Royal style to 19 Sep 1973: Sveriges, Götes och Vendes Konung/Drottning ("King/Queen of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends"); from 19 Sep 1973 simply Sveriges Konung.
26 Feb 1658 ceded by Denmark to Sweden in the Treaty of Roskilde;
king of Sweden adds the style of Duke of Skåne
1720 autonomy abolished
9 Feb 1801 - 27 Mar 1809 office of governor-general restored
Governors
4 Jul 1698 - 27 Dec 1705 Carl Gustaf friherre Rehnskiöld (b. 1651 - d. 1722)
27 Dec 1705 - 1711 Magnus greve Stenbock (b. 1664 - d. 1717)
(governor-general)
1711 - 1716 Jacob friherre Burensköld (b. 1655 - d. 1738)
1716 - 1717 Carl Gustaf friherre Skytte (b. 1647 - d. 1717)
28 Jun 1717 - 1719 Carl Gustaf friherre Hård (b. 1674 - d. 1744)
9 Feb 1801 - 27 Mar 1809 Johan Kristoffer friherre Toll (b. 1743 - d. 1817)
(governor-general)
8 Feb 1649 Peace of Westphalia treaties go into effect, recognizing
the sovereign independence of the full members of the
Swiss Confederation
12 Apr 1798 proclamation of Helvetic Republic, One and Indivisible
10 Mar 1803 Napoléon's "Mediation" reestablishes the Swiss
Confederation; canton sovereignty largely restored
21 Nov 1848 Federal Constitution goes into effect
Presidents of the Executive Directory
22 Apr 1798 - 31 May 1798 Johann Lukas Legrand (b. 1755 - d. 1836)
1 Jun 1798 - 1 Jul 1798 Urs Viktor Oberlin (1st time) (b. 1747 - d. 1818)
2 Jul 1798 - 31 Jul 1798 Pierre Maurice Glayre (1st time) (b. 1743 - d. 1819)
1 Aug 1798 - 31 Aug 1798 Frédéric César de La Harpe
(1st time) (b. 1754 - d. 1838)
1 Sep 1798 - 30 Sep 1798 Peter Ochs (1st time) (b. 1752 - d. 1821)
1 Oct 1798 - 21 Nov 1798 Frédéric César de La Harpe
(2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Nov 1798 - 12 Jan 1799 Urs Viktor Oberlin (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Jan 1799 - 5 Mar 1799 Pierre Maurice Glayre (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Mar 1799 - 26 Apr 1799 David Ludwig Bay (b. 1749 - d. 1832)
27 Apr 1799 - 23 Jun 1799 Peter Ochs (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1799 - 4 Sep 1799 Frédéric César de La Harpe
(3rd time) (s.a.)
5 Sep 1799 - 17 Nov 1799 François Pierre Savary (b. 1750 - d. 1821)
18 Nov 1799 - 7 Jan 1800 Johann Rudolf Dolder (b. 1753 - d. 1807)
President of the Provisional Executive Power
7 Jan 1800 - 11 Jan 1800 Johann Rudolf Dolder (s.a.)
Presidents of the Provisional Executive Commission
12 Jan 1800 - 27 May 1800 Johann Rudolf Dolder (s.a.)
28 May 1800 - 25 Jun 1800 Karl Albrecht Frisching (b. 1734 - d. 1801)
26 Jun 1800 - 23 Jul 1800 François Pierre Savary (s.a.)
24 Jul 1800 - 8 Aug 1800 Johann Konrad Finsler (b. 1765 - d. 1839)
Presidents of the Provisional Executive Council
9 Aug 1800 - 30 Sep 1800 Karl Albrecht Frisching (1st time) (s.a.)
1 Oct 1800 - 31 Oct 1800 Johann Rudolf Dolder (1st time) (s.a.)
1 Nov 1800 - 30 Nov 1800 Karl Friedrich Zimmermann
(1st time) (b. 1765 - d. 1823)
1 Dec 1800 - 31 Dec 1800 Johann Jakob Schmid (1st time) (b. 1765 - d. 1828)
1 Jan 1801 - 31 Jan 1801 Vinzenz Rüttimann (1st time) (b. 1769 - d. 1844)
1 Feb 1801 - 28 Feb 1801 François Pierre Savary (1st time) (s.a.)
1 Mar 1801 - 31 Mar 1801 Karl Albrecht Frisching (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Apr 1801 - 30 Apr 1801 Johann Rudolf Dolder (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 May 1801 - 31 May 1801 Karl Friedrich Zimmermann
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jun 1801 - 30 Jun 1801 François Pierre Savary (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jul 1801 - 31 Jul 1801 Johann Jakob Schmid (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Aug 1801 - 31 Aug 1801 Vinzenz Rüttimann (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Sep 1801 - 30 Sep 1801 Paulus Usteri (b. 1768 - d. 1831)
1 Oct 1801 - 27 Oct 1801 Johann Rudolf Dolder (3rd time) (s.a.)
President of the Provisional Executive
28 Oct 1801 - 22 Nov 1801 Johann Rudolf Dolder (s.a.)
Erster Landammann/Premier Landamman
23 Nov 1801 - 6 Feb 1802 Aloys Reding von Biberegg (b. 1765 - d. 1818)
Landammänner/Landammans
6 Feb 1802 - 20 Apr 1802 Aloys Reding von Biberegg (s.a.)
20 Apr 1802 - 5 Jul 1802 Vinzenz Rüttimann (acting) (s.a.)
5 Jul 1802 - 8 Mar 1803 Johann Rudolf Dolder (s.a.)
Heads of the Confederation (the chief magistrates of the canton hosting the Diet),
with the title Landammann der Schweiz/Landamman de la Suisse/Landamano della Svizzera
10 Mar 1803 - 31 Dec 1803 Louis d'Affry (1st time) (b. 1743 - d. 1810)
1 Jan 1804 - 31 Dec 1804 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl
(1st time) (b. 1760 - d. 1832)
1 Jan 1805 - 31 Dec 1805 Peter Josef Johann Anton von
Glutz-Ruchti (b. 1754 - d. 1835)
1 Jan 1806 - 31 Dec 1806 Andreas Merian (b. 1742 - d. 1811)
1 Jan 1807 - 31 Dec 1807 Hans von Reinhard (1st time) (b. 1755 - d. 1835)
1 Jan 1808 - 31 Dec 1808 Vinzenz Rüttimann (1st time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1809 - 31 Dec 1809 Louis d'Affry (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1810 - 31 Dec 1810 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1811 - 31 Dec 1811 Heinrich Daniel Balthasar Josef
Grimm von Wartenfels (b. 1754 - d. 1821)
1 Jan 1812 - 31 Dec 1812 Peter Burckhardt (b. 1742 - d. 1817)
1 Jan 1813 - 31 Dec 1813 Hans von Reinhard (2nd time) (s.a.)
Presidents of the Diet
6 Apr 1814 - 1814 Hans von Reinhard (1st time) (s.a.)
24 Jun 1814 - 12 Dec 1814 Hans Konrad von Escher vom Luchs (b. 1743 - d. 1814)
12 Dec 1814 - 21 Dec 1814 Johann Konrad Finsler (interim) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1814 - 31 Dec 1815 David von Wyss II (1st time) (b. 1763 - d. 1839)
1 Jan 1816 - 31 Dec 1816 Hans von Reinhard (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1817 - 31 Dec 1817 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl
(1st time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1818 - 31 Dec 1818 Niklaus Friedrich von Mülinen
(1st time) (b. 1760 - d. 1833)
1 Jan 1819 - 31 Dec 1819 Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar
Amrhyn (1st time) (b. 1777 - d. 1848)
1 Jan 1820 - 31 Dec 1820 Vinzenz Rüttimann (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1821 - 31 Dec 1821 David von Wyss II (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1822 - 31 Dec 1822 Hans von Reinhard (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1823 - 31 Dec 1823 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1824 - 31 Dec 1824 Niklaus Friedrich von Mülinen
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1825 - 31 Dec 1825 Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar
Amrhyn (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1826 - 31 Dec 1826 Vinzenz Rüttimann (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1827 - 31 Dec 1827 David von Wyss II (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1828 - 31 Dec 1828 Hans von Reinhard (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1829 - 31 Dec 1829 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1830 - 31 Dec 1830 Emanuel Friedrich von Fischer (b. 1786 - d. 1870)
1 Jan 1831 - 31 Dec 1831 Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar
Amrhyn (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1832 - 31 Dec 1832 Eduard Pfyffer von Altishoven (b. 1782 - d. 1834)
1 Jan 1833 - 31 Dec 1833 Johann Jakob Hess (1st time) (b. 1791 - d. 1854)
1 Jan 1834 - 31 Dec 1834 Konrad Melchior Hirzel (b. 1793 - d. 1843)
1 Jan 1835 - 31 Dec 1835 Franz Karl von Tavel (b. 1801 - d. 1865)
1 Jan 1836 - 31 Dec 1836 Karl Friedrich Tscharner
(1st time) (b. 1772 - d. 1844)
1 Jan 1837 - 31 Dec 1837 Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar
Amrhyn (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1838 - 31 Dec 1838 Georg Jakob Kopp (b. 1786 - d. 1859)
1 Jan 1839 - 31 Dec 1839 Johann Jakob Hess (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1840 - 31 Dec 1840 Johann Konrad von Muralt (b. 1779 - d. 1869)
1 Jan 1841 - 31 Dec 1841 Johann Karl Friedrich Neuhaus (b. 1796 - d. 1849)
1 Jan 1842 - 31 Dec 1842 Karl Friedrich Tscharner
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1843 - 31 Dec 1843 Rudolf Rüttimann
1 Jan 1844 - 31 Dec 1844 Konstantin Siegwart-Müller (b. 1801 - d. 1869)
1 Jan 1845 - 2 Apr 1845 Johann Heinrich Emmanuel Mousson (b. 1803 - d. 1869)
2 Apr 1845 - 31 Dec 1845 Jonas Furrer (b. 1805 - d. 1861)
1 Jan 1846 - 31 Dec 1846 Johann Ulrich Zehnder (b. 1798 - d. 1877)
1 Jan 1847 - 28 May 1847 Alexander Ludwig Funk (1st time) (b. 1806 - d. 1871)
28 May 1847 - 5 Nov 1847 Ulrich Ochsenbein (1st time) (b. 1811 - d. 1890)
5 Nov 1847 - 2 Dec 1847 Johann Rudolf Schneider (acting) (b. 1804 - d. 1880)
2 Dec 1847 - 31 May 1848 Ulrich Ochsenbein (2nd time) (s.a.)
31 May 1848 - 20 Nov 1848 Alexander Ludwig Funk (2nd time) (s.a.)
Presidents
21 Nov 1848 - 31 Dec 1849 Jonas Furrer (1st time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1850 - 31 Dec 1850 Henri Druey FDP (b. 1799 - d. 1855)
1 Jan 1851 - 31 Dec 1851 Joseph Munzinger FDP (b. 1791 - d. 1855)
1 Jan 1852 - 31 Dec 1852 Jonas Furrer (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1853 - 31 Dec 1853 Wilhelm Matthias Näff FDP (b. 1802 - d. 1881)
1 Jan 1854 - 31 Dec 1854 Friedrich Frey-Herosé
(1st time) FDP (b. 1801 - d. 1873)
1 Jan 1855 - 31 Dec 1855 Jonas Furrer (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1856 - 31 Dec 1856 Jakob Stämpfli (1st time) FDP (b. 1820 - d. 1879)
1 Jan 1857 - 31 Dec 1857 Constant Fornerod (1st time) FDP (b. 1819 - d. 1899)
1 Jan 1858 - 31 Dec 1858 Jonas Furrer (4th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1859 - 31 Dec 1859 Jakob Stämpfli (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1860 - 31 Dec 1860 Friedrich Frey-Herosé
(2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1861 - 31 Dec 1861 Martin Knüsel (1st time) FDP (b. 1813 - d. 1889)
1 Jan 1862 - 31 Dec 1862 Jakob Stämpfli (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1863 - 31 Dec 1863 Constant Fornerod (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1864 - 31 Dec 1864 Jakob Dubs (1st time) FDP (b. 1822 - d. 1879)
1 Jan 1865 - 31 Dec 1865 Karl Schenk (1st time) FDP (b. 1823 - d. 1895)
1 Jan 1866 - 31 Dec 1866 Martin Knüsel (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1867 - 31 Dec 1867 Constant Fornerod (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1868 - 31 Dec 1868 Jakob Dubs (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1869 - 31 Dec 1869 Emil Welti (1st time) FDP (b. 1825 - d. 1899)
1 Jan 1870 - 31 Dec 1870 Jakob Dubs (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1871 - 31 Dec 1871 Karl Schenk (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1872 - 31 Dec 1872 Emil Welti (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1873 - 31 Dec 1873 Paul Cérésole FDP (b. 1832 - d. 1905)
1 Jan 1874 - 31 Dec 1874 Karl Schenk (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1875 - 31 Dec 1875 Johann Jakob Scherer FDP (b. 1825 - d. 1878)
1 Jan 1876 - 31 Dec 1876 Emil Welti (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1877 - 31 Dec 1877 Joachim Heer FDP (b. 1825 - d. 1879)
1 Jan 1878 - 31 Dec 1878 Karl Schenk (4th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1879 - 31 Dec 1879 Bernhard Hammer (1st time) FDP (b. 1822 - d. 1907)
1 Jan 1880 - 31 Dec 1880 Emil Welti (4th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1881 - 31 Dec 1881 Numa Droz (1st time) FDP (b. 1844 - d. 1899)
1 Jan 1882 - 31 Dec 1882 Simeon Bavier FDP (b. 1825 - d. 1896)
1 Jan 1883 - 31 Dec 1883 Louis Ruchonnet (1st time) FDP (b. 1834 - d. 1893)
1 Jan 1884 - 31 Dec 1884 Emil Welti (5th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1885 - 31 Dec 1885 Karl Schenk (5th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1886 - 31 Dec 1886 Adolf Deucher (1st time) FDP (b. 1831 - d. 1912)
1 Jan 1887 - 31 Dec 1887 Numa Droz (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1888 - 27 Nov 1888 Wilhelm Friedrich Hertenstein FDP (b. 1825 - d. 1888)
27 Nov 1888 - 31 Dec 1889 Bernhard Hammer (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
(acting to 31 Dec 1888)
1 Jan 1890 - 31 Dec 1890 Louis Ruchonnet (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1891 - 31 Dec 1891 Emil Welti (6th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1892 - 31 Dec 1892 Walter Hauser (1st time) FDP (b. 1837 - d. 1902)
1 Jan 1893 - 31 Dec 1893 Karl Schenk (6th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1894 - 31 Dec 1894 Emil Frey FDP (b. 1838 - d. 1922)
1 Jan 1895 - 31 Dec 1895 Joseph Zemp (1st time) CVP (b. 1834 - d. 1908)
1 Jan 1896 - 31 Dec 1896 Adrien Lachenal FDP (b. 1849 - d. 1918)
1 Jan 1897 - 31 Dec 1897 Adolf Deucher (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1898 - 31 Dec 1898 Eugène Ruffy FDP (b. 1854 - d. 1919)
1 Jan 1899 - 31 Dec 1899 Eduard Müller (1st time) FDP (b. 1848 - d. 1919)
1 Jan 1900 - 31 Dec 1900 Walter Hauser (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1901 - 31 Dec 1901 Ernst Brenner (1st time) FDP (b. 1856 - d. 1911)
1 Jan 1902 - 31 Dec 1902 Joseph Zemp (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1903 - 31 Dec 1903 Adolf Deucher (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1904 - 31 Dec 1904 Robert Comtesse (1st time) FDP (b. 1847 - d. 1922)
1 Jan 1905 - 31 Dec 1905 Marc-Émile Ruchet (1st time) FDP (b. 1853 - d. 1912)
1 Jan 1906 - 31 Dec 1906 Ludwig Forrer (1st time) FDP (b. 1845 - d. 1921)
1 Jan 1907 - 31 Dec 1907 Eduard Müller (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1908 - 31 Dec 1908 Ernst Brenner (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1909 - 31 Dec 1909 Adolf Deucher (4th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1910 - 31 Dec 1910 Robert Comtesse (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1911 - 31 Dec 1911 Marc-Émile Ruchet (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1912 - 31 Dec 1912 Ludwig Forrer (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1913 - 31 Dec 1913 Eduard Müller (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1914 - 31 Dec 1914 Arthur Hoffmann FDP (b. 1857 - d. 1927)
1 Jan 1915 - 31 Dec 1915 Giuseppe Motta (1st time) CVP (b. 1871 - d. 1940)
1 Jan 1916 - 31 Dec 1916 Camille Decoppet FDP (b. 1862 - d. 1925)
1 Jan 1917 - 31 Dec 1917 Edmund Schulthess (1st time) FDP (b. 1868 - d. 1944)
1 Jan 1918 - 31 Dec 1918 Felix Calonder FDP (b. 1863 - d. 1952)
1 Jan 1919 - 31 Dec 1919 Gustave Ador LPS (b. 1845 - d. 1928)
1 Jan 1920 - 31 Dec 1920 Giuseppe Motta (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1921 - 31 Dec 1921 Edmund Schulthess (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1922 - 31 Dec 1922 Robert Haab (1st time) FDP (b. 1865 - d. 1939)
1 Jan 1923 - 31 Dec 1923 Karl Scheurer FDP (b. 1872 - d. 1929)
1 Jan 1924 - 31 Dec 1924 Ernest Chuard FDP (b. 1857 - d. 1942)
1 Jan 1925 - 31 Dec 1925 Jean-Marie Musy (1st time) CVP (b. 1876 - d. 1952)
1 Jan 1926 - 31 Dec 1926 Heinrich Häberlin (1st time) FDP (b. 1868 - d. 1947)
1 Jan 1927 - 31 Dec 1927 Giuseppe Motta (3rd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1928 - 31 Dec 1928 Edmund Schulthess (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1929 - 31 Dec 1929 Robert Haab (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1930 - 31 Dec 1930 Jean-Marie Musy (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1931 - 31 Dec 1931 Heinrich Häberlin (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1932 - 31 Dec 1932 Giuseppe Motta (4th time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1933 - 31 Dec 1933 Edmund Schulthess (4th time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1934 - 31 Dec 1934 Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1st time) FDP (b. 1889 - d. 1958)
1 Jan 1935 - 31 Dec 1935 Rudolf Minger SVP (b. 1881 - d. 1955)
1 Jan 1936 - 31 Dec 1936 Albert Meyer FDP (b. 1870 - d. 1953)
1 Jan 1937 - 31 Dec 1937 Giuseppe Motta (5th time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1938 - 31 Dec 1938 Johannes Baumann FDP (b. 1874 - d. 1953)
1 Jan 1939 - 31 Dec 1939 Philipp Etter (1st time) CVP (b. 1891 - d. 1977)
1 Jan 1940 - 31 Dec 1940 Marcel Pilet-Golaz (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1941 - 31 Dec 1941 Ernst Wetter FDP (b. 1877 - d. 1963)
1 Jan 1942 - 31 Dec 1942 Philipp Etter (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1943 - 31 Dec 1943 Enrico Celio (1st time) CVP (b. 1889 - d. 1980)
1 Jan 1944 - 31 Dec 1944 Walter Stampfli FDP (b. 1884 - d. 1965)
1 Jan 1945 - 31 Dec 1945 Eduard von Steiger (1st time) SVP (b. 1881 - d. 1962)
1 Jan 1946 - 31 Dec 1946 Karl Kobelt (1st time) FDP (b. 1891 - d. 1968)
1 Jan 1947 - 31 Dec 1947 Philipp Etter (3rd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1948 - 31 Dec 1948 Enrico Celio (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1949 - 31 Dec 1949 Ernst Nobs SPS (b. 1886 - d. 1957)
1 Jan 1950 - 31 Dec 1950 Max Petitpierre (1st time) FDP (b. 1899 - d. 1994)
1 Jan 1951 - 31 Dec 1951 Eduard von Steiger (2nd time) SVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1952 - 31 Dec 1952 Karl Kobelt (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1953 - 31 Dec 1953 Philipp Etter (4th time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1954 - 31 Dec 1954 Rodolphe Rubattel FDP (b. 1896 - d. 1961)
1 Jan 1955 - 31 Dec 1955 Max Petitpierre (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1956 - 31 Dec 1956 Markus Feldmann SVP (b. 1897 - d. 1958)
1 Jan 1957 - 31 Dec 1957 Hans Streuli FDP (b. 1892 - d. 1970)
1 Jan 1958 - 31 Dec 1958 Thomas Holenstein CVP (b. 1896 - d. 1962)
1 Jan 1959 - 31 Dec 1959 Paul Chaudet (1st time) FDP (b. 1904 - d. 1977)
1 Jan 1960 - 31 Dec 1960 Max Petitpierre (3rd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1961 - 31 Dec 1961 Friedrich Traugott Wahlen SVP (b. 1899 - d. 1985)
1 Jan 1962 - 31 Dec 1962 Paul Chaudet (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1963 - 31 Dec 1963 Willy Spühler (1st time) SPS (b. 1902 - d. 1990)
1 Jan 1964 - 31 Dec 1964 Ludwig von Moos (1st time) CVP (b. 1910 - d. 1990)
1 Jan 1965 - 31 Dec 1965 Hans Peter Tschudi (1st time) SPS (b. 1913 - d. 2002)
1 Jan 1966 - 31 Dec 1966 Hans Schaffner FDP (b. 1908 - d. 2004)
1 Jan 1967 - 31 Dec 1967 Roger Bonvin (1st time) CVP (b. 1907 - d. 1982)
1 Jan 1968 - 31 Dec 1968 Willy Spühler (2nd time) SPS (s.a.)
1 Jan 1969 - 31 Dec 1969 Ludwig von Moos (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1970 - 31 Dec 1970 Hans Peter Tschudi (2nd time) SPS (s.a.)
1 Jan 1971 - 31 Dec 1971 Rudolf Gnägi (1st time) SVP (b. 1917 - d. 1985)
1 Jan 1972 - 31 Dec 1972 Nello Celio FDP (b. 1914 - d. 1995)
1 Jan 1973 - 31 Dec 1973 Roger Bonvin (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1974 - 31 Dec 1974 Ernst Brugger FDP (b. 1914 - d. 1998)
1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1975 Pierre Graber SPS (b. 1908 - d. 2003)
1 Jan 1976 - 31 Dec 1976 Rudolf Gnägi (2nd time) SVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1977 - 31 Dec 1977 Kurt Furgler (1st time) CVP (b. 1924 - d. 2008)
1 Jan 1978 - 31 Dec 1978 Willi Ritschard SPS (b. 1918 - d. 1983)
1 Jan 1979 - 31 Dec 1979 Hans Hürlimann CVP (b. 1918 - d. 1994)
1 Jan 1980 - 31 Dec 1980 Georges-André Chevallaz FDP (b. 1915 - d. 2002)
1 Jan 1981 - 31 Dec 1981 Kurt Furgler (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1982 - 31 Dec 1982 Fritz Honegger FDP (b. 1917 - d. 1999)
1 Jan 1983 - 31 Dec 1983 Pierre Aubert (1st time) SPS (b. 1927 - d. 2016)
1 Jan 1984 - 31 Dec 1984 Leon Schlumpf SVP (b. 1925 - d. 2012)
1 Jan 1985 - 31 Dec 1985 Kurt Furgler (3rd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1986 - 31 Dec 1986 Alphons Egli CVP (b. 1924 - d. 2016)
1 Jan 1987 - 31 Dec 1987 Pierre Aubert (2nd time) SPS (s.a.)
1 Jan 1988 - 31 Dec 1988 Otto Stich (1st time) SPS (b. 1927 - d. 2012)
1 Jan 1989 - 31 Dec 1989 Jean-Pascal Delamuraz
(1st time) FDP (b. 1936 - d. 1998)
1 Jan 1990 - 31 Dec 1990 Arnold Koller (1st time) CVP (b. 1933)
1 Jan 1991 - 31 Dec 1991 Flavio Cotti (1st time) CVP (b. 1939 - d. 2020)
1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992 René Felber SPS (b. 1933 - d. 2020)
1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993 Adolf Ogi (1st time) SVP (b. 1942)
1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1994 Otto Stich (2nd time) SPS (s.a.)
1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995 Kaspar Villiger (1st time) FDP (b. 1941)
1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996 Jean-Pascal Delamuraz
(2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997 Arnold Koller (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998 Flavio Cotti (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999 Ruth Dreifuss (f) SPS (b. 1940)
1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000 Adolf Ogi (2nd time) SVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001 Moritz Leuenberger (1st time) SPS (b. 1946)
1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002 Kaspar Villiger (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Pascal Couchepin (1st time) FDP (b. 1942)
1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Joseph Deiss CVP (b. 1946)
1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Samuel Schmid SVP (b. 1947)
1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 Moritz Leuenberger (2nd time) SPS (s.a.)
1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007 Micheline Calmy-Rey (f)
(1st time) SPS (b. 1945)
1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008 Pascal Couchepin (2nd time) FDP (s.a.)
1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 Hans-Rudolf Merz FDP (b. 1942)
1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010 Doris Leuthard (f) (1st time) CVP (b. 1963)
1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011 Micheline Calmy-Rey (f)
(2nd time) SPS (s.a.)
1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012 Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (f) BDP (b. 1956)
1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013 Ueli Maurer (1st time) SVP (b. 1950)
1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014 Didier Burkhalter FDP (b. 1960)
1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015 Simonetta Sommaruga (f)
(1st time) SPS (b. 1960)
1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016 Johann Schneider-Ammann FDP (b. 1952)
1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017 Doris Leuthard (f) (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 2018 - 31 Dec 2018 Alain Berset (1st time) SPS (b. 1972)
1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2019 Ueli Maurer (2nd time) SVP (s.a.)
1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020 Simonetta Sommaruga (f)
(2nd time) SPS (s.a.)
1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2021 Guy Parmelin SVP (b. 1959)
1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022 Ignazio Cassis FDP (b. 1961)
1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023 Alain Berset (2nd time) SPS (s.a.)
1 Jan 2024 - Viola Amherd (f) Cnt (b. 1962)
Party abbreviations: BDP=Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland, Cnt=The Centre (merger of CVP and BDP), CVP=Christian Democratic People's Party (before 1912 Catholic Conservative Party, 1912-57 Swiss Conservative People's Party, 1957-70 Conservative Christian Social People's Party), FDP=Liberal-Democratic Party or predecessors, LPS=Liberal Party of Switzerland or predecessors, SPS=Social Democratic Party of Switzerland, SVP=Swiss People's Party (1921-71 Peasants', Business, and Citizens' Party)
1516 part of Ottoman Empire
30 Sep 1918 independence
8 Mar 1920 Kingdom of Syria
1 Dec 1920 State of Damascus and State of Aleppo
28 Jun 1922 Union of Syrian States
29 Sep 1923 - 1 Jan 1944 League of Nations mandate
1 Jan 1925 State of Syria
11 Jun 1932 Syrian Republic
10 Jul 1939 State of Syria
21 Jun 1941 - 17 Apr 1946 occupied by British and French troops
16 Sep 1941 Syrian Republic
27 Sep 1941 independence
22 Feb 1958 part of United Arab Republic (see Egypt)
28 Sep 1961 Syrian Arab Republic
Heads of Government
30 Sep 1918 Muhammad Said al-Jazairi
30 Sep 1918 - 5 Oct 1918 Ali Rida Pasha al-Rikabi (b. 1864 - d. 1943)
5 Oct 1918 - 8 Mar 1920 Faysal ibn Hussein al-Hashimi (b. 1885 - d. 1933)
King
8 Mar 1920 - 28 Jul 1920 Faysal ibn Hussein al-Hashimi (s.a.)
Acting heads of state
28 Jul 1920 - 21 Aug 1920 Ala al-Din al-Durubi Pasha (b. 18... - d. 1920)
6 Sep 1920 - 30 Nov 1920 Jamil al-Ulshi (b. 1883 - d. 1951)
Governor (State of Damascus)
1 Dec 1920 - 28 Jun 1922 Haqqi Bey al-Azm (b. 1864 - d. 1955)
Governor (State of Aleppo)
1 Dec 1920 - 28 Jun 1922 Kamil Pasha al-Kudsi
Heads of State
28 Jun 1922 - 21 Dec 1925 Subhi Bey Barakat al-Khalidi (b. c.1886 - d. 1939)
9 Feb 1926 - 28 Apr 1926 François Pierre-Alype (acting) (b. 1886 - d. 1956)
28 Apr 1926 - 15 Feb 1928 Damad-i Shahriyari Ahmad Nami Bey (b. 1873 - d. 1962)
15 Feb 1928 - 19 Nov 1931 Sheikh Taj al-Din al-Hasani (b. 1885 - d. 1943)
(acting)
19 Nov 1931 - 11 Jun 1932 Léon Solomiac (acting) (b. 1873 - d. 1960)
Presidents
11 Jun 1932 - 21 Dec 1936 Muhammad Ali Bey al-Abid (b. 1868 - d. 1939)
21 Dec 1936 - 7 Jul 1939 Hashim al-Atassi (1st time) (b. 1875 - d. 1960)
7 Jul 1939 - 10 Jul 1939 Nasuhi al-Bukhari (acting) (b. c.1881 - d. 1961)
10 Jul 1939 - 4 Apr 1941 Bahij al-Din al-Khatib (b. 1895 - d. 1981)
(chairman Council of Commissioners)
4 Apr 1941 - 16 Sep 1941 Khalid al-Azm (acting) (b. 1903 - d. 1965)
16 Sep 1941 - 17 Jan 1943 Sheikh Taj al-Din al-Hasani (s.a.)
17 Jan 1943 - 25 Mar 1943 Jamil al-Ulshi (acting) (s.a.)
25 Mar 1943 - 17 Aug 1943 Ata Bey al-Ayyubi (Head of State) (b. 1877 - d. 1951)
17 Aug 1943 - 30 Mar 1949 Shukri al-Kuwatli (1st time) (b. 1891 - d. 1967)
30 Mar 1949 - 14 Aug 1949 Husni al-Zaim (b. 1897 - d. 1949)
14 Aug 1949 - 15 Aug 1949 Sami al-Hinnawi (b. 1896 - d. 1950)
(chairman Supreme Military Council)
15 Aug 1949 - 2 Dec 1951 Hashim al-Atassi (2nd time) (s.a.)
(Head of State)
2 Dec 1951 - 3 Dec 1951 Adib al-Shishakli (1st time) (b. 1909 - d. 1964)
(chairman Supreme Military Council)
3 Dec 1951 - 11 Jul 1953 Fawzi al-Silu (Head of State) (b. 1905 - d. 1972)
11 Jul 1953 - 25 Feb 1954 Adib al-Shishakli (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Feb 1954 - 28 Feb 1954 Maamun al-Kuzbari (1st time) (b. 1914 - d. 1998)
(acting)
28 Feb 1954 - 6 Sep 1955 Hashim al-Atassi (3rd time) (s.a.)
6 Sep 1955 - 22 Feb 1958 Shukri al-Kuwatli (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Sep 1961 - 20 Nov 1961 Maamun al-Kuzbari (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
20 Nov 1961 - 14 Dec 1961 Izzat al-Nuss (acting) (b. 1912 - d. 1976)
14 Dec 1961 - 8 Mar 1963 Nazim al-Kudsi (b. 1906 - d. 1998)
28 Mar 1962 - 13 Apr 1962 Abdul Karim Zahreddin (b. 1919)
(junta chief)
9 Mar 1963 - 27 Jul 1963 Louai al-Atassi (b. 1926 - d. 2003)
(chairman National Revolutionary Command Council)
27 Jul 1963 - 23 Feb 1966 Amin al-Hafez (b. 1921? - d. 2009)
(chairman National Revolutionary Command Council to 13 May
1964, then chairman Presidential Council)
25 Feb 1966 - 18 Nov 1970 Nureddin al-Atassi (b. 1929 - d. 1992)
(Head of State)
18 Nov 1970 - 22 Feb 1971 Ahmed Khatib (b. 1933)
(Head of State)
22 Feb 1971 - 10 Jun 2000 Hafez al-Assad (b. 1930 - d. 2000)
(acting to 14 Mar 1971)
10 Jun 2000 - 17 Jul 2000 Abdul-Halim Khaddam (acting) (b. 1932 - d. 2020)
17 Jul 2000 - 8 Dec 2024 Bashar al-Assad (b. 1965)
Prime ministers
Mar 1920 - May 1920 Ali Rida Pasha al-Rikabi (s.a.)
May 1920 - 28 Jul 1920 Hashim al-Atassi (1st time) (s.a.)
28 Jul 1920 - 21 Aug 1920 Ala al-Din al-Durubi Pasha (s.a.)
6 Sep 1920 - 30 Nov 1920 Jamil al-Ulshi (1st time) (s.a.)
15 Feb 1928 - 19 Nov 1931 Sheikh Taj al-Din al-Hasani
(1st time) (s.a.)
7 Jun 1932 - 16 Mar 1934 Haqqi Bey al-Azm (s.a.)
16 Mar 1934 - 22 Feb 1936 Sheikh Taj al-Din al-Hasani
(2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Feb 1936 - 21 Dec 1936 Ata Bey al-Ayyubi (s.a.)
21 Dec 1936 - 18 Feb 1939 Jamil Mardam Bey (1st time) (b. 1893 - d. 1960)
23 Feb 1939 - 13 Mar 1939 Lutfi al-Haffar (b. 1891 - d. 1968)
6 Apr 1939 - 9 Jul 1939 Nasuhi al-Bukhari (s.a.)
4 Apr 1941 - 21 Sep 1941 Khalid al-Azm (1st time) (s.a.)
21 Sep 1941 - 19 Apr 1942 Hassan al-Hakim (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1982)
19 Apr 1942 - 10 Jan 1943 Husni al-Barazi (b. 1893 - d. 19...)
10 Jan 1943 - 25 Mar 1943 Jamil al-Ulshi (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Aug 1943 - 14 Oct 1944 Saadallah al-Jabiri (1st time) (b. 1893 - d. 1947)
14 Oct 1944 - 1 Oct 1945 Faris al-Khuri (1st time) (b. 1877 - d. 1962)
1 Oct 1945 - 16 Dec 1946 Saadallah al-Jabiri (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Dec 1946 - 29 Dec 1946 Khalid al-Azm (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
29 Dec 1946 - 16 Dec 1948 Jamil Mardam Bey (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Dec 1948 - 30 Mar 1949 Khalid al-Azm (3rd time) (s.a.)
17 Apr 1949 - 26 Jun 1949 Husni al-Zaim (s.a.)
26 Jun 1949 - 14 Aug 1949 Muhsin al-Barazi (b. 1904 - d. 1949)
15 Aug 1949 - 24 Dec 1949 Hashim al-Atassi (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Dec 1949 - 28 Dec 1949 Nazim al-Kudsi (1st time) (s.a.)
28 Dec 1949 - 4 Jun 1950 Khalid al-Azm (4th time) (s.a.)
4 Jun 1950 - 27 Mar 1951 Nazim al-Kudsi (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Mar 1951 - 9 Aug 1951 Khalid al-Azm (5th time) (s.a.)
9 Aug 1951 - 13 Nov 1951 Hassan al-Hakim (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Nov 1951 - 28 Nov 1951 Zaki al-Khatib (acting) (b. 1887 - d. 1961)
28 Nov 1951 - 29 Nov 1951 Maaruf al-Dawalibi (1st time) (b. 1907 - d. 2004)
3 Dec 1951 - 19 Jul 1953 Fawzi al-Silu (s.a.)
19 Jul 1953 - 1 Mar 1954 Adib al-Shishakli (s.a.)
1 Mar 1954 - 19 Jun 1954 Sabri al-Assali (1st time) (b. 1903 - d. 1976)
19 Jun 1954 - 29 Oct 1954 Said al-Ghazzi (1st time) (b. 1893 - d. 1967)
29 Oct 1954 - 13 Feb 1955 Faris al-Khuri (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Feb 1955 - 13 Sep 1955 Sabri al-Assali (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Sep 1955 - 14 Jun 1956 Said al-Ghazzi (2nd time) (s.a.)
14 Jun 1956 - 6 Mar 1958 Sabri al-Assali (3rd time) (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Syrian Region
7 Oct 1958 - 20 Sep 1960 Nureddin Kuhala
20 Sep 1960 - 16 Aug 1961 Abdul Hamid Serraj (b. c.1923 - d. 2013)
Prime ministers
29 Sep 1961 - 20 Nov 1961 Maamun al-Kuzbari (s.a.)
20 Nov 1961 - 22 Dec 1961 Izzat al-Nuss (s.a.)
22 Dec 1961 - 28 Mar 1962 Maaruf al-Dawalibi (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Apr 1962 - 17 Sep 1962 Ahmad Bashir al-Azmah (b. 1910 - d. 1992)
17 Sep 1962 - 8 Mar 1963 Khalid al-Azm (6th time) (s.a.)
9 Mar 1963 - 12 Nov 1963 Salah al-Din Bitar (1st time) (b. 1912 - d. 1980)
12 Nov 1963 - 13 May 1964 Amin al-Hafez (1st time) (s.a.)
13 May 1964 - 3 Oct 1964 Salah al-Din Bitar (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Oct 1964 - 23 Sep 1965 Amin al-Hafez (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Sep 1965 - 1 Jan 1966 Yusuf Zuaiyin (1st time) (b. 1931 - d. 2016)
1 Jan 1966 - 23 Feb 1966 Salah al-Din Bitar (3rd time) (s.a.)
25 Feb 1966 - 29 Oct 1968 Yusuf Zuaiyin (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Oct 1968 - 18 Nov 1970 Nureddin al-Atassi (s.a.)
18 Nov 1970 - 3 Apr 1971 Hafez al-Assad (s.a.)
3 Apr 1971 - 21 Dec 1972 Abdul Rahman Khleifawi (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 2009)
21 Dec 1972 - 7 Aug 1976 Mahmoud al-Ayoubi (b. 1932)
7 Aug 1976 - 27 Mar 1978 Abdul Rahman Khleifawi (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Mar 1978 - 9 Jan 1980 Muhammad Ali al-Halabi (b. 1937)
9 Jan 1980 - 1 Nov 1987 Abdul Rauf al-Kasm (b. 1932)
1 Nov 1987 - 13 Mar 2000 Mahmoud Zuabi (b. 1938 - d. 2000)
13 Mar 2000 - 10 Sep 2003 Muhammad Mustafa Mero (b. 1941 - d. 2020)
10 Sep 2003 - 14 Apr 2011 Muhammad Naji al-Otari (b. 1944)
14 Apr 2011 - 26 Jun 2012 Adel Safar (b. 1953)
26 Jun 2012 - 6 Aug 2012 Riyad Hijab (b. 1966)
6 Aug 2012 - 11 Aug 2012 Omar Ghalawanji (acting) (b. 1954)
11 Aug 2012 - 3 Jul 2016 Wael al-Halki (b. 1964)
Interim prime ministers, in rebellion:
19 Mar 2013 - 8 Jul 2013 Ghassan Hitto (b. 1963)
14 Sep 2013 - 16 May 2016 Ahmad Saleh Touma (b. 1965)
16 May 2016 - 10 Mar 2019 Jawad Abu Hatab (b. 1962)
29 Jun 2019 - Abdurrahman Mustafa (b. 1964)
3 Jul 2016 - 11 Jun 2020 Imad Khamis (b. 1961)
11 Jun 2020 - 23 Sep 2024 Hussein Arnous (b. 1953)
(acting to 2 Sep 2020)
23 Sep 2024 - Muhammad Ghazi al-Jalali (b. 1969)
High commissioners 21 Nov 1919 - 23 Nov 1922 Henri Gouraud (b. 1867 - d. 1946) 23 Nov 1922 - 17 Apr 1923 Robert de Caix (acting) (b. 1869 - d. 1970) 17 Apr 1923 - Dec 1924 Maxime Weygand (b. 1867 - d. 1965) 2 Jan 1925 - 30 Oct 1925 Maurice Sarrail (b. 1856 - d. 1929) Dec 1925 - 17 Jun 1926 Henry de Jouvenel (b. 1876 - d. 1935) 12 Oct 1926 - Jul 1933 Henri Ponsot (b. 1877 - d. 1963) Jul 1933 - Oct 1938 Damien de Martel (b. 1878 - d. 1940) Jan 1939 - Dec 1940 Gabriel Puaux (b. 1883 - d. 1970) 29 Dec 1940 - 14 Jun 1941 Henri Fernand Dentz (b. 1881 - d. 1945) Delegates-general 21 Jun 1941 - 7 Jun 1943 Georges Catroux (b. 1877 - d. 1969) 7 Jun 1943 - 22 Nov 1943 Jean Helleu (b. 1885 - d. 1955) 22 Nov 1943 - 9 Mar 1944 Yves Chataigneau (b. 1891 - d. 1969) 9 Mar 1944 - 6 Jul 1946 Étienne Beynet (b. 1883 - d. 1969)
2 Sep 1920 Alawite Territory 1 Jul 1922 incorporated into Syria 1 Jan 1925 Alawite State 14 May 1930 State of Latakia 5 Dec 1936 incorporated into Syria Governors 2 Sep 1920 - Aug 1921 Joseph Niéger (b. 1874 - d. 1951) Aug 1921 - 1 Jul 1922 Gaston Billotte (b. 1875 - d. 1940) 1 Jan 1925 - 1925 Léon Cayla (b. 1881 - d. 1965) Jul 1925 - 5 Dec 1936 Ernest Schoeffler (b. 1877 - d. 1952)
1 May 1921 autonomous
2 Dec 1936 incorporated into Syria
Governors
1 May 1921 - 15 Sep 1923 Amir Salim Pasha al-Atrash (b. ... - d. 1923)
Sep 1923 - 6 Mar 1924 Trenga (provisional)
6 Mar 1924 - 14 Oct 1925 Gabriel Marie Victor Carbillet (b. 1884 - d. 19...)
(provisional to 1 Oct 1924)
14 Oct 1925 - 1927 Charles Andréa
1927 Marie Joseph Léon Augustin Henry (b. 1870 - d. 1942)
1927 - 1932 Abel Clément-Grandcourt (b. 1873 - d. 1948)
3 Feb 1932 - 28 Jan 1934 Renaud Massiet (b. 1877 - d. 1947)
1934 - 1935 Justin Antoine Devic
1935 - 2 Dec 1936 Pierre Tarrit (b. 1881 - d. 1965)