16 Apr 1948 Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)
30 Sep 1961 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Secretaries-general
16 Apr 1948 - 1 Apr 1955 Robert Marjolin (France) (b. 1911 - d. 1986)
1 Apr 1955 - 1 Sep 1960 René Sergent (France) (b. 1904 - d. 1984)
1 Sep 1960 - 29 Sep 1969 Thorkil Kristensen (Denmark) (b. 1899 - d. 1989)
30 Sep 1969 - 29 Sep 1984 Emile van Lennep (Netherlands) (b. 1915 - d. 1996)
30 Sep 1984 - 29 Sep 1994 Jean-Claude Paye (France)
(1st time) (b. 1934)
30 Sep 1994 - 29 Nov 1994 Staffan Sohlman (Sweden) (interim) (b. 1937 - d. 2017)
30 Nov 1994 - 31 May 1996 Jean-Claude Paye (France)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jun 1996 - 31 May 2006 Donald J. Johnston (Canada) (b. 1936 - d. 2022)
1 Jun 2006 - 31 May 2021 José Ángel Gurría Treviño (Mexico) (b. 1950)
1 Jun 2021 - Mathias Cormann (Australia) (b. 1970)
OECD membership
| 16 Apr 1948 | Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany1, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Trieste2, Turkey, United Kingdom |
| 20 Jul 1959 | Spain |
| 30 Sep 1961 | Canada, United States |
| 28 Apr 1964 | Japan |
| 28 Jan 1969 | Finland |
| 7 Jun 1971 | Australia |
| 29 May 1973 | New Zealand |
| 18 May 1994 | Mexico |
| 21 Dec 1995 | Czech Republic |
| 7 May 1996 | Hungary |
| 22 Nov 1996 | Poland |
| 12 Dec 1996 | South Korea |
| 7 May 2010 | Chile |
| 21 Jul 2010 | Slovenia |
| 7 Sep 2010 | Israel |
| 9 Dec 2010 | Estonia |
| 1 Jul 2016 | Latvia |
| 5 Jul 2018 | Lithuania |
| 28 Apr 2020 | Colombia |
| 25 May 2021 | Costa Rica |
| 1Anglo-U.S. "bizone" to 1949, then Federal Republic of Germany. 2Anglo-U.S. zone only; became part of Italy 1954. | |
25 Jun 1973 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
1 Jan 1995 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
Secretaries-general
15 Jun 1993 - 15 Jun 1996 Wilhelm Höynck (Germany) (b. 1933)
15 Jun 1996 - 15 Jun 1999 Giancarlo Aragona (Italy) (b. 1942)
15 Jun 1999 - 21 Jun 2005 Ján Kubis (Slovakia) (b. 1952)
21 Jun 2005 - 1 Jul 2011 Marc Perrin de Brichambaut
(France) (b. 1948)
1 Jul 2011 - 30 Jun 2017 Lamberto Zannier (Italy) (b. 1954)
18 Jul 2017 - 18 Jul 2020 Thomas Greminger (Switzerland) (b. 1961)
19 Jul 2020 - 4 Dec 2020 Tuula Yrjölä (f) (Finland) (b. 1962)
(acting)
4 Dec 2020 - Helga Schmid (f) (Germany) (b. 1960)
Chairmen-in-office
Jun 1991 - 31 Dec 1991 Hans-Dietrich Genscher (Germany) (b. 1927 - d. 2016)
1 Jan 1992 - 2 Jul 1992 Jirí Dienstbier (Czechoslovakia) (b. 1937 - d. 2011)
2 Jul 1992 - 31 Dec 1992 Jozef Moravcík (Czechoslovakia) (b. 1945)
1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993 Margaretha af Ugglas (f) (Sweden) (b. 1939)
1 Jan 1994 - 11 May 1994 Beniamino Andreatta (Italy) (b. 1928 - d. 2007)
11 May 1994 - 31 Dec 1994 Antonio Martino (Italy) (b. 1942 - d. 2022)
1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995 László Kovács (Hungary) (b. 1939)
1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996 Flavio Cotti (Switzerland) (b. 1939 - d. 2020)
1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997 Niels Helveg Petersen (Denmark) (b. 1939 - d. 2017)
1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998 Bronislaw Geremek (Poland) (b. 1932 - d. 2008)
1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999 Knut Vollebæk (Norway) (b. 1946)
1 Jan 2000 - 4 Feb 2000 Wolfgang Schüssel (Austria) (b. 1945)
4 Feb 2000 - 31 Dec 2000 Benita Ferrero-Waldner (f)
(Austria) (b. 1948)
1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001 Mircea Geoana (Romania) (b. 1958)
1 Jan 2002 - 6 Apr 2002 Jaime Gama (Portugal) (b. 1947)
6 Apr 2002 - 31 Dec 2002 António Martins da Cruz (Portugal) (b. 1946)
1 Jan 2003 - 3 Dec 2003 Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (Neth.) (b. 1948)
3 Dec 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Ben Bot (Neth.) (b. 1937)
1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Solomon Passy (Bulgaria) (b. 1956)
1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Dimitrij Rupel (Slovenia) (b. 1946)
1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 Karel De Gucht (Belgium) (b. 1954)
1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007 Miguel Ángel Moratinos (Spain) (b. 1951)
1 Jan 2008 - 4 Apr 2008 Ilkka Kanerva (Finland) (b. 1948 - d. 2022)
4 Apr 2008 - 31 Dec 2008 Alexander Stubb (Finland) (b. 1968)
1 Jan 2009 - 7 Oct 2009 Dora Bakoyannis (f) (Greece) (b. 1954)
7 Oct 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 Georgios Papandreou (Greece) (b. 1952)
1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010 Kanat Saudabayev (Kazakhstan) (b. 1946)
1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011 Audronius Azubalis (Lithuania) (b. 1958)
1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012 Eamon Gilmore (Ireland) (b. 1955)
1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013 Leonid Kozhara (Ukraine) (b. 1963)
1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014 Didier Burkhalter (Switzerland) (b. 1960)
1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015 Ivica Dacic (Serbia) (b. 1966)
1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016 Frank-Walter Steinmeier (Germany) (b. 1956)
1 Jan 2017 - 18 Dec 2017 Sebastian Kurz (Austria) (b. 1986)
18 Dec 2017 - 31 Dec 2017 Karin Kneissl (f) (Austria) (b. 1965)
1 Jan 2018 - 1 Jun 2018 Angelino Alfano (Italy) (b. 1970)
1 Jun 2018 - 31 Dec 2018 Enzo Moavero Milanesi (Italy) (b. 1954)
1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2019 Miroslav Lajcák (Slovakia) (b. 1963)
1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020 Edi Rama (Albania) (b. 1964)
1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2021 Ann Linde (f) (Sweden) (b. 1961)
1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022 Zbigniew Rau (Poland) (b. 1955)
1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023 Bujar Osmani (North Macedonia) (b. 1979)
1 Jan 2024 - Ian Borg (Malta) (b. 1986)
OSCE membership
| 25 Jun 1973 | Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia1, Denmark, Finland, France, East Germany2, West Germany2, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Soviet Union3, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Vatican City, Yugoslavia4 |
| 19 Jun 1991 | Albania |
| 10 Sep 1991 | Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania |
| 30 Jan 1992 | Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan |
| 24 Mar 1992 | Croatia, Georgia, Slovenia |
| 30 Apr 1992 | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| 12 Oct 1995 | Macedonia5 |
| 25 Apr 1996 | Andorra |
| 22 Jun 2006 | Montenegro |
| 21 Nov 2012 | Mongolia |
| 1From 1 Jan 1993 Czech Republic and Slovakia. 2East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. 3Broke up 25 Dec 1991; succeeded by Russia. 4Suspended 8 Jul 1992; newly admitted 26 Nov 2000; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 5From 2019 North Macedonia. | |
6 Jun 1975 African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States established
5 Apr 2020 renamed Organization of African, Caribbean and Pacific States
Secretaries-general
1976 - 1979 Tiéoulé Konaté (Mali) (b. 1933 - d. 1995)
1979 - 1984 Tom Okelo-Odongo (Kenya) (b. 1927)
1984 - 1989 Edwin W. Carrington
(Trinidad and Tobago) (b. 1938)
1989 - 1994 Berhane Ghebray (Ethiopia) (b. 1938)
1994 - 1996 Carl Greenidge (Guyana) (acting) (b. 1949)
16 Jul 1996 - 29 Feb 2000 Ng'andu Magande (Zambia) (b. 1947)
1 Mar 2000 - 28 Feb 2005 Jean-Robert Goulongana (Gabon) (b. 1953)
1 Mar 2005 - 28 Feb 2010 Sir John Kaputin
(Papua New Guinea) (b. 1941)
1 Mar 2010 - 31 Mar 2013 Mohamed Ibn Chambas (Ghana) (b. 1950)
1 Apr 2013 - 28 Feb 2015 Mohammed Mumuni (Ghana) (b. 1949)
1 Mar 2015 - 29 Feb 2020 Patrick Ignatius Gomes (Guyana) (b. 1941)
1 Mar 2020 - Georges Rebelo Pinto Chikoti
(Angola) (b. 1955)
1890 Commercial Bureau of the American Republics
1902 International Bureau of the American Republics
1910 Pan-American Union
30 Apr 1948 Organization of American States
Directors-general
1906 - 1 Sep 1920 John Barrett (U.S.) (b. 1866 - d. 1938)
1 Sep 1920 - 5 Dec 1946 Leo S. Rowe (U.S.) (b. 1871 - d. 1946)
5 Dec 1946 - 27 May 1947 Pedro de Alba (Mexico) (acting) (b. 1887 - d. 1960)
27 May 1947 - 30 Apr 1948 Alberto Lleras Camargo (Colombia) (b. 1906 - d. 1990)
Secretaries-general
30 Apr 1948 - 31 Jul 1954 Alberto Lleras Camargo (Colombia) (s.a.)
31 Jul 1954 - 19 Oct 1955 Carlos Dávila Espinoza (Chile) (b. 1887 - d. 1955)
19 Oct 1955 - 16 Jan 1956 William Manger (U.S.) (acting) (b. 1899 - d. 1994)
16 Jan 1956 - 18 May 1968 José A. Mora Otero (Uruguay) (b. 1897 - d. 1975)
18 May 1968 - 18 May 1975 Galo Plaza Lasso (Ecuador) (b. 1906 - d. 1987)
18 May 1975 - 31 Mar 1984 Alejandro Orfila (Argentina) (b. 1925 - d. 2021)
31 Mar 1984 - 20 Jun 1984 Val McComie (Barbados) (acting) (b. 1920 - d. 2007)
20 Jun 1984 - 20 Jun 1994 João Baena Soares (Brazil) (b. 1931 - d. 2023)
20 Jun 1994 - 15 Sep 1994 Christopher R. Thomas (Trinidad
and Tobago) (acting)
15 Sep 1994 - 15 Sep 2004 César Gaviria Trujillo (Colombia) (b. 1947)
15 Sep 2004 - 15 Oct 2004 Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Echeverría
(Costa Rica) (b. 1940)
15 Oct 2004 - 26 May 2005 Luigi R. Einaudi (U.S.) (acting) (b. 1936)
26 May 2005 - 26 May 2015 José Miguel Insulza (Chile) (b. 1943)
26 May 2015 - Luis Almagro (Uruguay) (b. 1963)
OAS membership
| 30 Apr 1948 | Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba1, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras2, Mexico, Nicaragua3, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela4 |
| 28 Feb 1967 | Trinidad and Tobago |
| 1967 | Barbados |
| 25 Jun 1969 | Jamaica |
| 8 May 1975 | Grenada |
| 8 Jun 1977 | Suriname |
| 22 May 1979 | Dominica, Saint Lucia |
| 5 Dec 1981 | Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
| Mar 1982 | The Bahamas |
| 12 Mar 1984 | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
| 8 Jan 1990 | Canada |
| 8 Jan 1991 | Belize, Guyana |
| 1Suspended 14 Feb 1962 - 3 Jun 2009. 2Suspended 4 Jul 2009 - 1 Jun 2011. 3Withdrawal initiated 19 Nov 2021, officially taking effect 19 Nov 2023; withdrew immediately 24 Apr 2022. 4Withdrawal initiated 27 Apr 2017, to be effective 27 Apr 2019; OAS recognizes Guaidó government 9 Apr 2019. | |
4 Jul 1981 Organization of Eastern Caribbean States founded
Directors-general
Jul 1982 - 1 Dec 1995 Vaughan Lewis (Saint Lucia) (b. 1940)
Jun 1996 - 31 Jul 2001 Swinburne Lestrade (Dominica)
31 Jul 2001 - 12 May 2003 George Goodwin (Antigua and
Barbuda) (acting) (b. 194... - d. 2009)
12 May 2003 - 31 Dec 2013 Len Ishmael (f) (Saint Lucia)
1 Jan 2014 - 30 Apr 2014 Bentley Browne (Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines) (acting)
1 May 2014 - Didacus Jules (Saint Lucia)
OECS membership
| 4 Jul 1981 | Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
22 Sep 1969 first Islamic Conference opened
4 Mar 1972 charter of the Organization of the Islamic Conference signed
28 Jun 2011 renamed Organization of Islamic Cooperation
Secretaries-general
Dec 1970 - 31 Dec 1973 Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj
(Malaysia) (b. 1903 - d. 1990)
1 Jan 1974 - Dec 1975 Hassan al-Touhami (Egypt) (b. 1924 - d. 2009)
Dec 1975 - Jan 1980 Amadou Karim Gaye (Senegal) (b. 1913 - d. 2000)
Jan 1980 - 31 Dec 1984 Habib Chatty (Tunisia) (b. 1916 - d. 1991)
1 Jan 1985 - 31 Dec 1988 Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada
(Pakistan) (b. 1923 - d. 2017)
1 Jan 1989 - 31 Dec 1996 Hamid Algabid (Niger) (b. 1941)
1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 2000 Azzedine Laraki (Morocco) (b. 1929 - d. 2010)
1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2004 Abdelouahed Belkeziz (Morocco) (b. 1939 - d. 2021)
1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2013 Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu (Turkey) (b. 1943)
1 Jan 2014 - 31 Oct 2016 Iyad Madani (Saudi Arabia) (b. 1946)
1 Nov 2016 - 17 Nov 2016 Abdullah Alim (Saudi Arabia)
(acting)
17 Nov 2016 - 17 Nov 2021 Yusuf al-Othaimeen (Saudi Arabia)
17 Nov 2021 - Hissein Brahim Taha (Chad) (b. 1951)
OIC membership
| 22 Sep 1969 | Afghanistan1, Algeria, Chad, Egypt2, Guinea, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, The Sudan, Tunisia, Turkey, Yemen (Aden)3, Yemen (Sana)3 |
| 29 Feb 1972 | Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Sierra Leone, Syria4, United Arab Emirates |
| 1974 | Bangladesh, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Palestine, Uganda |
| 1975 | Upper Volta5, Cameroon |
| 1976 | Comoros, Iraq, Maldives |
| 1978 | Djibouti |
| 1982 | Benin |
| 1984 | Brunei |
| 1986 | Nigeria |
| 1991 | Azerbaijan |
| Jun 1992 | Turkmenistan |
| Dec 1992 | Albania, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Zanzibar6 |
| 10 Dec 1994 | Mozambique |
| 12 Dec 1995 | Kazakhstan |
| 2 Oct 1996 | Uzbekistan |
| Dec 1996 | Suriname |
| 2 Oct 1997 | Togo |
| 1 Oct 1998 | Guyana |
| 27 Jun 2001 | Côte d'Ivoire |
| 1Suspended 28 Jan 1980 - 16 Mar 1989 (seat then given to rebels). 2Suspended 9 May 1979 - 30 Jan 1984. 3Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united 22 May 1990. 4Suspended 16 Aug 2012. 5From 1984 Burkina Faso. 6Withdrew Aug 1993. | |
Secretaries-general
21 Jan 1961 - 30 Apr 1964 Fuad Rouhani (Iran) (b. 1907 - d. 2004)
1 May 1964 - 30 Apr 1965 Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz (Iraq) (b. 1913 - d. 1973)
1 May 1965 - 31 Dec 1966 Ashraf Lutfi (Kuwait) (b. 1919 - d. 1974)
1 Jan 1967 - 31 Dec 1967 Muhammad Saleh Joukhdar
(Saudi Arabia) (b. 1932)
1 Jan 1968 - 31 Dec 1968 Francisco R. Parra (Venezuela) (b. 1929 - d. 2020)
1 Jan 1969 - 31 Dec 1969 Elrich Sanger (Indonesia) (b. 1927)
1 Jan 1970 - 31 Dec 1970 Omar el-Badri (Libya) (b. 1937)
1 Jan 1971 - 31 Dec 1972 Nadim Pachachi (Iraq) (b. 1914 - d. 1976)
1 Jan 1973 - 31 Dec 1974 Abderrahman Khène (Algeria) (b. 1931 - d. 2020)
1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1976 M.O. Feyide (Nigeria) (b. 1926 - d. 1997)
1 Jan 1977 - 31 Dec 1978 Ali M. Jaidah (Qatar) (b. 1941)
1 Jan 1979 - 30 Jun 1981 René G. Ortiz (Ecuador) (b. 1941)
1 Jul 1981 - 30 Jun 1983 Marc Saturnin Nan Nguema (Gabon) (b. 1934 - d. 2012)
1 Jul 1983 - 30 Jun 1988 Fadhil J. al-Chalabi (Iraq) (b. 1929 - d. 2019)
(acting)
1 Jul 1988 - 30 Jun 1994 Subroto (Indonesia) (b. 1928 - d. 2022)
1 Jul 1994 - 31 Dec 1994 Abdallah Salem el-Badri (Libya)
(1st time) (b. 1940)
1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 2000 Rilwanu Lukman (Nigeria) (b. 1938 - d. 2014)
1 Jan 2001 - 30 Jun 2002 Alí Rodríguez Araque (Venezuela) (b. 1937 - d. 2018)
1 Jul 2002 - 31 Dec 2003 Álvaro Silva Calderón (Venezuela) (b. 1929)
1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Purnomo Yusgiantoro (Indonesia) (b. 1951)
(acting)
1 Jan 2004 - Feb 2004 Iin Arifin Takhyan (Indonesia) (b. 1952)
(acting for Yusgiantoro)
Feb 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Maizar Rahman (Indonesia) (b. 1948)
(acting for Yusgiantoro)
1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Sheikh Ahmad Fahad Al Ahmad Al
Sabah (Kuwait) (acting) (b. 1963)
1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Adnan Shihab-Eldin (Kuwait) (b. 1943)
(acting for Al Sabah)
1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 Edmund Daukoru (Nigeria) (acting) (b. 1943)
1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 Mohammed S. Barkindo (Nigeria) (b. 1959 - d. 2022)
(acting for Daukoru)
1 Jan 2007 - 31 Jul 2016 Abdallah Salem el-Badri (Libya)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Aug 2016 - 5 Jul 2022 Mohammed S. Barkindo (Nigeria) (s.a.)
5 Jul 2022 - 31 Jul 2022 Ayed S. al-Qahtani (Saudi Arabia)
(acting)
1 Aug 2022 - Haitham al-Ghais (Kuwait) (b. 1969)
OPEC membership
| 14 Sep 1960 | Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela |
| 15 Jan 1961 | Qatar1 |
| 4 Jun 1962 | Indonesia2, Libya |
| 27 Nov 1967 | Abu Dhabi3 |
| 8 Jul 1969 | Algeria |
| 12 Jul 1971 | Nigeria |
| 19 Nov 1973 | Ecuador4 |
| 9 Jun 1975 | Gabon5 |
| 1 Jan 2007 | Angola6 |
| 25 May 2017 | Equatorial Guinea |
| 22 Jun 2018 | Congo (Brazzaville) |
| 1Withdrew 31 Dec 2018. 2Membership suspended at its own request 1 Jan 2009 - 1 Jan 2016 and from 30 Nov 2016. 3Membership transferred to United Arab Emirates 9 Jan 1974. 4Membership suspended at its own request 31 Dec 1992 - 23 Oct 2007; withdrew 31 Dec 2019. 5Withdrew 31 Dec 1994; rejoined 1 Jul 2016. 6Withdrew 31 Dec 2023. | |
6 Feb 1947 South Pacific Commission
6 Feb 1998 Pacific Community
Secretaries-general
1 Nov 1948 - 3 Jun 1951 William Forsyth (Australia)
(1st time) (b. 1909 - d. 1993)
12 Nov 1951 - 12 Nov 1954 Sir Brian Freeston (U.K.) (b. 1892 - d. 1958)
1 Mar 1955 - 28 Feb 1958 Ralph Clairon Bedell (U.S.) (b. 1904 - d. 1991)
1 Mar 1958 - 2 Mar 1963 Thomas R. Smith (New Zealand) (b. 1904 - d. 1979)
24 Mar 1963 - 31 Dec 1966 William Forsyth (Australia)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1967 - 11 Dec 1969 Sir Gawain Bell (U.K.) (b. 1909 - d. 1995)
1 Jan 1970 - 18 Feb 1971 Afioga Afoafouvale Misimoa
(Western Samoa) (b. 1900 - d. 1971)
18 Feb 1971 - 31 Oct 1971 John E. de Young (U.S.) (acting)
1 Nov 1971 - 30 Nov 1975 Gustav F.D. Betham (Western Samoa) (b. 1915 - d. 1984)
9 Dec 1975 - 30 Jun 1979 E. Macu Salato (Fiji) (b. 1915 - d. 1990)
1 Jul 1979 - 3 Jun 1982 Young Vivian (Niue) (b. 1935)
1 Jul 1982 - 30 Nov 1986 Francis Bugotu (Solomon Islands) (b. 1937 - d. 1992)
9 Dec 1986 - 31 Dec 1988 Palauni M. Tuiasosopo
(American Samoa) (b. 1937? - d. 2020)
1 Jan 1989 - 15 Jun 1989 Jon Jonassen (Cook Islands) (b. 1949 - d. 2023)
(acting)
16 Jun 1989 - 5 Jan 1993 Atanraoi Baiteke (Kiribati)
6 Jan 1993 - 7 Jan 1996 Ati George Sokomanu (Vanuatu) (b. 1937)
8 Jan 1996 - 6 Feb 1997 Robert B. Dun (Australia) (b. 1930)
Directors-general
6 Feb 1997 - 5 Jan 2000 Robert B. Dun (Australia) (s.a.)
6 Jan 2000 - 23 Jan 2006 Lourdes Pangelinan (f) (Guam) (b. 1954)
23 Jan 2006 - 23 Jan 2014 Jimmie Rodgers (Solomon Islands)
23 Jan 2014 - 23 Jan 2020 Colin Tukuitonga (Niue)
23 Jan 2020 - Stuart Minchin (Australia) (b. 1970?)
Pacific Community membership
| 6 Feb 1947 | Australia, France, The Netherlands1, New Zealand, United Kingdom2, United States |
| 17 Jul 1965 | Western Samoa3 |
| 24 Jul 1969 | Nauru |
| 5 May 1971 | Fiji |
| 16 Sep 1975 | Papua New Guinea |
| 17 Nov 1978 | Tuvalu |
| 21 Nov 1978 | Solomon Islands |
| 13 Oct 1980 | Niue |
| 14 Oct 1980 | Cook Islands |
| Oct 1983 | American Samoa, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, New Caledonia, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Pitcairn Island, Tokelau, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna |
| 1Withdrew 31 Dec 1962. 2Withdrew 1 Jan 1996, rejoined 1 Jan 1998, withdrew again 1 Jan 2005, rejoined 2 Dec 2021. 3From 1997 Samoa. | |
5 Aug 1971 South Pacific Forum
27 Oct 2000 Pacific Islands Forum
Directors of the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation
Nov 1972 - Feb 1980 Mahe Tupouniua (Tonga) (1st time) (b. 1927 - d. 2007)
Feb 1980 - 12 Mar 1982 Gabriel Gris (Papua New Guinea) (b. 1941 - d. 1982)
Mar 1982 - Jan 1983 Jon Sheppard (Australia) (acting) (b. 1945)
Jan 1983 - Feb 1986 Mahe Tupouniua (Tonga) (2nd time) (s.a.)
Feb 1986 - Sep 1988 Henry Naisali (Tuvalu) (b. 1928 - d. 2004)
Secretaries-general
Sep 1988 - Jan 1992 Henry Naisali (Tuvalu) (s.a.)
Jan 1992 - Jan 1998 Ieremia Tabai (Kiribati) (b. 1950)
Feb 1998 - 16 Jan 2004 Noel Levi (Papua New Guinea) (b. 1942)
16 Jan 2004 - Jul 2008 Greg Urwin (Australia) (b. 1946 - d. 2008)
Jul 2008 - Aug 2008 Feleti Teo (Tuvalu) (acting) (b. 1962)
Aug 2008 - 4 Dec 2014 Tuiloma Neroni Slade (Samoa) (b. 1941)
4 Dec 2014 - 24 May 2021 Dame Meg Taylor (f) (Papua New
Guinea)
24 May 2021 - 3 Jun 2024 Henry Puna (Cook Islands) (b. 1949)
3 Jun 2024 - Baron Waqa (Nauru) (b. 1959)
Pacific Islands Forum membership
| 5 Aug 1971 | Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji1, Nauru, New Zealand, Tonga, Western Samoa2 |
| 20 Mar 1974 | Papua New Guinea |
| 1 Jul 1975 | Niue |
| 29 Aug 1979 | Kiribati3 |
| 14 Jul 1980 | Vanuatu |
| 16 Sep 1980 | Solomon Islands, Tuvalu |
| 29 May 1987 | Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia |
| 3 Sep 1995 | Palau |
| 10 Sep 2016 | French Polynesia, New Caledonia |
| 1Suspended 2 May 2009 - 24 Oct 2014. 2From 1997 Samoa. 3Withdrew 9 Jul 2022; rejoined 24 Feb 2023. | |
1919 League of Red Cross Societies
Oct 1983 League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Nov 1991 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies
Chairmen
1919 - 1922 Henry P. Davison (U.S.) (b. 1867 - d. 1922)
1922 - 1935 John Barton Payne (U.S.) (b. 1855 - d. 1935)
1935 - 1938 Cary T. Grayson (U.S.) (b. 1878 - d. 1938)
1938 - 1944 Norman Davis (U.S.) (b. 1878 - d. 1944)
1944 - 1945 Johannes von Muralt (Switzerland) (b. 1877 - d. 1947)
(acting)
1945 - 1950 Basil O'Connor (U.S.) (b. 1892 - d. 1972)
1950 - 1959 Emil Sandström (Sweden) (b. 1886 - d. 1962)
1959 - 1965 John MacAulay (Canada) (b. 1895 - d. 1978)
1965 - 1977 José Barroso (Mexico) (b. 1925 - d. 2008)
Presidents
1977 - 1981 Adetunji Adefarasin (Nigeria) (b. 1921 - d. 1989)
1981 - 1987 Enrique de la Mata (Spain) (b. 1933 - d. 1987)
1987 - 1997 Mario Enrique Villarroel Lander
(Venezuela) (b. 1947)
Nov 1997 - 10 Nov 2001 Astrid N. Heiberg (f) (Norway) (b. 1936 - d. 2020)
10 Nov 2001 - 19 Nov 2009 Juan Manuel Suárez del Toro Rivero
(Spain) (b. 1952)
19 Nov 2009 - 8 Nov 2017 Tadateru Konoe (Japan) (b. 1939)
8 Nov 2017 - 11 Dec 2023 Francesco Rocca (Italy) (b. 1965)
11 Dec 2023 - Kate Forbes (f) (U.S.) (b. 1951?)
Presidents (all from Switzerland)
1863 - 1864 Henri Dufour (b. 1787 - d. 1875)
1864 - 21 Aug 1910 Gustave Moynier (b. 1826 - d. 1910)
1910 - 31 Mar 1928 Gustave Ador (b. 1845 - d. 1928)
1917 - 1920 Édouard Naville (b. 1844 - d. 1926)
(acting for Ador)
12 May 1928 - Dec 1944 Max Huber (b. 1874 - d. 1960)
Jan 1945 - May 1948 Carl Burckhardt (b. 1891 - d. 1974)
Feb 1945 - Feb 1947 Max Huber (s.a.)
(acting for Burckhardt)
Feb 1947 - May 1948 Ernest Gloor (b. 1893 - d. 1964)
+ Martin Bodmer (b. 1899 - d. 1971)
(acting for Burckhardt)
May 1948 - 31 Aug 1955 Paul Ruegger (b. 1897 - d. 1988)
1 Sep 1955 - 1964 Léopold Boissier (b. 1893 - d. 1968)
1964 - 1969 Samuel Gonard (b. 1896 - d. 1975)
1969 - 1973 Marcel Naville (b. 1919 - d. 2003)
1973 - 1976 Eric Martin (b. 1900 - d. 1980)
1976 - 6 May 1987 Alexandre Hay (b. 1919 - d. 1991)
7 May 1987 - 31 Dec 1999 Cornelio Sommaruga (b. 1932 - d. 2024)
1 Jan 2000 - 30 Jun 2012 Jakob Kellenberger (b. 1944)
1 Jul 2012 - 30 Sep 2022 Peter Maurer (b. 1956)
1 Oct 2022 - Mirjana Spoljaric Egger (f) (b. 1972)
Secretaries-general 15 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2006 Zhang Deguang (China) (b. 1941) 1 Jan 2007 - 21 Jan 2010 Bolat Nurgaliyev (Kazakhstan) (b. 1951) 21 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2012 Muratbek Imanaliyev (Kyrgyzstan) (b. 1956) 1 Jan 2013 - 12 Jan 2016 Dmitry Mezentsev (Russia) (b. 1959) 12 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2018 Rashid Alimov (Tajikistan) (b. 1953) 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2021 Vladimir Norov (Uzbekistan) (b. 1955) 1 Jan 2022 - Zhang Ming (China) (b. 1957)
SCO membership
| 15 Jun 2001 | China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan |
| 9 Jun 2017 | India, Pakistan |
| 4 Jul 2023 | Iran |
| 4 Jul 2024 | Belarus |
Presidents Jul 1951 - Jul 1957 Morgan Phillips (U.K.) (b. 1902 - d. 1963) Jul 1957 - 5 Dec 1962 Alsing Andersen (Denmark) (b. 1893 - d. 1962) Sep 1963 - 14 Dec 1963 Erich Ollenhauer (W. Germany) (b. 1901 - d. 1963) Sep 1964 - Nov 1976 Bruno Pittermann (Austria) (b. 1905 - d. 1983) Nov 1976 - Sep 1992 Willy Brandt ([W.] Germany) (b. 1913 - d. 1992) Sep 1992 - Nov 1999 Pierre Mauroy (France) (b. 1928 - d. 2013) Nov 1999 - Jan 2006 António Guterres (Portugal) (b. 1949) Jan 2006 - 25 Nov 2022 Georgios Papandreou (Greece) (b. 1952) 25 Nov 2022 - Pedro Sánchez (Spain) (b. 1972)
Secretaries-general Jul 1951 - 1 May 1956 Julius Braunthal (Austria) (b. 1891 - d. 1972) 1 May 1956 - 15 Mar 1957 Bjarne Braatoy (Norway) (b. 1900 - d. 1957) 2 Jul 1957 - Apr 1969 Albert Carthy (U.K.) (b. 1907 - d. 1987) Apr 1969 - Nov 1976 Hans Janitschek (Austria) (b. 1934 - d. 2008) Nov 1976 - Apr 1983 Bernt Carlsson (Sweden) (b. 1938 - d. 1988) Apr 1983 - Jun 1989 Pentti Väänänen (Finland) (b. 1945 - d. 2020) Jun 1989 - 25 Nov 2022 Luis Ayala (Chile) 25 Nov 2022 - Benedicta Lasi (f) (Ghana) (b. 1987)
Secretaries-general
16 Jan 1987 - 15 Oct 1989 Abul Ahsan (Bangladesh) (b. 1936 - d. 2008)
17 Oct 1989 - 31 Dec 1991 Kant Kishore Bhargava (India) (b. 1934 - d. 2019)
1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1993 Ibrahim Hussain Zaki (Maldives) (b. 1947)
1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1995 Yadav Kant Silwal (Nepal) (b. 1938)
1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1998 Naeem U. Hasan (Pakistan) (b. 1941)
1 Jan 1999 - 10 Jan 2002 Nihal Rodrigo (Sri Lanka) (b. c.1945)
11 Jan 2002 - 28 Feb 2005 Q.A.M.A. Rahim (Bangladesh) (b. 1942 - d. 2021)
1 Mar 2005 - 29 Feb 2008 Lyonpo Chenkyab Dorji (Bhutan) (b. 1943)
1 Mar 2008 - 28 Feb 2011 Sheel Kanta Sharma (India) (b. 1950)
1 Mar 2011 - 22 Jan 2012 Fathimath Dhiyana Saeed (f)
(Maldives) (b. 1974?)
22 Jan 2012 - 12 Mar 2012 Damayanthi Rajapakse (f)
(Sri Lanka) (acting)
12 Mar 2012 - 28 Feb 2014 Ahmed Saleem (Maldives) (b. 1949)
1 Mar 2014 - 28 Feb 2017 Arjun Bahadur Thapa (Nepal) (b. 1956)
1 Mar 2017 - 29 Feb 2020 Amjad Hussain B. Sial (Pakistan) (b. 1956)
1 Mar 2020 - 25 Oct 2023 Esala Ruwan Weerakoon (Sri Lanka) (b. 1961?)
25 Oct 2023 - Golam Sarwar (Bangladesh) (b. 1966)
SAARC membership
| 8 Dec 1985 | Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka |
| 3 Apr 2007 | Afghanistan |
19 Feb 1955 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization established
30 Jun 1977 dissolved
Secretaries-general
5 Sep 1957 - 22 Sep 1957 Pote Sarasin (Thailand) (1st time) (b. 1905 - d. 2000)
22 Sep 1957 - 10 Jan 1958 William Worth (Australia)
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1912 - d. 2001)
10 Jan 1958 - 13 Dec 1963 Pote Sarasin (Thailand) (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Dec 1963 - 19 Feb 1964 William Worth (Australia)
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
19 Feb 1964 - 1 Jul 1965 Konthi Suphamongkhon (Thailand) (b. 1916 - d. 2011)
1 Jul 1965 - 5 Sep 1972 Jesus Vargas (Philippines) (b. 1905 - d. 1994)
5 Sep 1972 - 30 Jun 1977 Sunthorn Hongladarom (Thailand) (b. 1912 - d. 2005)
SEATO membership
| 19 Feb 1955 | Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan1, Philippines, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States |
| 1Withdrew 7 Nov 1973. | |
1 Apr 1980 Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC)
17 Aug 1992 Southern African Development Community (SADC)
Executive secretaries
1982 - 1984 Arthur Blumeris (Zimbabwe) (b. ... - d. 1984)
1984 Lebang Mpotokwane (Botswana) (b. 1944)
(acting)
1984 - 31 Dec 1993 Simba Makoni (Zimbabwe) (b. 1950)
1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1999 Kaire Mbuende (Namibia) (b. 1953)
1 Jan 2000 - 31 Aug 2005 Prega Ramsamy (Mauritius) (b. 1950)
(acting to 9 Mar 2001)
1 Sep 2005 - 31 Aug 2013 Tomaz Salomão (Mozambique) (b. 1954)
1 Sep 2013 - 31 Aug 2021 Stergomena Lawrence Tax (f)
(Tanzania) (b. 1960)
1 Sep 2021 - Elias Mpedi Magosi (Botswana)
SADC membership
| 1 Apr 1980 | Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland1, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
| 31 Mar 1990 | Namibia |
| 30 Aug 1994 | South Africa |
| 28 Aug 1995 | Mauritius |
| 8 Sep 1997 | Congo (Kinshasa), Seychelles2 |
| 18 Aug 2005 | Madagascar3 |
| 17 Aug 2018 | Comoros |
| 1From 2018 Eswatini. 2Withdrew 1 Jul 2004; rejoined 16 Aug 2008. 3Suspended 30 Mar 2009 - 30 Jan 2014. | |
23 May 2008 Constitutive Treaty of Union of South American Nations signed 11 Mar 2011 treaty formally takes effect Secretaries-general 4 May 2010 - 27 Oct 2010 Néstor Kirchner (Argentina) (b. 1950 - d. 2010) 1 Apr 2011 - 11 Jun 2012 María Emma Mejía (f) (Colombia) (b. 1953) 11 Jun 2012 - 11 Sep 2014 Alí Rodríguez Araque (Venezuela) (b. 1937 - d. 2018) 11 Sep 2014 - 31 Jan 2017 Ernesto Samper Pizano (Colombia) (b. 1950)
UNASUR membership
| 23 May 2008 | Argentina1, Bolivia, Brazil1, Chile1, Colombia1, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay1,2, Peru1, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela |
| 1Suspended own participation 20 Apr 2018; withdrawal announced 27 Aug 2018 (to be effective six months later); rejoined 5 Dec 2023. 2Suspended 29 Jun 2012 - 15 Aug 2013. | |
Secretaries-general
11 Jan 1946 - 29 Jan 1946 Gladwyn Jebb (U.K.) (acting) (b. 1900 - d. 1996)
2 Feb 1946 - 10 Apr 1953 Trygve Lie (Norway) (b. 1896 - d. 1968)
10 Apr 1953 - 18 Sep 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden) (b. 1905 - d. 1961)
3 Nov 1961 - 31 Dec 1971 Thant (Burma) (b. 1909 - d. 1974)
(acting to 30 Nov 1962)
1 Jan 1972 - 31 Dec 1981 Kurt Waldheim (Austria) (b. 1918 - d. 2007)
1 Jan 1982 - 31 Dec 1991 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (Peru) (b. 1920 - d. 2020)
1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1996 Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt) (b. 1922 - d. 2016)
1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 2006 Kofi Annan (Ghana) (b. 1938 - d. 2018)
1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2016 Ban Ki Moon (South Korea) (b. 1944)
1 Jan 2017 - António Guterres (Portugal) (b. 1949)
Presidents of the General Assembly
10 Jan 1946 - 16 Sep 1947 Paul-Henri Spaak (Belgium) (b. 1899 - d. 1972)
16 Sep 1947 - 16 Apr 1948 Oswaldo Aranha (Brazil) (b. 1894 - d. 1960)
16 Apr 1948 - 21 Sep 1948 José Arce (Argentina) (b. 1881 - d. 1968)
21 Sep 1948 - 20 Sep 1949 Herbert Vere Evatt (Australia) (b. 1894 - d. 1965)
20 Sep 1949 - 19 Sep 1950 Carlos Peña Romulo (Philippines) (b. 1899 - d. 1985)
19 Sep 1950 - 6 Nov 1951 Nasrollah Entezam (Iran) (b. 1900 - d. 1980)
6 Nov 1951 - 14 Oct 1952 Luis Padilla Nervo (Mexico) (b. 1894 - d. 1985)
14 Oct 1952 - 15 Sep 1953 Lester B. Pearson (Canada) (b. 1897 - d. 1972)
15 Sep 1953 - 21 Sep 1954 Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (f) (India) (b. 1900 - d. 1990)
21 Sep 1954 - 20 Sep 1955 Eelco van Kleffens (Netherlands) (b. 1894 - d. 1983)
20 Sep 1955 - 1 Nov 1956 José Maza (Chile) (b. 1889 - d. 1964)
1 Nov 1956 - 12 Nov 1956 Rudecindo Ortega Masson (Chile) (b. 1899 - d. 1962)
12 Nov 1956 - 17 Sep 1957 Prince Wan Waithayakon (Thailand) (b. 1891 - d. 1976)
17 Sep 1957 - 16 Sep 1958 Sir Leslie Munro (New Zealand) (b. 1901 - d. 1974)
16 Sep 1958 - 15 Sep 1959 Charles Habib Malik (Lebanon) (b. 1906 - d. 1987)
15 Sep 1959 - 20 Sep 1960 Víctor Andrés Belaúnde (Peru) (b. 1883 - d. 1966)
20 Sep 1960 - 20 Sep 1961 Frederick H. Boland (Ireland) (b. 1904 - d. 1985)
20 Sep 1961 - 18 Sep 1962 Mongi Slim (Tunisia) (b. 1908 - d. 1969)
18 Sep 1962 - 17 Sep 1963 Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan
(Pakistan) (b. 1893 - d. 1985)
17 Sep 1963 - 1 Dec 1964 Carlos Sosa Rodríguez (Venezuela) (b. 1912 - d. 1997)
1 Dec 1964 - 21 Sep 1965 Alex Quaison-Sackey (Ghana) (b. 1924 - d. 1992)
21 Sep 1965 - 20 Sep 1966 Amintore Fanfani (Italy) (b. 1908 - d. 1999)
20 Sep 1966 - 19 Sep 1967 Abdul Rahman Pazhwak (Afghanistan) (b. 1919 - d. 1995)
19 Sep 1967 - 24 Sep 1968 Corneliu Manescu (Romania) (b. 1916 - d. 2000)
24 Sep 1968 - 17 Apr 1969 Emilio Arenales Catalán
(Guatemala) (b. 1922 - d. 1969)
16 Sep 1969 - 15 Sep 1970 Angie Brooks (from 27 Apr 1970,
Angie Brooks-Randolph) (f)
(Liberia) (b. 1916 - d. 2007)
15 Sep 1970 - 21 Sep 1971 Edvard Hambro (Norway) (b. 1911 - d. 1977)
21 Sep 1971 - 19 Sep 1972 Adam Malik (Indonesia) (b. 1917 - d. 1984)
19 Sep 1972 - 18 Sep 1973 Stanislaw Trepczynski (Poland) (b. 1924 - d. 2002)
18 Sep 1973 - 17 Sep 1974 Leopoldo Benites Vinueza (Ecuador) (b. 1905 - d. 1995)
17 Sep 1974 - 16 Sep 1975 Abdelaziz Bouteflika (Algeria) (b. 1937 - d. 2021)
16 Sep 1975 - 21 Sep 1976 Gaston Thorn (Luxembourg) (b. 1928 - d. 2007)
21 Sep 1976 - 20 Sep 1977 Hamilton Shirley Amerasinghe
(Sri Lanka) (b. 1913 - d. 1980)
20 Sep 1977 - 19 Sep 1978 Lazar Mojsov (Yugoslavia) (b. 1920 - d. 2011)
19 Sep 1978 - 18 Sep 1979 Indalecio Liévano Aguirre
(Colombia) (b. 1917 - d. 1982)
18 Sep 1979 - 16 Sep 1980 Salim Ahmed Salim (Tanzania) (b. 1942)
16 Sep 1980 - 15 Sep 1981 Rüdiger von Wechmar (W. Germany) (b. 1923 - d. 2007)
15 Sep 1981 - 21 Sep 1982 Ismat T. Kittani (Iraq) (b. 1929 - d. 2001)
21 Sep 1982 - 20 Sep 1983 Imre Hollai (Hungary) (b. 1925 - d. 2017)
20 Sep 1983 - 18 Sep 1984 Jorge Illueca (Panama) (b. 1918 - d. 2012)
18 Sep 1984 - 17 Sep 1985 Paul J.F. Lusaka (Zambia) (b. 1935 - d. 1996)
17 Sep 1985 - 16 Sep 1986 Jaime de Piniés (Spain) (b. 1917 - d. 2003)
16 Sep 1986 - 15 Sep 1987 Humayun Rasheed Chowdhury
(Bangladesh) (b. 1928 - d. 2001)
15 Sep 1987 - 20 Sep 1988 Peter Florin (E. Germany) (b. 1921 - d. 2014)
20 Sep 1988 - 19 Sep 1989 Dante Caputo (Argentina) (b. 1943 - d. 2018)
19 Sep 1989 - 18 Sep 1990 Joseph Nanven Garba (Nigeria) (b. 1943 - d. 2002)
18 Sep 1990 - 17 Sep 1991 Guido de Marco (Malta) (b. 1931 - d. 2010)
17 Sep 1991 - 15 Sep 1992 Samir S. Shihabi (Saudi Arabia) (b. 1925 - d. 2010)
15 Sep 1992 - 21 Sep 1993 Stoyan Ganev (Bulgaria) (b. 1955 - d. 2013)
21 Sep 1993 - 20 Sep 1994 Samuel R. Insanally (Guyana) (b. 1936 - d. 2023)
20 Sep 1994 - 19 Sep 1995 Amara Essy (Côte d'Ivoire) (b. 1944)
19 Sep 1995 - 17 Sep 1996 Diogo Freitas do Amaral (Portugal) (b. 1941 - d. 2019)
17 Sep 1996 - 16 Sep 1997 Razali Ismail (Malaysia) (b. 1939)
16 Sep 1997 - 9 Sep 1998 Hennadiy Udovenko (Ukraine) (b. 1931 - d. 2013)
9 Sep 1998 - 14 Sep 1999 Didier Opertti (Uruguay) (b. 1937)
14 Sep 1999 - 5 Sep 2000 Theo-Ben Gurirab (Namibia) (b. 1939 - d. 2018)
5 Sep 2000 - 12 Sep 2001 Harri Holkeri (Finland) (b. 1937 - d. 2011)
12 Sep 2001 - 10 Sep 2002 Han Seung Soo (South Korea) (b. 1936)
10 Sep 2002 - 16 Sep 2003 Jan Kavan (Czech Republic) (b. 1946)
16 Sep 2003 - 14 Sep 2004 Julian Hunte (Saint Lucia) (b. 1940)
14 Sep 2004 - 13 Sep 2005 Jean Ping (Gabon) (b. 1942)
13 Sep 2005 - 12 Sep 2006 Jan Eliasson (Sweden) (b. 1940)
12 Sep 2006 - 18 Sep 2007 Haya Rashed Al Khalifa (f)
(Bahrain) (b. 1952)
18 Sep 2007 - 16 Sep 2008 Srgjan Kerim (Macedonia) (b. 1948)
16 Sep 2008 - 15 Sep 2009 Miguel D'Escoto Brockmann
(Nicaragua) (b. 1933 - d. 2017)
15 Sep 2009 - 14 Sep 2010 Ali Triki (Libya) (b. 1938 - d. 2015)
14 Sep 2010 - 13 Sep 2011 Joseph Deiss (Switzerland) (b. 1946)
13 Sep 2011 - 18 Sep 2012 Nasser Abdulaziz al-Nasser (Qatar) (b. 1953)
18 Sep 2012 - 17 Sep 2013 Vuk Jeremic (Serbia) (b. 1975)
17 Sep 2013 - 16 Sep 2014 John W. Ashe (Antigua and Barbuda) (b. 1954 - d. 2016)
16 Sep 2014 - 15 Sep 2015 Sam Kutesa (Uganda) (b. 1949)
15 Sep 2015 - 13 Sep 2016 Mogens Lykketoft (Denmark) (b. 1946)
13 Sep 2016 - 12 Sep 2017 Peter Thomson (Fiji) (b. 1948)
12 Sep 2017 - 17 Sep 2018 Miroslav Lajcák (Slovakia) (b. 1963)
17 Sep 2018 - 16 Sep 2019 María Fernanda Espinosa (f)
(Ecuador) (b. 1964)
16 Sep 2019 - 15 Sep 2020 Tijjani Muhammad-Bande (Nigeria) (b. 1957)
15 Sep 2020 - 14 Sep 2021 Volkan Bozkir (Turkey) (b. 1950)
14 Sep 2021 - 12 Sep 2022 Abdulla Shahid (Maldives) (b. 1962)
12 Sep 2022 - 5 Sep 2023 Csaba Körösi (Hungary) (b. 1958)
5 Sep 2023 - 10 Sep 2024 Dennis Francis (Trinidad and
Tobago) (b. 1956)
10 Sep 2024 - Philemon Yang (Cameroon) (b. 1947)
United Nations High Commissioners for Refugees
1 Jan 1951 - 8 Jul 1956 Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart
(Netherlands) (b. 1901 - d. 1956)
8 Jul 1956 - 31 Dec 1956 James M. Read (U.S.) (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1985)
1 Jan 1957 - 31 Dec 1960 Auguste R. Lindt (Switzerland) (b. 1905 - d. 2000)
1 Jan 1961 - 31 Dec 1965 Felix Schnyder (Switzerland) (b. 1910 - d. 1992)
1 Jan 1966 - 31 Dec 1977 Sadruddin Aga Khan (Iran) (b. 1933 - d. 2003)
1 Jan 1978 - 31 Dec 1985 Poul Hartling (Denmark) (b. 1914 - d. 2000)
1 Jan 1986 - 31 Oct 1989 Jean-Pierre Hocké (Switzerland) (b. 1938 - d. 2021)
1 Nov 1989 - 31 Dec 1989 Gerald Hinteregger (Austria) (b. 1928 - d. 2013)
(acting)
1 Jan 1990 - 2 Nov 1990 Thorvald Stoltenberg (Norway) (b. 1931 - d. 2018)
2 Nov 1990 - 18 Feb 1991 Douglas Stafford (U.S.) (acting) (b. 1933 - d. 2015)
18 Feb 1991 - 31 Dec 2000 Sadako Ogata (f) (Japan) (b. 1927 - d. 2019)
1 Jan 2001 - 24 Feb 2005 Ruud Lubbers (Netherlands) (b. 1939 - d. 2018)
24 Feb 2005 - 15 Jun 2005 Wendy Chamberlin (f) (U.S.) (b. 1948)
(acting)
15 Jun 2005 - 31 Dec 2015 António Guterres (Portugal) (b. 1949)
1 Jan 2016 - Filippo Grandi (Italy) (b. 1957)
United Nations High Commissioners for Human Rights
5 Apr 1994 - 15 Mar 1997 José Ayala Lasso (Ecuador) (b. 1932)
15 Mar 1997 - 12 Sep 1997 Ralph Zacklin (U.K.) (interim) (b. 1937)
12 Sep 1997 - 12 Sep 2002 Mary Robinson (f) (Ireland) (b. 1944)
12 Sep 2002 - 19 Aug 2003 Sérgio Vieira de Mello (Brazil) (b. 1948 - d. 2003)
2 Jun 2003 - 1 Jul 2004 Bertrand Ramcharan (Guyana) (b. 1943)
(acting [for Mello to 19 Aug 2003])
1 Jul 2004 - 30 Jun 2008 Louise Arbour (f) (Canada) (b. 1947)
1 Jul 2008 - 31 Aug 2008 Kyung-wha Kang (f) (South Korea) (b. 1955)
(acting)
1 Sep 2008 - 31 Aug 2014 Navanethem Pillay (f)
(South Africa) (b. 1941)
1 Sep 2014 - 31 Aug 2018 Prince Zeid al-Hussein (Jordan) (b. 1964)
1 Sep 2018 - 31 Aug 2022 Michelle Bachelet (f) (Chile) (b. 1951)
1 Sep 2022 - 8 Sep 2022 Nada al-Nashif (f) (Jordan)
(acting)
8 Sep 2022 - Volker Türk (Austria) (b. 1965)
UN membership
| 24 Oct 1945 | Argentina, Belorussian S.S.R.1, Brazil, Chile, China2, Cuba, Czechoslovakia3, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, France, Haiti, Iran, Lebanon, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Soviet Union4, Syria5, Turkey, Ukrainian S.S.R.6, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia7 |
| 25 Oct 1945 | Greece |
| 30 Oct 1945 | India |
| 31 Oct 1945 | Peru |
| 1 Nov 1945 | Australia |
| 2 Nov 1945 | Costa Rica, Liberia |
| 5 Nov 1945 | Colombia |
| 7 Nov 1945 | Mexico, South Africa |
| 9 Nov 1945 | Canada |
| 13 Nov 1945 | Ethiopia, Panama |
| 14 Nov 1945 | Bolivia |
| 15 Nov 1945 | Venezuela |
| 21 Nov 1945 | Guatemala |
| 27 Nov 1945 | Norway |
| 10 Dec 1945 | The Netherlands |
| 17 Dec 1945 | Honduras |
| 18 Dec 1945 | Uruguay |
| 21 Dec 1945 | Ecuador, Iraq |
| 27 Dec 1945 | Belgium |
| 19 Nov 1946 | Afghanistan, Iceland, Sweden |
| 16 Dec 1946 | Thailand |
| 30 Sep 1947 | Pakistan, Yemen (Sana)8 |
| 19 Apr 1948 | Burma9 |
| 11 May 1949 | Israel |
| 28 Sep 1950 | Indonesia10 |
| 14 Dec 1955 | Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Ceylon11, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Laos, Libya, Nepal, Portugal, Romania, Spain |
| 12 Nov 1956 | Morocco, The Sudan, Tunisia |
| 18 Dec 1956 | Japan |
| 8 Mar 1957 | Ghana |
| 17 Sep 1957 | Malaya12 |
| 12 Dec 1958 | Guinea |
| 20 Sep 1960 | Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Léopoldville)13, Cyprus, Dahomey14, Gabon, Ivory Coast15, Madagascar, Niger, Somalia, Togo, Upper Volta16 |
| 28 Sep 1960 | Mali, Senegal |
| 7 Oct 1960 | Nigeria |
| 27 Sep 1961 | Sierra Leone |
| 27 Oct 1961 | Mauritania, Mongolia |
| 14 Dec 1961 | Tanganyika17 |
| 18 Sep 1962 | Burundi, Jamaica, Rwanda, Trinidad and Tobago |
| 8 Oct 1962 | Algeria |
| 25 Oct 1962 | Uganda |
| 14 May 1963 | Kuwait |
| 16 Dec 1963 | Kenya, Zanzibar17 |
| 1 Dec 1964 | Malawi, Malta, Zambia |
| 21 Sep 1965 | The Gambia, Maldives, Singapore |
| 20 Sep 1966 | Guyana |
| 17 Oct 1966 | Botswana, Lesotho |
| 9 Dec 1966 | Barbados |
| 14 Dec 1967 | Yemen (Aden)8 |
| 24 Apr 1968 | Mauritius |
| 24 Sep 1968 | Swaziland18 |
| 12 Nov 1968 | Equatorial Guinea |
| 13 Oct 1970 | Fiji |
| 21 Sep 1971 | Bahrain, Bhutan, Qatar |
| 7 Oct 1971 | Oman |
| 9 Dec 1971 | United Arab Emirates |
| 18 Sep 1973 | The Bahamas, East Germany19, West Germany19 |
| 17 Sep 1974 | Bangladesh, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau |
| 16 Sep 1975 | Cape Verde20, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe |
| 10 Oct 1975 | Papua New Guinea |
| 12 Nov 1975 | Comoros |
| 4 Dec 1975 | Suriname |
| 21 Sep 1976 | Seychelles |
| 1 Dec 1976 | Angola |
| 15 Dec 1976 | Western Samoa21 |
| 20 Sep 1977 | Djibouti, Vietnam |
| 19 Sep 1978 | Solomon Islands |
| 18 Dec 1978 | Dominica |
| 18 Sep 1979 | Saint Lucia |
| 25 Aug 1980 | Zimbabwe |
| 16 Sep 1980 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
| 15 Sep 1981 | Vanuatu |
| 25 Sep 1981 | Belize |
| 11 Nov 1981 | Antigua and Barbuda |
| 23 Sep 1983 | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
| 21 Sep 1984 | Brunei |
| 23 Apr 1990 | Namibia |
| 18 Sep 1990 | Liechtenstein |
| 17 Sep 1991 | Estonia, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia |
| 2 Mar 1992 | Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, San Marino, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan |
| 9 Mar 1992 | Azerbaijan |
| 22 May 1992 | Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia |
| 31 Jul 1992 | Georgia |
| 19 Jan 1993 | Czech Republic, Slovakia |
| 8 Apr 1993 | Macedonia22 |
| 28 May 1993 | Eritrea, Monaco |
| 28 Jul 1993 | Andorra |
| 15 Dec 1994 | Palau |
| 14 Sep 1999 | Kiribati, Nauru, Tonga |
| 5 Sep 2000 | Tuvalu |
| 10 Sep 2002 | Switzerland |
| 27 Sep 2002 | Timor-Leste |
| 28 Jun 2006 | Montenegro |
| 14 Jul 2011 | South Sudan |
| 1From 19 Sep 1991 Belarus. 2The Republic of China (Taiwan) represented China until 15 Nov 1971, when the UN voted to have China represented by the People's Republic of China. 3Dissolved 31 Dec 1992. 4Dissolved 25 Dec 1991; Russia succeeded to Soviet seat. 5Merged with Egypt to form United Arab Republic 22 Feb 1958; seceded from U.A.R. 28 Sep 1961 and rejoined UN 13 Oct 1961. 6From 1991 Ukraine. 7Broke up in 1992; the UN did not recognize the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as its successor and ruled that it had to apply anew for membership, which it did in 2000 (admitted 1 Nov 2000); from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 8Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united 22 May 1990. 9From 1989 Myanmar. 10Withdrew 20 Jan 1965; rejoined 28 Sep 1966. 11From 1972 Sri Lanka. 12From 1963 Malaysia. 131966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. 14From 1975 Benin. 15From 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 16From 1984 Burkina Faso. 17Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged 26 Apr 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which was renamed Tanzania 1 Nov 1964. 18From 2018 Eswatini. 19East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. 20From 2013 Cabo Verde. 21From 1997 Samoa. 22From 2019 North Macedonia. | |
| Note: The only non-member among undisputed states is Vatican City. | |
6 Oct 1953 United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
renamed United Nations Children's Fund
Executive directors (all from U.S.)
11 Dec 1946 - 19 Jan 1965 Maurice Pate (b. 1894 - d. 1965)
Mar 1965 - 31 Dec 1979 Henry Labouisse (b. 1904 - d. 1987)
1 Jan 1980 - 28 Jan 1995 James Grant (b. 1922 - d. 1995)
1 May 1995 - 30 Apr 2005 Carol Bellamy (f) (b. 1942)
1 May 2005 - 30 Apr 2010 Ann Veneman (f) (b. 1949)
1 May 2010 - 31 Dec 2017 Anthony Lake (b. 1939)
1 Jan 2018 - 31 Jan 2022 Henrietta Holsman Fore (f) (b. 1948)
1 Feb 2022 - Catherine Russell (f) (b. 1961)
Directors-general
6 Dec 1946 - 9 Dec 1948 Julian Huxley (U.K.) (b. 1887 - d. 1975)
10 Dec 1948 - 1 Dec 1952 Jaime Torres Bodet (Mexico) (b. 1902 - d. 1974)
2 Dec 1952 - 3 Jul 1953 John W. Taylor (U.S.) (interim) (b. 1906 - d. 2001)
4 Jul 1953 - 4 Dec 1958 Luther H. Evans (U.S.) (b. 1902 - d. 1981)
5 Dec 1958 - 2 Nov 1961 Vittorino Veronese (Italy) (b. 1910 - d. 1986)
2 Nov 1961 - 14 Nov 1974 René Maheu (France) (b. 1905 - d. 1975)
(interim to 14 Nov 1962)
15 Nov 1974 - 14 Nov 1987 Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow (Senegal) (b. 1921 - d. 2024)
15 Nov 1987 - 14 Nov 1999 Federico Mayor (Spain) (b. 1934)
15 Nov 1999 - 14 Nov 2009 Koichiro Matsuura (Japan) (b. 1937)
15 Nov 2009 - 14 Nov 2017 Irina Bokova (f) (Bulgaria) (b. 1952)
15 Nov 2017 - Audrey Azoulay (f) (France) (b. 1972)
UNESCO membership
| 4 Nov 1946 | Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Czechoslovakia1, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, France, Greece, India, Lebanon, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Saudi Arabia, South Africa2, Turkey, United Kingdom3, United States4 |
| 6 Nov 1946 | Poland |
| 13 Nov 1946 | Bolivia |
| 16 Nov 1946 | Syria |
| 18 Nov 1946 | Haiti |
| 21 Nov 1946 | Peru, Philippines |
| 25 Nov 1946 | Venezuela |
| 29 Nov 1946 | Belgium |
| 1 Jan 1947 | The Netherlands |
| 22 Jan 1947 | Ecuador |
| 6 Mar 1947 | Liberia |
| 29 Aug 1947 | Cuba |
| 27 Oct 1947 | Luxembourg |
| 31 Oct 1947 | Colombia |
| 8 Nov 1947 | Uruguay |
| 16 Dec 1947 | Honduras |
| 27 Jan 1948 | Italy |
| 28 Apr 1948 | El Salvador |
| 4 May 1948 | Afghanistan |
| 13 Aug 1948 | Austria |
| 6 Sep 1948 | Iran |
| 14 Sep 1948 | Hungary |
| 15 Sep 1948 | Argentina |
| 21 Oct 1948 | Iraq |
| 1 Jan 1949 | Thailand |
| 28 Jan 1949 | Switzerland |
| 27 Jun 1949 | Burma5 |
| 6 Jul 1949 | Monaco |
| 14 Sep 1949 | Pakistan |
| 16 Sep 1949 | Israel6 |
| 14 Nov 1949 | Ceylon7 |
| 2 Jan 1950 | Guatemala |
| 10 Jan 1950 | Panama |
| 23 Jan 1950 | Sweden |
| 31 Mar 1950 | Yugoslavia8 |
| 19 May 1950 | Costa Rica |
| 27 May 1950 | Indonesia |
| 14 Jun 1950 | Jordan, South Korea |
| 2 Jul 1951 | Japan |
| 3 Jul 1951 | Cambodia |
| 6 Jul 1951 | Vietnam |
| 9 Jul 1951 | Laos |
| 11 Jul 1951 | West Germany9 |
| 22 Feb 1952 | Nicaragua |
| 30 Jan 1953 | Spain |
| 1 May 1953 | Nepal |
| 27 Jun 1953 | Libya |
| 7 Jul 1953 | Chile |
| 21 Apr 1954 | Soviet Union10 |
| 12 May 1954 | Belorussian S.S.R.11, Ukrainian S.S.R.12 |
| 20 Jun 1955 | Paraguay |
| 1 Jul 1955 | Ethiopia |
| 17 May 1956 | Bulgaria |
| 27 Jul 1956 | Romania |
| 10 Oct 1956 | Finland |
| 7 Nov 1956 | Morocco |
| 8 Nov 1956 | Tunisia |
| 26 Nov 1956 | The Sudan |
| 11 Apr 1958 | Ghana |
| 16 Jun 1958 | Malaya13 |
| 16 Oct 1958 | Albania |
| 2 Feb 1960 | Guinea |
| 18 Oct 1960 | Dahomey14 |
| 24 Oct 1960 | Congo (Brazzaville) |
| 27 Oct 1960 | Ivory Coast15 |
| 7 Nov 1960 | Mali |
| 10 Nov 1960 | Madagascar, Niger, Senegal |
| 11 Nov 1960 | Cameroon, Central African Republic |
| 14 Nov 1960 | Nigeria, Upper Volta16 |
| 15 Nov 1960 | Somalia |
| 16 Nov 1960 | Gabon |
| 17 Nov 1960 | Togo |
| 18 Nov 1960 | Kuwait |
| 25 Nov 1960 | Congo (Léopoldville)17 |
| 19 Dec 1960 | Chad |
| 6 Feb 1961 | Cyprus |
| 3 Oct 1961 | Ireland |
| 10 Oct 1962 | Mauritania |
| 6 Mar 1962 | Tanganyika18 |
| 28 Mar 1962 | Sierra Leone |
| 2 Apr 1962 | Yemen (Sana)19 |
| 15 Oct 1962 | Algeria |
| 1 Nov 1962 | Mongolia |
| 2 Nov 1962 | Trinidad and Tobago |
| 7 Nov 1962 | Jamaica, Rwanda |
| 9 Nov 1962 | Uganda |
| 16 Nov 1962 | Burundi |
| 7 Apr 1964 | Kenya |
| 8 Jun 1964 | Iceland |
| 27 Oct 1964 | Malawi |
| 9 Nov 1964 | Zambia |
| 10 Feb 1965 | Malta |
| 11 Mar 1965 | Portugal20 |
| 28 Oct 1965 | Singapore21 |
| 21 Mar 1967 | Guyana |
| 29 Sep 1967 | Lesotho |
| 24 Oct 1968 | Barbados |
| 25 Oct 1968 | Mauritius |
| 18 Jan 1972 | Bahrain |
| 27 Jan 1972 | Qatar |
| 10 Feb 1972 | Oman |
| 20 Apr 1972 | United Arab Emirates |
| 27 Oct 1972 | Bangladesh |
| 21 Nov 1972 | East Germany9 |
| 1 Aug 1973 | The Gambia |
| 18 Oct 1974 | North Korea |
| 1 Nov 1974 | Guinea-Bissau |
| 12 Nov 1974 | San Marino |
| 17 Feb 1975 | Grenada |
| 16 Jul 1976 | Suriname |
| 4 Oct 1976 | Papua New Guinea |
| 11 Oct 1976 | Mozambique |
| 18 Oct 1976 | Seychelles |
| 11 Mar 1977 | Angola |
| 22 Mar 1977 | Comoros |
| 25 Jan 1978 | Swaziland22 |
| 15 Feb 1978 | Cape Verde23 |
| 2 Nov 1978 | Namibia |
| 9 Jan 1979 | Dominica |
| 29 Nov 1979 | Equatorial Guinea |
| 16 Jan 1980 | Botswana |
| 22 Jan 1980 | São Tomé and Príncipe |
| 6 Mar 1980 | Saint Lucia |
| 18 Jul 1980 | Maldives |
| 22 Sep 1980 | Zimbabwe |
| 29 Sep 1980 | Tonga |
| 3 Apr 1981 | Western Samoa24 |
| 23 Apr 1981 | The Bahamas |
| 13 Apr 1982 | Bhutan |
| 10 May 1982 | Belize |
| 15 Jul 1982 | Antigua and Barbuda |
| 15 Feb 1983 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
| 14 Jul 1983 | Fiji |
| 26 Oct 1983 | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
| 31 Aug 1989 | Djibouti |
| 24 Oct 1989 | Kiribati |
| 25 Oct 1989 | Cook Islands |
| 7 Oct 1991 | Lithuania |
| 14 Oct 1991 | Estonia, Latvia |
| 21 Oct 1991 | Tuvalu |
| 22 May 1992 | Kazakhstan |
| 27 May 1992 | Moldova, Slovenia |
| 1 Jun 1992 | Croatia |
| 2 Jun 1992 | Kyrgyzstan |
| 3 Jun 1992 | Azerbaijan |
| 9 Jun 1992 | Armenia |
| 7 Oct 1992 | Georgia |
| 9 Feb 1993 | Slovakia |
| 22 Feb 1993 | Czech Republic |
| 6 Apr 1993 | Tajikistan |
| 2 Jun 1993 | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| 28 Jun 1993 | Macedonia25 |
| 17 Aug 1993 | Turkmenistan |
| 2 Sep 1993 | Eritrea |
| 7 Sep 1993 | Solomon Islands |
| 20 Oct 1993 | Andorra |
| 26 Oct 1993 | Niue, Uzbekistan |
| 10 Feb 1994 | Vanuatu |
| 30 Jun 1995 | Marshall Islands |
| 17 Oct 1996 | Nauru |
| 20 Sep 1999 | Palau |
| 19 Oct 1999 | Federated States of Micronesia |
| 5 Jun 2003 | Timor-Leste |
| 27 Oct 2011 | South Sudan |
| 23 Nov 2011 | Palestine |
| 1Dissolved 31 Dec 1992. 2Withdrew 31 Dec 1956, rejoined 12 Dec 1994. 3Withdrew 31 Dec 1985, rejoined 1 Jul 1997. 4Withdrew 31 Dec 1984, rejoined 1 Oct 2003, withdrew again 31 Dec 2018, rejoined 30 Jun 2023. 5From 1989 Myanmar. 6Withdrew 31 Dec 2018. 7From 1972 Sri Lanka. 8Expelled 22 Sep 1992, readmitted 20 Dec 2000; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 9East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. 10Dissolved 25 Dec 1991, succeeded by Russia. 11From 1991 Belarus. 12From 1991 Ukraine. 13From 1963 Malaysia. 14From 1975 Benin. 15From 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 16From 1984 Burkina Faso. 171966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. 18From 1964 Tanzania. 19From 1990 Yemen. 20Withdrew 31 Dec 1972, rejoined 11 Sep 1974. 21Withdrew 31 Dec 1985; rejoined 8 Oct 2007. 22From 2018 Eswatini. 23From 2013 Cabo Verde. 24From 1997 Samoa. 25From 2019 North Macedonia. | |
Directors (from 7 Jul 1964, directors-general)
1875 - 14 Jun 1892 Eugène Borel (Switzerland) (b. 1835 - d. 1892)
1893 - 30 Jan 1899 Edmond Höhn (Switzerland) (b. 1838 - d. 1899)
1899 - 25 Oct 1919 Eugène Ruffy (Switzerland) (b. 1854 - d. 1919)
1 Jan 1920 - 14 Jan 1925 Camille Decoppet (Switzerland) (b. 1862 - d. 1925)
1925 - 1937 Evaristo Garbani-Nerini
(Switzerland) (b. 1867 - d. 1944)
1938 - 18 Nov 1944 Reinhold Furrer (Switzerland) (b. 1875 - d. 1944)
1945 - 1949 Alois Muri (Switzerland) (b. 1879 - d. 1971)
1950 - 1960 Fritz Hess (Switzerland) (b. 1895 - d. 1970)
1961 - 1966 Edouard Weber (Switzerland) (b. 1901 - d. 1970)
1967 - 20 Jan 1973 Michel Rahi (Egypt) (b. 1912 - d. 1973)
18 May 1973 - 31 Dec 1974 Anthony H. Ridge (U.K.) (b. 1913 - d. 2010)
1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1984 Muhammad Ibrahim Sobhi (Egypt) (b. 1925)
1 Jan 1985 - 31 Dec 1994 Adwaldo Cardoso Botto de Barros
(Brazil) (b. 1925 - d. 2015)
1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 2004 Thomas E. Leavey (U.S.) (b. 1934)
1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2012 Édouard Dayan (France) (b. 1943)
1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2021 Bishar Abdirahman Hussein (Kenya)
1 Jan 2022 - Masahiko Metoki (Japan) (b. 1958)
14 May 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization ("Warsaw Pact") founded
1 Jul 1991 dissolved
Commanders-in-chief (all from the Soviet Union)
14 May 1955 - 23 Jul 1960 Ivan Konev (b. 1897 - d. 1973)
23 Jul 1960 - 7 Jul 1967 Andrey Grechko (b. 1903 - d. 1976)
7 Jul 1967 - 30 Nov 1976 Ivan Yakubovsky (b. 1912 - d. 1976)
8 Jan 1977 - 2 Feb 1989 Viktor Kulikov (b. 1921 - d. 2013)
2 Feb 1989 - 26 Apr 1991 Pyotr Lushev (b. 1923 - d. 1997)
Warsaw Pact membership
| 14 May 1955 | Albania1, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany2, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Soviet Union |
| 1Withdrew 12 Sep 1968. 2Withdrew 24 Sep 1990. | |
30 Jun 2011 dissolved
Secretaries-general
7 May 1955 - 14 Dec 1962 Louis Goffin (Belgium) (b. 1904 - d. 1975)
15 Dec 1962 - 31 Dec 1970 Maurice Iweins d'Eeckhoutte
(Belgium) (b. 1904 - d. 1976)
1 Jan 1971 - 30 Sep 1974 Georges Heisbourg (Luxembourg) (b. 1918 - d. 2008)
20 Oct 1974 - 24 Feb 1977 Friedrich-Karl von Plehwe (W.Ger.) (b. 1912 - d. 1989)
(acting)
1 Mar 1977 - 31 May 1985 Edouard Longerstaey (Belgium) (b. 1919 - d. 1986)
17 Jun 1985 - 11 May 1989 Alfred Cahen (Belgium) (b. 1929 - d. 2000)
15 May 1989 - 15 Nov 1994 Wim van Eekelen (Netherlands) (b. 1931)
16 Nov 1994 - 24 Nov 1999 José Cutileiro (Portugal) (b. 1934 - d. 2020)
25 Nov 1999 - 24 Nov 2009 Javier Solana Madariaga (Spain) (b. 1942)
25 Nov 2009 - 30 Jun 2011 Arnaud Jacomet (France) (b. 1946 - d. 2011)
WEU membership
| 23 Oct 1954 | Belgium, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, United Kingdom |
| 27 Mar 1990 | Portugal, Spain |
| 6 Mar 1995 | Greece |
27 Dec 1945 Articles of Agreement (adopted by the Bretton Woods
Conference 22 Jul 1944) become effective
25 Jun 1946 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(World Bank) begins operations
Presidents (all from U.S. except as noted)
18 Jun 1946 - 17 Mar 1947 Eugene Meyer (b. 1875 - d. 1959)
17 Mar 1947 - 1 Jul 1949 John J. McCloy (b. 1895 - d. 1989)
1 Jul 1949 - 1 Jan 1963 Eugene R. Black (b. 1898 - d. 1992)
1 Jan 1963 - 1 Apr 1968 George Woods (b. 1901 - d. 1982)
1 Apr 1968 - 1 Jul 1981 Robert S. McNamara (b. 1916 - d. 2009)
1 Jul 1981 - 1 Jul 1986 A.W. Clausen (b. 1923 - d. 2013)
1 Jul 1986 - 1 Sep 1991 Barber B. Conable, Jr. (b. 1922 - d. 2003)
1 Sep 1991 - 4 May 1995 Lewis T. Preston (b. 1926 - d. 1995)
4 May 1995 - 1 Jun 1995 Richard Frank (acting)
1 Jun 1995 - 1 Jun 2005 James D. Wolfensohn (b. 1933 - d. 2020)
1 Jun 2005 - 1 Jul 2007 Paul Wolfowitz (b. 1943)
1 Jul 2007 - 1 Jul 2012 Robert B. Zoellick (b. 1953)
1 Jul 2012 - 1 Feb 2019 Jim Yong Kim (b. 1959)
1 Feb 2019 - 9 Apr 2019 Kristalina Georgieva (f)
(Bulgaria) (acting) (b. 1953)
9 Apr 2019 - 2 Jun 2023 David Malpass (b. 1956)
2 Jun 2023 - Ajay Banga (b. 1959)
World Bank membership
| 27 Dec 1945 | Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, China1, Czechoslovakia2, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Honduras, Iceland, India, Iraq, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia3 |
| 28 Dec 1945 | Dominican Republic4, Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay |
| 29 Dec 1945 | Iran |
| 31 Dec 1945 | Chile, Mexico, Peru |
| 8 Jan 1946 | Costa Rica |
| 10 Jan 1946 | Poland5 |
| 14 Jan 1946 | Brazil |
| 11 Mar 1946 | Uruguay |
| 14 Mar 1946 | Cuba6, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama |
| 30 Mar 1946 | Denmark |
| 24 Dec 1946 | Colombia |
| 30 Dec 1946 | Venezuela |
| 11 Mar 1947 | Turkey |
| 27 Mar 1947 | Italy |
| 10 Apr 1947 | Syria |
| 14 Apr 1947 | Lebanon |
| 5 Aug 1947 | Australia |
| 14 Jan 1948 | Finland |
| 27 Aug 1948 | Austria |
| 3 May 1949 | Thailand |
| 11 Jul 1950 | Pakistan |
| 29 Aug 1950 | Ceylon7 |
| 31 Aug 1951 | Sweden |
| 3 Jan 1952 | Burma8 |
| 13 Aug 1952 | Japan |
| 14 Aug 1952 | Federal Republic of Germany |
| 29 Aug 1952 | Jordan |
| 8 Sep 1953 | Haiti |
| 15 Apr 1954 | Indonesia |
| 12 Jul 1954 | Israel |
| 14 Jul 1955 | Afghanistan |
| 26 Aug 1955 | South Korea |
| 20 Sep 1956 | Argentina |
| 21 Sep 1956 | Vietnam |
| 8 Aug 1957 | Ireland |
| 26 Aug 1957 | Saudi Arabia |
| 5 Sep 1957 | The Sudan |
| 20 Sep 1957 | Ghana |
| 7 Mar 1958 | Malaysia |
| 14 Apr 1958 | Tunisia |
| 25 Apr 1958 | Morocco |
| 15 Sep 1958 | Spain |
| 17 Sep 1958 | Libya |
| 29 Mar 1961 | Portugal |
| 30 Mar 1961 | Nigeria |
| 5 Jul 1961 | Laos |
| 31 Aug 1961 | New Zealand |
| 6 Sep 1961 | Nepal |
| 21 Dec 1961 | Cyprus |
| 28 Mar 1962 | Liberia |
| 1 Aug 1962 | Togo |
| 31 Aug 1962 | Senegal, Somalia |
| 10 Sep 1962 | Sierra Leone, Tanzania |
| 13 Sep 1962 | Kuwait |
| 21 Feb 1963 | Jamaica |
| 11 Mar 1963 | Ivory Coast9 |
| 24 Apr 1963 | Niger |
| 2 May 1963 | Upper Volta10 |
| 10 Jul 1963 | Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey11 |
| 10 Sep 1963 | Gabon, Mauritania |
| 16 Sep 1963 | Trinidad and Tobago |
| 25 Sep 1963 | Madagascar |
| 26 Sep 1963 | Algeria |
| 27 Sep 1963 | Mali, Uganda |
| 28 Sep 1963 | Burundi, Congo (Kinshasa), Guinea |
| 30 Sep 1963 | Rwanda |
| 3 Feb 1964 | Kenya |
| 19 Jul 1965 | Malawi |
| 23 Sep 1965 | Zambia |
| 3 Aug 1966 | Singapore |
| 26 Sep 1966 | Guyana |
| 18 Oct 1967 | The Gambia |
| 24 Jul 1968 | Botswana |
| 25 Jul 1968 | Lesotho |
| 23 Sep 1968 | Mauritius |
| 22 Sep 1969 | Swaziland12 |
| 3 Oct 1969 | Yemen (Aden)13 |
| 22 May 1970 | Yemen (Sana)13 |
| 1 Jul 1970 | Equatorial Guinea |
| 22 Jul 1970 | Cambodia |
| 28 May 1971 | Fiji |
| 23 Dec 1971 | Oman |
| 17 Aug 1972 | Bangladesh |
| 15 Sep 1972 | Bahrain |
| 22 Sep 1972 | United Arab Emirates |
| 25 Sep 1972 | Qatar |
| 15 Dec 1972 | Romania |
| 21 Aug 1973 | The Bahamas |
| 28 Jun 1974 | Western Samoa14 |
| 12 Sep 1974 | Barbados |
| 27 Aug 1975 | Grenada |
| 9 Oct 1975 | Papua New Guinea |
| 28 Oct 1976 | Comoros |
| 24 Mar 1977 | Guinea-Bissau |
| 30 Sep 1977 | São Tomé and Príncipe |
| 13 Jan 1978 | Maldives |
| 27 Jun 1978 | Suriname |
| 22 Sep 1978 | Solomon Islands |
| 20 Nov 1978 | Cape Verde15 |
| 27 Jun 1980 | Saint Lucia |
| 29 Sep 1980 | Dominica, Seychelles, Zimbabwe |
| 1 Oct 1980 | Djibouti |
| 28 Sep 1981 | Bhutan, Vanuatu |
| 19 Mar 1982 | Belize |
| 7 Jul 1982 | Hungary |
| 31 Aug 1982 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
| 22 Sep 1983 | Antigua and Barbuda |
| 26 Sep 1983 | Malta |
| 15 Aug 1984 | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
| 24 Sep 1984 | Mozambique |
| 13 Sep 1985 | Tonga |
| 29 Sep 1986 | Kiribati |
| 19 Sep 1989 | Angola |
| 25 Sep 1990 | Bulgaria, Namibia |
| 14 Feb 1991 | Mongolia |
| 15 Oct 1991 | Albania |
| 21 May 1992 | Marshall Islands |
| 29 May 1992 | Switzerland |
| 16 Jun 1992 | Russia |
| 23 Jun 1992 | Estonia |
| 6 Jul 1992 | Lithuania |
| 10 Jul 1992 | Belarus |
| 23 Jul 1992 | Kazakhstan |
| 7 Aug 1992 | Georgia |
| 11 Aug 1992 | Latvia |
| 12 Aug 1992 | Moldova |
| 3 Sep 1992 | Ukraine |
| 16 Sep 1992 | Armenia |
| 18 Sep 1992 | Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan |
| 21 Sep 1992 | Uzbekistan |
| 22 Sep 1992 | Turkmenistan |
| 25 Feb 1993 | Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia16, Slovenia |
| 4 Jun 1993 | Tajikistan |
| 24 Jun 1993 | Federated States of Micronesia |
| 6 Jul 1994 | Eritrea |
| 10 Oct 1995 | Brunei |
| 16 Dec 1997 | Palau |
| 18 Jan 2007 | Montenegro |
| 29 Jun 2009 | Kosovo |
| 24 Jun 2010 | Tuvalu |
| 18 Apr 2012 | South Sudan |
| 12 Apr 2016 | Nauru |
| 1Republic of China (Taiwan) until 15 May 1980. 2Expelled 5 Jan 1955; rejoined 20 Sep 1990; from 1 Jan 1993 Czech Republic and Slovakia. 3Expelled 25 Feb 1993; readmitted 8 May 2001; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 4Withdrew 1 Dec 1960; rejoined 18 Sep 1961. 5Withdrew 14 Mar 1950; rejoined 27 Jun 1986. 6Withdrew 14 Nov 1960. 7From 1972 Sri Lanka. 8From 1989 Myanmar. 9From 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 10From 1984 Burkina Faso. 11From 1975 Benin. 12From 2018 Eswatini. 13Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united 22 May 1990. 14From 1997 Samoa. 15From 2013 Cabo Verde. 16From 2019 North Macedonia. | |
Directors-general 21 Jul 1948 - 21 Jul 1953 Brock Chisholm (Canada) (b. 1896 - d. 1971) 21 Jul 1953 - 21 Jul 1973 Marcolino Gomes Candau (Brazil) (b. 1911 - d. 1983) 21 Jul 1973 - 21 Jul 1988 Halfdan T. Mahler (Denmark) (b. 1923 - d. 2016) 21 Jul 1988 - 21 Jul 1998 Hiroshi Nakajima (Japan) (b. 1928 - d. 2013) 21 Jul 1998 - 21 Jul 2003 Gro Harlem Brundtland (f) (Norway) (b. 1939) 21 Jul 2003 - 22 May 2006 Lee Jong Wook (South Korea) (b. 1945 - d. 2006) 22 May 2006 - 4 Jan 2007 Anders Nordström (Sweden) (acting) (b. 1960) 4 Jan 2007 - 1 Jul 2017 Margaret Chan (f) (China) (b. 1947) 1 Jul 2017 - Tedros Adhanom (Ethiopia) (b. 1965)
Secretaries-general
2 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1985 Robert Lonati (France) (b. 1918 - d. 1985)
1 Jan 1986 - 31 Dec 1989 Willibald Pahr (Austria) (b. 1930)
1 Jan 1990 - 31 Aug 1996 Antonio Enríquez Savignac (Mexico) (b. 1931 - d. 2007)
1 Sep 1996 - 28 Feb 2009 Francesco Frangialli (France) (b. 1947)
(acting to 31 Dec 1997)
1 Mar 2009 - 31 Dec 2017 Taleb Rifai (Jordan) (b. 1949)
(acting to 31 Dec 2009)
1 Jan 2018 - Zurab Pololikashvili (Georgia) (b. 1977)
1 Jan 1948 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
1 Jan 1995 World Trade Organization (WTO)
Directors-general
1948 - 6 May 1968 Eric Wyndham White (U.K.) (b. 1913 - d. 1980)
(executive secretary to 23 Mar 1965)
6 May 1968 - 1 Oct 1980 Olivier Long (Switzerland) (b. 1915 - d. 2003)
1 Oct 1980 - 1 Jul 1993 Arthur Dunkel (Switzerland) (b. 1932 - d. 2005)
1 Jul 1993 - 1 May 1995 Peter Sutherland (Ireland) (b. 1946 - d. 2018)
1 May 1995 - 30 Apr 1999 Renato Ruggiero (Italy) (b. 1930 - d. 2013)
1 May 1999 - 1 Sep 1999 David Hartridge (U.K.) (acting) (b. 1939)
1 Sep 1999 - 1 Sep 2002 Mike Moore (New Zealand) (b. 1949 - d. 2020)
1 Sep 2002 - 1 Sep 2005 Supachai Panitchpakdi (Thailand) (b. 1946)
1 Sep 2005 - 1 Sep 2013 Pascal Lamy (France) (b. 1947)
1 Sep 2013 - 31 Aug 2020 Roberto Carvalho de Azevêdo
(Brazil) (b. 1957)
1 Sep 2020 - 1 Mar 2021 Yonov Frederick Agah (Nigeria) (b. 1956)
+ Karl Brauner (Germany)
+ Alan Wolff (U.S.)
+ Yi Xiaozhun (China) (b. 1951)
(deputy directors-general)
1 Mar 2021 - Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (f)
(Nigeria/U.S.) (b. 1954)
GATT membership
| 1 Jan 1948 | Australia, Belgium, Canada, China1, Cuba, Czechoslovakia2, France, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States |
| 13 Jun 1948 | South Africa |
| 8 Jul 1948 | India |
| 10 Jul 1948 | Norway |
| 11 Jul 1948 | Southern Rhodesia3 |
| 29 Jul 1948 | Burma4, Ceylon5 |
| 30 Jul 1948 | Brazil, New Zealand, Pakistan |
| 16 Mar 1949 | Chile |
| 1 Jan 1950 | Haiti |
| 24 Feb 1950 | Indonesia |
| 1 Mar 1950 | Greece |
| 30 Apr 1950 | Sweden |
| 19 May 1950 | Dominican Republic |
| 25 May 1950 | Finland |
| 28 May 1950 | Denmark, Nicaragua |
| 30 May 1950 | Italy |
| 1 Oct 1951 | Federal Republic of Germany |
| 7 Oct 1951 | Peru |
| 17 Oct 1951 | Turkey |
| 19 Oct 1951 | Austria |
| 6 Dec 1953 | Uruguay |
| 10 Sep 1955 | Japan |
| 17 Oct 1957 | Ghana |
| 24 Oct 1957 | Malaya6 |
| 18 Nov 1960 | Nigeria |
| 19 May 1961 | Sierra Leone |
| 9 Dec 1961 | Tanganyika7 |
| 6 May 1962 | Portugal |
| 5 Jul 1962 | Israel |
| 23 Oct 1962 | Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda |
| 3 May 1963 | Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo (Brazzaville), Gabon, Kuwait, Upper Volta8 |
| 12 Jul 1963 | Chad |
| 15 Jul 1963 | Cyprus |
| 29 Aug 1963 | Spain |
| 12 Sep 1963 | Dahomey9 |
| 27 Sep 1963 | Senegal |
| 30 Sep 1963 | Madagascar, Mauritania |
| 31 Dec 1963 | Ivory Coast10, Jamaica, Niger |
| 5 Feb 1964 | Kenya |
| 20 Mar 1964 | Togo |
| 28 Aug 1964 | Malawi |
| 17 Nov 1964 | Malta |
| 22 Feb 1965 | The Gambia |
| 13 Mar 1965 | Burundi |
| 1 Jan 1966 | Rwanda |
| 5 Jul 1966 | Guyana |
| 1 Aug 1966 | Switzerland |
| 25 Aug 1966 | Yugoslavia |
| 15 Feb 1967 | Barbados |
| 14 Apr 1967 | South Korea |
| 11 Oct 1967 | Argentina |
| 18 Oct 1967 | Poland |
| 22 Dec 1967 | Ireland |
| 21 Apr 1968 | Iceland |
| 9 May 1970 | Egypt |
| 2 Sep 1970 | Mauritius |
| 11 Sep 1971 | Zaire |
| 14 Nov 1971 | Romania |
| 16 Dec 1972 | Bangladesh |
| 20 Aug 1973 | Singapore |
| 9 Sep 1973 | Hungary |
| 22 Mar 1978 | Suriname |
| 27 Dec 1979 | Philippines |
| 3 Oct 1981 | Colombia |
| 10 Feb 1982 | Zambia |
| 20 Nov 1982 | Thailand |
| 19 Apr 1983 | Maldives |
| 7 Oct 1983 | Belize |
| 23 Apr 1986 | Hong Kong |
| 24 Aug 1986 | Mexico |
| 30 Mar 1987 | Antigua and Barbuda |
| 17 Jun 1987 | Morocco |
| 28 Aug 1987 | Botswana |
| 8 Jan 1988 | Lesotho |
| 29 Aug 1990 | Tunisia |
| 31 Aug 1990 | Venezuela |
| 8 Sep 1990 | Bolivia |
| 24 Nov 1990 | Costa Rica |
| 11 Jan 1991 | Macau |
| 22 May 1991 | El Salvador |
| 10 Oct 1991 | Guatemala |
| 27 Jul 1992 | Mozambique |
| 15 Sep 1992 | Namibia |
| 11 Jan 1993 | Mali |
| 8 Feb 1993 | Swaziland |
| 13 Apr 1993 | Saint Lucia |
| 15 Apr 1993 | Czech Republic, Slovakia |
| 20 Apr 1993 | Dominica |
| 18 May 1993 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
| 16 Nov 1993 | Fiji |
| 9 Dec 1993 | Brunei |
| 13 Dec 1993 | Bahrain |
| 6 Jan 1994 | Paraguay |
| 9 Feb 1994 | Grenada |
| 8 Mar 1994 | United Arab Emirates |
| 17 Mar 1994 | Guinea-Bissau |
| 24 Mar 1994 | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
| 29 Mar 1994 | Liechtenstein |
| 7 Apr 1994 | Qatar |
| 8 Apr 1994 | Angola |
| 10 Apr 1994 | Honduras |
| 30 Oct 1994 | Slovenia |
| 8 Dec 1994 | Guinea |
| 16 Dec 1994 | Djibouti, Papua New Guinea |
| 28 Dec 1994 | Solomon Islands |
| 1Withdrew 5 May 1950. 2Dissolved 31 Dec 1992. 3From 1980 Zimbabwe. 4From 1989 Myanmar. 5From 1972 Sri Lanka. 6From 1963 Malaysia. 7From 1964 Tanzania. 8From 1984 Burkina Faso. 9From 1975 Benin. 10From 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. | |
WTO membership
| 1 Jan 1995 | Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, European Union, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland1, Sweden, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia |
| 1 Mar 1995 | Trinidad and Tobago |
| 5 Mar 1995 | Zimbabwe |
| 9 Mar 1995 | Dominican Republic, Jamaica |
| 26 Mar 1995 | Turkey |
| 29 Mar 1995 | Tunisia |
| 20 Apr 1995 | Cuba |
| 21 Apr 1995 | Israel |
| 30 Apr 1995 | Colombia |
| 7 May 1995 | El Salvador |
| 31 May 1995 | Botswana, Central African Republic, Djibouti, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Togo |
| 3 Jun 1995 | Burkina Faso |
| 30 Jun 1995 | Egypt |
| 1 Jul 1995 | Poland, Switzerland |
| 21 Jul 1995 | Guatemala |
| 23 Jul 1995 | Burundi, Sierra Leone |
| 30 Jul 1995 | Cyprus, Slovenia |
| 26 Aug 1995 | Mozambique |
| 1 Sep 1995 | Liechtenstein |
| 3 Sep 1995 | Nicaragua |
| 12 Sep 1995 | Bolivia |
| 25 Oct 1995 | Guinea |
| 17 Nov 1995 | Madagascar |
| 13 Dec 1995 | Cameroon |
| 13 Jan 1996 | Qatar |
| 14 Jan 1996 | Fiji |
| 21 Jan 1996 | Ecuador |
| 30 Jan 1996 | Haiti |
| 21 Feb 1996 | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
| 22 Feb 1996 | Benin, Grenada |
| 10 Apr 1996 | United Arab Emirates |
| 22 May 1996 | Rwanda |
| 9 Jun 1996 | Papua New Guinea |
| 26 Jul 1996 | Solomon Islands |
| 19 Oct 1996 | Chad |
| 23 Oct 1996 | The Gambia |
| 23 Nov 1996 | Angola |
| 1 Dec 1996 | Bulgaria |
| 13 Dec 1996 | Niger |
| 1 Jan 1997 | Congo (Kinshasa) |
| 29 Jan 1997 | Mongolia |
| 27 Mar 1997 | Congo (Brazzaville) |
| 6 Sep 1997 | Panama |
| 20 Dec 1998 | Kyrgyzstan |
| 10 Feb 1999 | Latvia |
| 13 Nov 1999 | Estonia |
| 11 Apr 2000 | Jordan |
| 14 Jun 2000 | Georgia |
| 8 Sep 2000 | Albania |
| 9 Nov 2000 | Oman |
| 30 Nov 2000 | Croatia |
| 31 May 2001 | Lithuania |
| 26 Jul 2001 | Moldova |
| 11 Dec 2001 | China |
| 1 Jan 2002 | Taiwan |
| 5 Feb 2003 | Armenia |
| 4 Apr 2003 | Macedonia2 |
| 23 Apr 2004 | Nepal |
| 13 Oct 2004 | Cambodia |
| 11 Dec 2005 | Saudi Arabia |
| 11 Jan 2007 | Vietnam |
| 27 Jul 2007 | Tonga |
| 16 May 2008 | Ukraine |
| 23 Jul 2008 | Cape Verde3 |
| 29 Apr 2012 | Montenegro |
| 10 May 2012 | Samoa |
| 22 Aug 2012 | Russia |
| 24 Aug 2012 | Vanuatu |
| 2 Feb 2013 | Laos |
| 2 Mar 2013 | Tajikistan |
| 26 Jun 2014 | Yemen |
| 26 Apr 2015 | Seychelles |
| 30 Nov 2015 | Kazakhstan |
| 14 Jul 2016 | Liberia |
| 29 Jul 2016 | Afghanistan |
| 21 Aug 2024 | Comoros |
| 1From 2018 Eswatini. 2From 2019 North Macedonia. 3From 2013 Cabo Verde. | |