Index Ta-Ti

Taba`a, Sidi Rashid al-Shakir Sahib al- (b. c. 1795 - d. [strangled] Sept. 11, 1837, Bardo palace, near Tunis, Tunisia), prime minister of Tunisia (1829-37).

Tabacaru, Nicolae (b. Aug. 20, 1955, Nadrecinoie, Odessa region, Ukrainian S.S.R.), foreign minister of Moldova (1997-2000).

Tabacci, Bruno (b. August 1946, Quistello, Lombardia, Italy), president of Lombardia (1987-89).

Tabai

Tabai, Ieremia (Tienang) (b. Dec. 16, 1950, Nonouti island, Gilbert and Ellice Islands [now in Kiribati]), president of Kiribati (1979-82, 1983-91). In 1974 he was returned to the House of Assembly of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands by the Nonouti constituency and later became the recognized "leader of the opposition" in a system characterized by loose coalitions of like-minded members rather than by formal political parties. In opposition he was a consistent critic of the centralist tendencies of Chief Minister Naboua Ratieta's government, of its somewhat extravagant plans for a costly defense force, and of increasing westernization in government and lifestyles. He championed the virtues of traditional Gilbertese culture, publicized the grievances of village-dwelling copra farmers, and criticized the government expenditure on Tarawa at the expense of the "outer islands." In 1978 Tabai became chief minister. Prior to independence, he proved himself to be a shrewd negotiator when he led his government in discussions with the U.K. over a financial settlement. Also at issue were the demands (not met) of the Banabans that their ancestral homeland of Ocean Island, now a barren wasteland because of phosphate mining, should be separated from Kiribati. In 1979 Tabai was made a companion of St. Michael and St. George by Queen Elizabeth II. When the Gilbert Islands became independent Kiribati on July 12, 1979, Tabai became its first president. He was knighted (G.C.M.G.) in 1982, but does not generally use the title Sir. Retiring from the presidency after serving the maximum three terms allowed by the constitution, he served as secretary-general of the South Pacific Forum (1992-98). In 1999 he was fined for trying to establish an independent radio station. In 2000 he founded a newspaper, the Kiribati New Star.

Tabani, Ashraf W(ali Mohammad) (b. Dec. 17, 1930), governor of Sindh (1987-88).

Tabi, Sidi Yusuf Sahib al- (d. [killed] Jan. 23, 1815, Tunis, Tunisia), prime minister of Tunisia (1800-15).

Tabone

Tabone, Censu, byname of Vincent Tabone (b. March 30, 1913, Victoria, Gozo, Malta), president of Malta (1989-94).

Tabor, Hans (Rasmussen) (b. April 25, 1922 - d. Nov. 19, 2003), foreign minister of Denmark (1967-68).

Tabunscic, Gheorghe (b. Aug. 1, 1939, Copciac, Romania [now in Moldova]), governor of Gagauz-Yeri (1995-99, 2002-06).

Taché

Taché, Sir Étienne Paschal (b. Sept. 5, 1795, Saint-Thomas, Lower Canada [now Quebec] - d. July 30, 1865, Saint-Thomas), joint premier of Canada (1855-57, 1864-65). He fought with the British in the War of 1812 and entered active political life with the first elections for the united province of Canada, being elected member for the riding of L'Islet (1841). From 1841 to 1846, he remained in the background of the major political debates and spoke little in the House of Assembly. But when Taché gave a speech in 1846 on the need to establish a militia in Lower Canada, his colleagues took notice. Only two months after his speech, the Draper-Papineau government named him deputy adjutant-general of the militia, responsible for reorganizing the Lower Canadian armed forces. In 1848, he was appointed to the Executive Council and named commissioner of public works in the Baldwin-Lafontaine administration. He was receiver general in several administrations from 1849 to 1857. In 1855-56, he formed a government with Sir Allan Napier MacNab. When MacNab was forced to resign, Taché chose John Alexander Macdonald to form a new government. This coalition was the first sign of an alliance between Liberals in Lower Canada and Conservatives in Upper Canada. In 1857 Taché retired from politics, but he was summoned back by Macdonald in 1864. That same year he presided over the Quebec Conference, which approved the Seventy-two Resolutions that were to form the basis of the British North America Act. He was the only "father of Confederation" who did not live to see it. He was knighted in 1858.

Tack, Juan Antonio (b. Nov. 16, 1934, Panama), foreign minister of Panama (1970-76).

Tadic

Tadic, Boris (b. Jan. 15, 1958, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Hercegovina), defense minister of Serbia and Montenegro (2003-04) and president of Serbia (2004- ).

Taewon-gun, original name Yi Ha-ung (b. 1820, Seoul, Korea [now in South Korea] - d. Feb. 22, 1898, Seoul), regent of Korea (1864-73); father of King Kojong. He was born as a distant relative of the royal family and as such held no position in the government. However, when King Ch'oljong died in 1864, leaving no suitable heir to the throne, Yi Ha-ung's minor son was picked as the successor, with him as regent. He assumed the title Taewon-gun ("Prince of the Great Court"). He engaged in extensive national rebuilding programs while taking a strongly isolationist stand, in stark contrast to Japan's open-door policy during this period. He inaugurated a far-ranging reform program to strengthen the monarchy, weaken the power of the factions and great clans, and enhance the revenue of the state; he modernized and increased the armies and rationalized the administration. He successfully mobilized the nation against the small but better-equipped naval detachments sent by France and the United States and rejected Japanese and Western overtures for trade and diplomatic relations. As it was customary that the king's in-laws enjoyed power in the court, he did everything to prevent a threat from this quarter, and when his son was 16 he selected an orphaned girl among his wife's relatives, Min, as the new queen, thinking to be safe with this woman. He underestimated her cleverness, however, and she allied with his enemies. By 1873, they had enough power to oust him; his son, anyway, had reached the age of 21. Seeing his anti-foreign policies being reversed, he in 1882 inspired a rebellion against the supporters of Queen Min and their alleged Japanese allies; he temporarily returned to power, but a Chinese force soon arrived and took him as a prisoner to China for three years.

Taezaz, Blattengeta Lorenzo (Mebrhatu) (b. June 30, 1900 - d. June 23, 1947, Stockholm, Sweden), foreign minister of Ethiopia (1941).

A. Taft

Taft, Alphonso (b. Nov. 5, 1810, Townshend, Vt. - d. May 21, 1891, San Diego, Calif.), U.S. secretary of war (1876) and attorney general (1876-77).

B. Taft

Taft, Bob, byname of Robert Alphonso Taft III (b. Jan. 8, 1942, Boston, Mass.), governor of Ohio (1999-2007); grandson of Robert A. Taft. He served in the Peace Corps teaching at a boarding school in Tanzania (1963-65), and in Vietnam with the State Department (1967-69). Embarking on a political career as a Republican, he was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1976, served four years, then was elected Hamilton County commissioner. He wanted to be governor in 1990, but GOP leaders persuaded him to step aside to avoid a nasty primary fight with George Voinovich, who went on to serve two terms in the office. Taft instead became Ohio secretary of state (1991-99). He was rewarded for his patience in 1998, winning the gubernatorial race 50%-45% over his Democratic opponent, former state attorney general Lee Fisher. In his first year in office he fulfilled many of his campaign promises. He made several tax cuts, but later the financial situation forced him to raise taxes again. In February 2002 he announced his $1.6 billion, 10-year Third Frontier Project to fund biomedical research and support industries and high-tech products with growth potential. He was unopposed in the 2002 Republican primary and raised huge sums, eventually $12 million. The Democratic nomination went to former Cuyahoga County commissioner Tim Hagan, a spirited liberal who had trouble raising money, eventually netting $1 million. Taft, who angered some conservatives when he named as his lieutenant governor candidate Columbus councilwoman Jennette Bradley, a supporter of abortion rights, won 58%-38%. Swept up in a state investment scandal that led to his own no contest plea to ethics law violations in 2005, he ended his tenure as one of the most unpopular governors in the country.

R.A. Taft

Taft, Robert A(lphonso) (b. Sept. 8, 1889, Cincinnati, Ohio - d. July 31, 1953, New York City), U.S. politician; son of William Howard Taft. He served during World War I as assistant counsel for the U.S. Food Administration (1917-18) and then with the American Relief Administration (1919). A Republican, he became a member of the Ohio House of Representatives (1921-26) and the state Senate (1931-32). Elected to the U.S. Senate in 1938, when the Republican Party was slowly reviving, he lost no time in establishing himself as a powerful influence, hammering away at the "vain, immoral, and dangerous" precepts of the New Deal, denouncing its "socialistic trends," defending traditional American "individualism," and calling for a balanced budget and less centralization of power in Washington. He was also an outspoken anti-interventionist, though after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (1941) he supported the war effort. He was reelected by a narrow margin in 1944, but with the election of a Republican-majority Congress in 1946, his importance increased. Often called "Mr. Republican," he dominated the party's Senate policy committee, and his most notable achievement was the passage of the Taft-Hartley Labor Relations Act (1947), which placed restrictions on organized labour. Though he retreated somewhat from his earlier isolationism, he still opposed U.S. involvement in world affairs. This, and his unexciting personality, were reasons for his failure to win the Republican presidential nomination. He had already been a favourite-son candidate in 1936, but had the most support in 1948, when he lost to Thomas E. Dewey, and in 1952, when he lost to Dwight D. Eisenhower. In January 1953 Taft (who had won a third term by an overwhelming majority in 1950) became Senate majority leader.

W.H. Taft

Taft, William Howard (b. Sept. 15, 1857, Cincinnati, Ohio - d. March 8, 1930, Washington, D.C.), president of the United States (1909-13); son of Alphonso Taft. He held local political offices until 1887, when he became a judge of the superior court of Ohio. He then served as U.S. solicitor general (1890-92) and as judge of the U.S. Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals (1892-1900). In 1900 he was persuaded by Pres. William McKinley to give up his judgeship to serve as chairman of the second Philippine Commission, charged with organizing civil government in the islands following the Spanish-American War (1898). Having achieved the end of military rule, he became the first civilian governor in 1901 and thereafter concentrated on the economic development of the islands. He served with great distinction and became popular with the Philippine people. He refused to leave the post when offered appointment to the Supreme Court. When, in 1904, he was named secretary of war, he left with the stipulation that he could continue to supervise Philippine affairs. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt, declining to run for reelection in 1908, threw his support behind Taft, who won the Republican nomination and went on to an easy victory at the polls over the Democratic candidate, William Jennings Bryan. Progressives were disappointed with Taft, and the last months of his unspectacular administration were clouded by a growing breach with Roosevelt, whose increasing radicalism alienated the incumbent. When Taft reluctantly ran for a second term in 1912 against Roosevelt, who ran as a Progressive, the Democrat Woodrow Wilson benefited from the split and won. In 1921 Taft was appointed chief justice of the United States. In declining health, he resigned in February 1930 and died the next month.

Taha, Ali Osman Mohamed (b. 1948), foreign minister (1995-98), first vice president (1998-2005), and second vice president (2005- ) of The Sudan.

Tahiliani, R(adhakrishna) H(ariram) (b. May 12, 1930), governor of Sikkim (1990-94).

Taiana

Taiana, Jorge (Enrique) (b. May 31, 1950, Buenos Aires, Argentina), foreign minister of Argentina (2005- ).

Taibekov, Elubai Bazimovich (b. 1901 - d. Jan. 19, 1991), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh S.S.R. (1954-55).

Tailhadès, Edgar (b. Jan. 10, 1904 - d. June 23, 1986), president of the Regional Council of Languedoc-Roussillon (1974-83).

Taisho-tenno

Taisho-tenno (posthumous name), original name Yoshihito Harunomiya (b. Aug. 31, 1879, Tokyo, Japan - d. Dec. 25, 1926, Hayama, Japan), emperor of Japan (1912-26). The third son of the Meiji-tenno, Yoshihito was proclaimed heir apparent on his 8th birthday, after his two elder brothers died, and he was declared crown prince on Nov. 3, 1889. In 1897 he took his seat in the House of Peers. He married Princess Sadako, a daughter of Prince Michitaka Kujo, in 1900 and had four sons: Hirohito, Yasuhito, Nobuhito, and Takahito. On the death of his father in July 1912, he became, by the official count, the 123rd emperor of Japan. Owing to the national mourning the formal ceremony of enthronement did not take place until November 1915. Unlike his predecessor, he played almost no political role. His physical and mental faculties were increasingly impaired by a series of strokes after 1919, and Crown Prince Hirohito was appointed prince regent in 1921. His reign, referred to as the Taisho ("Great Righteousness") era, was marked by foreign policies congenial to Western powers, especially to Great Britain and the United States. These included participation in World War I on the Allied side, the anti-Bolshevik intervention in Siberia, and participation in the Washington disarmament conference. Japan continued the modernization of its economy, and there was a political liberalization, as characterized by an expansion of the suffrage, that led historians to speak of the period of "Taisho Democracy."

Tajuddin Ahazul Khairi Waddien, Sir Ahmad (b. Sept. 2, 1913, Brunei Town [now Bandar Seri Begawan], Brunei - d. June 4, 1950, Singapore), sultan of Brunei (1924-50); knighted 1949.

Taka, Chazel (b. 1929, Mosul, Iraq - d. [poisoned?] Oct. 20, 1974, Rabat, Morocco), foreign minister of Iraq (1974).

Takahashi, Harumi (b. Jan. 6, 1954), governor of Hokkaido (2003- ).

Takahashi, Kazuo (b. July 28, 1930), governor of Yamagata (1993-2005).

Korekiyo Takahashi

Takahashi, Korekiyo (b. July 27, 1854, Tokyo, Japan - d. Feb. 26, 1936, Tokyo), prime minister of Japan (1921-22). Long an official of the Yokohama Specie Bank, he became its president in 1906, and from 1911 to 1913 he was president of the Bank of Japan. In 1921, after the assassination of Takashi Hara, he became prime minister and head of the Seiyukai party, but his cabinet fell in 1922. He was one of Japan's greatest finance ministers, serving in that capacity in 1913-14, 1918-22, 1927, and 1931-36. An advocate of sound government finance, supported by the business interests, he opposed army demands for larger military appropriations and warned against inflation and overexpansion of the national debt. He was assassinated by army extremists in an unsuccessful military coup.

Takeshita

Takeshita, Noboru (b. Feb. 26, 1924, Kakeya village, Shimane prefecture, Japan - d. June 19, 2000, Tokyo, Japan), prime minister of Japan (1987-89). He was a member of the Shimane prefectural assembly (1951-58) before being elected to the lower house of the Diet (parliament). His first ministerial post was as chief cabinet secretary (1971-72, 1974); he later was minister of construction (1976) and finance (1979-80, 1982-86). Within the Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP), he belonged to the pivotal faction led by Kakuei Tanaka. However, in February 1985, he inaugurated his own study group, Soseikai. Although this same ploy had previously been used by Tanaka to establish a personal power base within the ranks of the Eisaku Sato faction, Takeshita's move reportedly infuriated Tanaka. Takeshita was secretary-general of the LDP in 1986-87. In July 1987 he set up his own faction. In October 1987 he was handpicked for the post of president of the LDP (and thus prime minister) by his predecessor, Yasuhiro Nakasone. He is most remembered for helping to pass an unpopular sales tax. In April 1988 he admitted that he was among those politicians who had received stock and cash donations from Recruit, a Japanese company which sought to win special treatment for its businesses. Three cabinet ministers were forced to resign; Takeshita himself toughed it out for months, but with both his own and the LDP's popularity on the rocks - public support at one point plunged to a mere 3% or less - he finally accepted his fate and resigned in 1989. Takeshita, long regarded as one of Japan's "shadow shoguns," played one of his last political cards when he selected protégé Keizo Obuchi (to whom he had turned over his faction in 1992) for premier in 1998. He retired from politics in May 2000.

Takesy, Asterio R. (b. May 25, 1944, Ulul island, Truk [now Chuuk], Micronesia [now in Federated States of Micronesia]), foreign minister of the Federated States of Micronesia (1996-97).

Taki

Taki Abdoulkarim, Mohamed (b. Feb. 20, 1936, Mbeni, Grande Comore, Comoros - d. Nov. 6, 1998, Beit Salam, Moroni, Comoros), president of the Comoros (1996-98). A long-time politician and a former minister, he was speaker of the Federal Assembly in 1982-84, and then went into exile in France. Returning in 1990, he unsuccessfully challenged Said Mohamed Djohar in presidential elections, then went back into exile. Emerging again in 1992, he served briefly as Djohar's prime minister, but was dismissed and later was linked to an abortive coup attempt. He went back into hiding until September 1995 when he supported the overthrow of Djohar by Robert Denard's mercenaries and was briefly installed as co-president until French troops landed and ousted the mercenaries. In March 1996 he emerged as winner of presidential elections in the coup-prone Indian Ocean island state. Taki, of the National Union for Democracy, took 64.2% of the votes in the second round. His opponent, Abbas Djoussouf, joined other Comoros leaders in congratulating Taki on winning what observers said was a fair and peaceful poll. Taki expressed his satisfaction with the outcome of the election. He told Radio Comoros: "Perhaps for the first time in the history of our country, the election of a president has proceeded democratically, freely and transparently. For this we are indebted above all to France, to the French government, and to the international organizations." He said he would unite Comorans and would not represent any particular region. He promised an economic revival with foreign aid, though it was not clear where this would come from. When in 1997 the island of Anjouan declared its independence, he immediately sent federal troops, but this only fuelled the aggression of the secessionists. He died in office.

Takizala (Luyanu Mwis Mbingin), Henri-Désiré, governor of Kasaï Oriental (1967-68), Équateur (1969-70), and Katanga (1970-72) and commissioner of Kasaï Occidental (1972-74).

Takla, Philippe (b. Feb. 3, 1915, Zouk Mikaël, Lebanon - d. July 10, 2006), finance minister (1951-52) and foreign minister (1952, 1958, 1960-64, 1964-65, 1966, 1974-75, 1975-76) of Lebanon. He was elected to parliament in 1945 and again in 1947 and 1957. He was also economy minister and tourism minister. In 1964 he became governor of the central bank and in 1967 permanent representative to the United Nations, then in 1968-71 was ambassador in Paris. He retired from public life in 1976.

Takla, Selim (b. 1895 - d. Jan. 11, 1945), foreign minister of Lebanon (1943-45).

Talabani

Talake

Talabani, Jalal (b. 1933, Kelkan village, northern Iraq), secretary-general of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (1975- ), president of the Governing Council of Iraq (2003), and president of Iraq (2005- ).

Talake, Koloa (b. June 7, 1934, Vaitupu, Gilbert and Ellice Islands [now in Tuvalu]), prime minister of Tuvalu (2001-02).

Talal

Talat

Talal (ibn Abdullah al-Hashimi) (b. Feb. 26, 1909, Mecca, Ottoman Empire [now in Saudi Arabia] - d. July 8, 1972, Istanbul, Turkey), king of Jordan (1951-52).

Talat, Mehmet Ali (b. July 6, 1952, Kyrenia, Cyprus), prime minister (2004-05) and president (2005- ) of North Cyprus.

Talboys, Brian Edward (b. June 7, 1921, Wanganui, New Zealand), foreign minister of New Zealand (1975-81).

Taleyarkhan, Homi J.H. (b. Feb. 9, 1917, Bombay [now Mumbai], India - d. June 27, 1998), governor of Sikkim (1981-84).

Talhouni, Bahjat (Abdul Khadr) al- (b. 1913, Ma`an, vilayet of Syria, Ottoman Empire [now in Jordan] - d. Jan. 30, 1994, Amman, Jordan), prime minister of Jordan (1960-62, 1964-65, 1967-69, 1969-70). He became a judge in Karak in 1938 and president of the Court of Appeals in 1952 before joining the cabinet as minister of the interior (1953-54). As chief of the royal court (1954-60, 1963-64, 1973-74), he was King Hussein's chief adviser. He was first named prime minister in 1960, after Prime Minister Hazza` al-Majali's assassination, and was recalled to office three times. The self-effacing Talhouni was considered a moderate Nasserist, though loyal to King Hussein, and was thus appointed by the king whenever he wanted to improve relations with Egypt and when he wished to assert control over the cabinet. Talhouni also took up an ambiguous stand towards the Palestinian guerrillas based in Jordan, the country's major policy problem in those years: while loyal to the Jordanian establishment, he was acceptable to the guerrillas and sought an accommodation with them. He was removed each time when unpopular measures were deemed necessary. In 1961 and 1967-68 he was also foreign minister. In 1974 he was named president of the Senate, a post he held until the early 1980s, and he headed many pan-Arab parliamentary committees at international events and conferences. He also was head of the Jordanian-Soviet (later Jordanian-Russian) Friendship Society.

Tall, Wasfi al- (b. 1920, Irbid, Transjordan [now in Jordan] - d. [assassinated] Nov. 28, 1971, Cairo, Egypt), prime minister of Jordan (1962-63, 1965-67, 1970-71).

Tallec, Jacques (Victor François), governor of New Caledonia (1944-47).

Tallec, Jean-François (b. Dec. 25, 1946, Saint-Denis, France), prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (2001-02).

Tallo, Piet Alexander (b. April 27, 1942, Tepas, Netherlands East Indies [now in Timor Tengah Selatan regency, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia]), governor of Nusa Tenggara Timur (1998- ).

Talmadge, Eugene (b. Sept. 23, 1884, Forsyth, Ga. - d. Dec. 21, 1946, Atlanta, Ga.), governor of Georgia (1933-37, 1941-43).

H. Talmadge

Talmadge, Herman (Eugene) (b. Aug. 9, 1913, near McRae, Ga. - d. March 21, 2002, Hampton, Ga.), governor of Georgia (1947, 1948-55). His father, Eugene, was governor-elect when he died in December 1946. The Talmadge machine maintained that the legislature, which it dominated, should pick the new governor from among the candidates who had lost in November. Conveniently, one of them was the younger Talmadge, who had received some write-in votes. Herman Talmadge won the legislative vote but was kept from the governor's office by outgoing Gov. Ellis Arnall, who contended Lieutenant Governor-elect M.E. Thompson was his rightful successor. When Arnall departed for the night, Talmadge supporters took over the governor's office and mansion, and Arnall found his way blocked by state troopers. The state Supreme Court eventually ruled in favour of Thompson, but Talmadge beat him in a special election in 1948 and won a four-year term in 1950. As governor, he imposed a sales tax and used the money to overhaul schools, hospitals, and roads. In 1956 he was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he became part of the Southern coalition that for a time obstructed civil rights legislation. But when Leroy Johnson in 1962 became the first black elected to the Georgia legislature since Reconstruction, Talmadge invited him to breakfast at his mansion. Still, Talmadge voted against the 1964 civil rights and the 1965 voting rights bills, though by 1975 he voted to extend the voting rights act. In 1973 he served on the Senate Watergate committee. In 1980, after he was denounced by the Senate for financial irregularities and admitted to an alcohol problem, he was unseated by the first Republican to win a Georgia Senate race since Reconstruction.

Talmage, Thomas G. (b. Oct. 22, 1801, Somerset, N.J. - d. May 4, 1863), mayor of Brooklyn (1845).

Talu

Tambling

Talu, (Mehmet) Naim (b. July 22, 1919, Istanbul, Turkey - d. May 15, 1998, Istanbul), prime minister of Turkey (1973-74).

Tambling, Grant (Ernest John) (b. June 20, 1943, Wondai, Queensland, Australia), administrator of Norfolk Island (2003-07).

Tambo

Tambo, Oliver (Reginald Kaizana) (b. Oct. 27, 1917, Kantolo village, near Bizana, East Pondoland, Cape province [now in Eastern Cape], South Africa - d. April 24, 1993, Johannesburg, South Africa), South African political activist. He joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1943. In 1944 he and Nelson Mandela were among the founders of the ANC Youth League. Tambo became a member of the ANC executive council in 1949 and was appointed secretary-general in 1955. Arrested on treason charges in 1956, he was released the following year and in 1958 became ANC deputy president-general. In 1960, when word leaked out that the ANC would be banned, he managed to slip out of the country, and during the following 30 years he almost singlehandedly built up the external and military wings of the ANC while the organization was banned and many of its leaders, including Mandela, imprisoned. He became acting president-general when Albert Luthuli died in 1967, and he was approved as president-general by the Morogoro conference in 1969. His success in isolating Pretoria and mustering international condemnation of apartheid was often measured by the fact that by 1989 the ANC had more representatives abroad than the government. His speeches were free of rhetoric and ideology and reflected the thoughtful and serious mind of a devoted family man. After the ban on the ANC was lifted, Tambo, who had led its operations mainly from Lusaka (Zambia) and London, returned home in triumph in December 1990, but a stroke he had suffered in 1989 left him unable to continue his executive duties. In July 1991 Mandela was named ANC president-general, and Tambo was given the largely honorary post of national chairman.

Tambroni

Tambroni (Armaroli), Fernando (b. Nov. 25, 1901, Ascoli Piceno, Italy - d. Feb. 18, 1963, Rome, Italy), prime minister of Italy (1960).

Tambwe No Fumu wa Mla Nau, also called Mbaye Trambwe (b. 1735, Iconi, Ngazidja, Comoros - d. 1815), sultan of Washili (c. 1760-...).

Tammisola, Heljä(-Marja) (b. 1946), Finnish politician. She was the last chairman of the Finnish Communist Party (1990) before its merger with the Finnish People's Democratic League to form the Left Alliance.

Tamuera, Tekiree (b. Feb. 16, 1940, Maiana, Gilbert and Ellice Islands [now in Kiribati]), chairman of the Council of State of Kiribati (1994).

Tan (Keng Yam), Tony, Pinyin Chen Qingyan (b. Feb. 7, 1940), finance minister (1983-85), defense minister (1995-2003), and deputy prime minister (1995-2005) of Singapore. First elected to public office in 1979, he also was minister of education (1980-83, 1985-91), health (1985), and trade and industry (1985-86). In 2003-05 he was coordinating minister for security and defense, overseeing the work of multiple ministries to tighten security against conventional and terrorist threats.

Tan Haoming (b. 1871, Long Xian, Guangxi, China - d. 1925, Shanghai, China), military governor of Guangxi (1917-21). He held the posts of commander of the 2nd Division and then commander of the 5th Army. In 1921, when the revolutionary Guangdong army entered Guangxi, he fled from office with another pro-Beijing general, Lu Rongting. Later he gained sufficient support from Beijing and made his way back to Guangxi, but his forces were soon defeated by Shen Hongying. He went to Shanghai afterwards, where he was killed by his guard.

Tanabe, Kunio (b. Sept. 24, 1913, Enzan [now part of Koshu], Yamanashi prefecture, Japan - d. Dec. 19, 2005, Koshu), governor of Yamanashi (1967-79).

G. Tanaka

Tanaka, Giichi, in full Danshaku (Baron) Giichi Tanaka (b. June 22, 1863, Hagi, Choshu province [now in Yamaguchi prefecture], Japan - d. Sept. 29, 1929, Tokyo, Japan), prime minister of Japan (1927-29). A protégé of Aritomo Yamagata, he had a distinguished career in the army and during 1910-13 was director of the Military Affairs Bureau. As minister of war (1918-21, 1923-24), he forcefully advocated, and then vigorously prosecuted, the Japanese campaign in Siberia against the new Soviet regime in Russia. Dreaming of a Japanese empire in Siberia, he conspired with his military associates to send many times the number of troops originally agreed upon and to keep them there long after other countries had withdrawn their forces. Tanaka, who was created a baron and promoted to general in 1920, was one of the most bitterly criticized ministers in Japan. Elected president of the dominant Friends of Constitutional Government (Rikken Seiyukai) political party and retiring from the army in 1925, he became prime minister and foreign minister in 1927. He promoted legislation inflicting the death penalty on revolutionists and subversives. His "strong-arm" policy with respect to China earned him sharp criticism at home and abroad. In 1928 he intervened to block the progress of Chiang Kai-shek's Northern Expedition and Jinan was occupied. He was particularly adamant about retaining Japanese control in southern Manchuria. However, the so-called "Tanaka Memorial," supposedly a report to the emperor in which he urged Japanese expansion in China, is apparently a forgery. His failure to persuade the army to punish officers involved in the assassination of the Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin led to the fall of his cabinet in July 1929.

Tanaka, Hisaichi, also called Hisakazu Tanaka (b. 1889 - d. March 1947, Guangzhou, China), Japanese governor of Hong Kong (1944-45). He was condemned to death and executed as a war criminal.

K. Tanaka

Tanaka, Kakuei (b. May 4, 1918, Kariwa, Niigata prefecture, Japan - d. Dec. 16, 1993, Tokyo, Japan), prime minister of Japan (1972-74). One of the richest men in Japan, he was elected to parliament in 1947 as a candidate of the Democratic Party, and the following year joined the newly formed Democratic Liberal Party, a forerunner of the Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP). Building the most powerful, tightly knit faction of the LDP, he became minister of postal services and communications (1957-58), finance (1962-64), and international trade and industry (1971-72) and was made secretary-general of the LDP in 1965 and 1968. In 1972 he succeeded Prime Minister Eisaku Sato in a surprising upset victory over Sato's chosen successor, Takeo Fukuda. He opened diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and advocated a policy of redistributing industry across the nation. In the elections of July 1974 his party made a poor showing. In December he was forced to resign in disgrace, dogged by questions about his personal fortune, allegations of tax evasion, and widespread criticism that his economic policies sparked inflation. In July 1976 he was arrested for allegedly accepting about $2 million in exchange for promoting the sale of Lockheed Corp. jets while in office. After a 7-year trial, during which he continued to rule over his LDP faction and thus had a major voice in the selection of prime ministers, he was convicted of graft in October 1983 and sentenced to four years in prison. A subsequent appeal was rejected by the Tokyo High Court in July 1987, but he remained free pending an appeal to the Supreme Court, which was still unresolved when he died. His influence waned after he suffered a serious stroke in February 1985; his faction split up in July 1987 and he finally retired from politics in October 1989.

M. Tanaka

Tanaka, Makiko (b. Jan. 14, 1944, Niigata prefecture, Japan), foreign minister of Japan (2001-02); daughter of Kakuei Tanaka. She was first elected to the Diet in 1993, representing her father's old district in Niigata prefecture. She served as head of the Science and Technology Agency in 1994-95 but became popular for her cutting commentary about her colleagues in the Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP). During a three-way race for the party leadership in 1998, for instance, she remarked that it was an unfortunate battle between "a militarist, a yokel, and a weirdo." By 2001 her straight talk, down-to-earth approach, and determination to end the factional rivalries, backroom deals, and scandals that rocked the ruling LDP had made her the most admired politician in the country. She was an effective campaign supporter of reformist candidate Junichiro Koizumi (the "weirdo"), who was elected prime minister in April 2001 and then appointed her Japan's first female foreign minister. Less than three months into her job Maki, as she was affectionately known, came under fire for allegedly moving away from Japan's neutral position on a proposed U.S. missile shield and possibly damaging ties with the country's most important ally. After initially balking at Koizumi's orders to dismiss Tokyo's ambassador to Washington, she was barred from representing Japan at the UN General Assembly in November. In January 2002 she was unceremoniously dumped over a feud with Foreign Ministry bureaucrats and the LDP old guard. The official line was that the bickering was holding up passage of the budget. She was also lambasted in the press for crying on camera in the spat that led to her sacking. In June she was suspended from the LDP after refusing to cooperate with a party probe into graft allegations. She resigned her seat in parliament in August.

Tanaka, Yasuo (b. April 12, 1956), governor of Nagano (2000-02, 2002-06).

Tanayev

Tanayev, Nikolay (Timofeyevich) (b. Nov. 5, 1945, Mikhailovka, Penza oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), prime minister of Kyrgyzstan (2002-05). He was independent Kyrgyzstan's first ethnic Russian prime minister. He fled to Russia following the protests in March 2005 that led to the ouster of Pres. Askar Akayev. In June an international arrest warrant was issued for him as he was accused of illegally transferring state funds to a private business run by his son. He later returned to Kyrgyzstan, and after being questioned by the prosecutor-general's office in Bishkek, he was released on condition that he stays in the country while investigations are going on. In September, however, he was arrested at a border crossing with Kazakhstan, trying to exit the country. He then was to remain under arrest until the end of the investigation. On May 4, 2006, it was announced that "all criminal cases" against him had been closed due to "his poor health." He was also allowed to leave the country for Russia.

Tandja

Tandja, Mamadou (b. 1938, Maïné-Soroa, Diffa département, southeastern Niger), president of Niger (1999- ). A member of the Kanouri ethnic group, he joined the army in the mid-1950s, rose to the rank of colonel, and won four prestigious decorations. As a regional prefect, ambassador to Nigeria, and two-time interior minister, Tandja was known as the "working chief." He participated in most of the formative - and sometimes controversial - events since Niger won its independence from France. In 1974, during a period of severe drought and charges of corruption against Pres. Hamani Diori, Tandja was a member of the military junta that forced Hamani from power and replaced him with Gen. Seyni Kountché. Perhaps the darkest moment in Tandja's career came in 1990, when - as interior minister - he was involved in the violent repression of ethnic Tuareg rebels who had attacked a police station in the north. The rebels alleged the military government had not fulfilled promises to help develop the north or assist Tuareg nomads who had returned to Niger from neighbouring Algeria and Libya. The ensuing clash killed up to 100 rebels, and helped trigger a four-year Tuareg rebellion. Still, these darker memories seem to have been overshadowed in the national imagination by Tandja's reputation for efficiency and hard work. For example, between 1976 and 1979 - when he served as prefect in Maradi, on the Nigerian border - he won praise from local business leaders for easing restrictions and helping facilitate cross-border trade. He retired from the army in 1991 and began a new career as a politician, winning the leadership of his political party, the National Movement for the Development of Society, and running unsuccessfully for president in 1993 and 1996. He was finally elected in 1999 and reelected in 2004. In 2005-07 he was chairman of the Economic Community of West African States.

Tandy, Karen (Patrice) (b. Oct. 24, 1953, Tarrant county, Texas), administrator of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (2003- ).

Tandy, Maurice Patrick (b. May 14, 1912 - d. October 1986), British political officer in the Trucial States (1943-44) and political agent in Kuwait (1945-46).

Tang (Ying-yen), Henry (b. 1952, Hong Kong), financial secretary (2003-07), acting chief executive (2005), and chief secretary for administration (2007- ) of Hong Kong.

Tang Erhe (b. 1878, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China - d. November 1940), education minister (1922), interior minister (1926-27), and finance minister (1927) of China.

Tang Fei

Tang Fei (b. March 15, 1932, Taicang county, Jiangsu, China), premier of Taiwan (2000). He came to Taiwan with Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist troops which lost a civil war to the Chinese Communists and fled into exile on the island in 1949. He graduated from Taiwan's Air Force Academy and began his career as a fighter pilot in the 1950s. During his more than 50 years in service, he served as Air Force Academy superintendent, commanding general of the Combat Air Command, air force commander-in-chief, and (from 1998) chief of the general staff. He became defense minister in 1999 and was one of the most popular members of the cabinet. He was instrumental in parliamentary passage of the long-delayed National Defence Law that officially put the military in the service of the country instead of the Nationalist Party. Swept to power in elections in March 2000 that ended 55 years of Nationalist rule, Pres. Chen Shui-bian of the Democratic Progressive Party appointed Nationalist veteran Tang as premier. The defeated Nationalists reluctantly agreed to let Tang serve as premier but said the party would "neither endorse his administration nor be responsible for it." Chen's decision to recruit Tang was widely hailed as a wise move as it would help the president build support in the military, which had long been controlled by the Nationalists, and also in the Nationalist-dominated legislature. Also, choosing the mainland-born Tang would help promote balance where the political scene is often polarized between native-born Taiwanese like Chen and mainland immigrants like Tang. But once Tang took office in May, he found himself in the crossfire between the Nationalists and the DPP. He became Taiwan's shortest-serving premier when he resigned on health grounds in October after just four and a half months in office.

Tang Hualong (b. 1874, Xishui, Hubei, China - d. Sept. 1, 1918, Victoria, B.C.), education minister (1914-15) and interior minister (1917) of China; brother of Tang Xiangming. A successful candidate in the imperial examination, he joined the constitution movement in 1908 after studying abroad in Japan and was subsequently named president of the Union of Provincial Councils. November 1911 saw the founding of the Hubei Military Government, of which he was named chief advisor. He was elected speaker of the House of Representatives during Yuan Shikai's reign as a member of the (pro-Yuan) Progressive Party of China, and was named interior minister after Duan Qirui took power. The public was upset about the government's continuing acquisition of external debts to prosecute the civil war. Tang, who was returning from an official visit to the United States intended to secure war loans, was assassinated in Canada by a Kuomintang member named Wang Chang (1886-1918), who killed himself thereafter.

Tang Jiaxuan

Tang Jiaxuan (b. Jan. 17, 1938, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China), foreign minister of China (1998-2003).

Tang Jiyao (b. 1881, Huize, Yunnan, China - d. May 23, 1927, Kunming, Yunnan), governor of Guizhou (1912-13) and Yunnan (1913-21, 1922-27). He studied in Japan from 1904 and joined the United League the following year. Holding posts in the Yunnan provincial army, he participated in the uprising against the Qing dynasty in 1911 and expelled Yungui (Yunnan-Guizhou) governor Li Jingxi. He maintained a high prestige in the southwestern region throughout his life. Tending to be a revolutionary, he was named one of the generalissimos of the Southern government (one of the others being Sun Yat-sen) but did not take office. He compromised with the Beijing government later, keeping his status in the south and isolating Sun Yat-sen, who was forced to leave soon. He was expelled from office in 1921 by Gu Pinzhen, but defeated the latter in 1922. He was expelled again in February 1927, through a coup by his subordinate Long Yun and Hu Ruoyu.

Tang Shaoyi (b. 1860, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China - d. [assassinated] Sept. 30, 1938, Shanghai, China), premier (1912), transportation minister (1912), and foreign minister (1916, 1924-25) of China.

Tang Shengzhi (b. 1889, Hunan province, China - d. April 6, 1970, Changsha, Hunan), governor of Hunan (1926-27).

Tang Shizun (b. 1883, Renshou, Sichuan, China - d. [in war] March 28, 1950, Yuexi, Xikang [now in Sichuan]), chairman of the government of Sichuan (1949-50).

Tang Shouqian (b. 1856, Shanyin, Zhejiang, China - d. 1917), military governor of Zhejiang (1911-12). A successful candidate in the imperial examination during the late Qing period, he was in charge of the construction of the Shanghai-Hangzhou railway, and took office as the speaker of the Provincial Council of Zhejiang on the eve of the founding of the republic. He was made the military governor of Zhejiang shortly after the anti-Qing uprising in that rich coastal province. He was one of the founders of the Unity Party of China, whose leader was Zhang Jian. He traveled to Southeast Asia during Yuan Shikai's reign as emperor, which he strongly opposed, and died soon after he returned.

Tang Xiangming (b. 1885 - d. 1975), military (1913-16) and civil (1913-14, 1916) governor of Hunan and civil governor of Hubei (1922-24).

Tang Yulin (b. 1871, Fuxin [some sources say Chaoyang], Liaoning, China - d. July 1935, Tianjin, China), chairman of the government of Rehe (1926-32).

Tangaroa, Sir Tangaroa (b. May 6, 1921), queen's representative of the Cook Islands (1984-90); knighted 1987.

Tanimoto, Masanori (b. April 16, 1945), governor of Ishikawa (1993- ).

Tanner

Tanner, Väinö (Alfred), original surname Thomasson (b. March 12, 1881, Helsinki, Finland, Russian Empire - d. April 19, 1966, Helsinki, Finland), prime minister of Finland (1926-27). Early associated with the cooperative movement, he entered the Finnish parliament as a Social Democrat in 1907. He sat out the 1918 civil war, opposing the Social Democratic alliance with Communist forces, and, after the "White" victory, he worked successfully to revive his party along democratic parliamentary lines. Thereafter he consistently opposed Soviet encroachments on his country's independence. He served as prime minister in Finland's first Social Democrat administration, which was short-lived. Later he became finance minister (1937-39). At the outbreak of the Winter War, he engineered the downfall of the cabinet in a move widely understood as a means of installing a war government. Serving as foreign minister (1939-40), he supported the government's hard line against Soviet demands and largely consolidated the Finnish working class behind the war effort. After the peace of March 1940, he became minister of supply, but Soviet pressure forced his resignation in August. With the resumption of the war, he became minister of commerce and industry (1941-42) and then of finance (1942-44). After the armistice, the Communists accused him of being one of those "responsible for the war." He was arrested on Nov. 6, 1945, and sentenced to 5½ years' imprisonment on Feb. 21, 1946. Released on parole in November 1948 and pardoned in May 1949, he returned to parliament in 1951 and was reelected chairman of the Social Democratic Party in 1957, retiring in 1963. He suffered from persistent Soviet hostility, and Soviet pressure in 1958 was responsible for keeping his party out of office so long as he was leader.

Tannis, Hudson K(emul) (b. 1928 - d. [plane crash] Aug. 3, 1986, between St. Vincent and Bequia islands), foreign minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979-84).

Tanumafili

Tanumafili II, Malietoa (b. Jan. 4, 1913, Apia, Samoa - d. May 11, 2007, Apia), head of state of (Western) Samoa (1962-2007). He succeeded to the Malietoa title after the death of his father, Tanumafili I, in 1939. In 1940 he was appointed as an advisor (fautua) to the New Zealand governor in Samoa. He was one of the prominent Samoan leaders leading up to independence. On the achievement of independence in 1962, he became joint head of state with Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole, and the following year, he became sole head of state when Tupua Tamasese died. In 1977, Queen Elizabeth II visited Samoa on the royal yacht Britannia for one day, and Malietoa was invested with the collar badge and star of the Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George (G.C.M.G.). In 1986 he was appointed chancellor of the University of the South Pacific. In 2000 the Grand Order of Samoa was bestowed on him. He visited China on a state visit in 1976, and also traveled to West Germany, South Korea, Japan, the United Kingdom, Fiji, Australia, New Zealand, Tonga, and Hawaii, and attended the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. According to Samoa's constitution, he held his post for life while the heads of state after him would hold the post for a term of five years.

Taofifenua

Tapase

Taofifenua, Atelemo (b. May 10, 1927, Wallis island - d. July 5, 2005, Nouméa, New Caledonia), prime minister of `Uvea (Wallis) (1999-2000).

Tapase, Ganpatrao Devji (b. Oct. 30, 1908 [official date July 15, 1909], Satara [now in Maharashtra], India - d. Oct. 3, 1991), governor of Uttar Pradesh (1977-80) and Haryana (1980-84).

Taraki

Taraki, Nur Mohammad (b. July 15, 1917, Sur Kelay village, Muqur district, Ghazni province, Afghanistan - d. Oct. 9?, 1979, Kabul, Afghanistan), Afghan politician. He was a junior official in the press department of the Afghan government in the late 1940s, and press attaché at the Afghan embassy in Washington, D.C., in 1952-53. On returning to Kabul he worked as a translator for U.S. agencies and started his own translation bureau. In 1965 he founded the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, which split into two factions in 1967. After the overthrow of the monarchy in July 1973 by Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan, one faction, known as Parcham ("Banner"), supported the Daud regime while Taraki's Khalq ("Masses") faction opposed it. In 1977, however, the two factions, possibly under Soviet pressure, reunited, with Taraki as secretary-general. A noted writer, he held strong pro-Communist views, and the Daud government jailed him for a brief period. In 1978, with the help of Soviet-trained army units, he overthrew Daud, who was killed with all his family, and became president of the Revolutionary Council and prime minister. At the beginning of September 1979 he left for Havana to represent Afghanistan at a summit conference of nonaligned nations, leaving the government in the hands of Hafizullah Amin, who had been appointed prime minister some five months earlier. Returning via Moscow, Taraki was believed to have been advised by Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev to get rid of Amin, whose anti-Islamic policy was considered dangerous. But he failed in this and was himself replaced by Amin on September 16, two days after a shootout in the presidential palace. It was speculated that Taraki had been killed; officially he was reported to have died "of the serious disease which he suffered for sometime past" on October 9.

Tarand

Tarand, Andres (b. Jan. 11, 1940, Tallinn, Estonia), prime minister of Estonia (1994-95).

Tarar

Tarar, Mohammad Rafiq (b. Nov. 2, 1929, Pir Kot village, Ghakkar Mandi, Wazirabad tehsil, Punjab, India [now in Pakistan]), president of Pakistan (1998-2001). In October 1966, he was appointed as Additional Sessions Judge. He was elevated to the Lahore High Court in 1974 and served as a member of the Election Commission of Pakistan from 1980 until his elevation as chief justice of the Lahore High Court on Dec. 13, 1989. He was elevated to the Supreme Court in January 1991. He retired in October 1994, and was elected as a senator in March 1997. He became president in 1998 after only 10 months in active politics. When Pervez Musharraf took power in a 1999 coup, Tarar was kept as figurehead until he was suddenly removed in 2001.

Tarasyuk

Tarasyuk, Borys (Ivanovych) (b. Jan. 1, 1949, Dzerzhinsk, Zhitomir oblast, Ukrainian S.S.R.), foreign minister of Ukraine (1998-2000, 2005-07). Previously he was ambassador to the Benelux countries. When he became foreign minister, he continued to serve as Ukraine's representative at NATO.

Tarawneh

Tarawneh, Fayez (Ahmad), Arabic Fa´iz Ahmad Tarawna (b. May 1, 1949, Amman, Transjordan [now Jordan]), prime minister of Jordan (1998-99). In 1988-89 he was minister of supply. He was one of Jordan's main negotiators in talks which led to its 1994 peace treaty with Israel. He served as Jordan's ambassador to the U.S. from 1992 until being made foreign minister in 1997. In February 1998 he was appointed chief of the royal court, a key position which King Hussein had used in the past to groom future premiers. In August 1998 Tarawneh was indeed made prime minister. In January 2000 he was reappointed chief of the royal court. Tarawneh's family has a record of service to the Hashemite dynasty. His father Ahmad (1920-1998) was a senator who himself served as chief of the royal court (1960-62, 1970-72).

Tardieu

Tardieu, André (Pierre Gabriel Amédée) (b. Sept. 22, 1876, Paris, France - d. Sept. 15, 1945, Menton, France), prime minister of France (1929-30, 1930, 1932). He joined the diplomatic service but left it to become a journalist, making his reputation as chief political editor (from 1905) of Le Temps. In 1914, just before the outbreak of World War I, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. He insisted that he wanted active service with a combat unit and served with distinction in the light infantry until 1916. In 1917-18 he was head of the French War Commission in the U.S. One of the five French representatives at the Paris peace conference, he drafted significant parts of the Treaty of Versailles. Under Georges Clemenceau he was minister for the Liberated Areas (Alsace-Lorraine) briefly in 1919-20, but after Clemenceau's retirement he refused to enter any government until 1926. Both in the Chamber and in the press, he uncompromisingly opposed any relaxation of the Versailles treaty's punitive provisions against Germany; he acclaimed the invasion of the Ruhr with enthusiasm. He lost his parliamentary seat in the elections of 1924 but recovered it in 1926. He served as minister of public works (1926-28) and interior (1928-30, 1930) and, as the leader of the right-centre in the Chamber, became premier. He was minister of agriculture (1931-32) and of war (1932) under Pierre Laval before his third term as premier, during which he served also as foreign minister. He was defeated in the general elections in 1932. In 1934 he was a minister of state. Finally, he retired from active politics in 1936. For years he proposed a reform of the constitution that would strengthen the executive against the legislature; some of his ideas were later adopted by the Fifth Republic.

Tardini, Domenico Cardinal (b. Feb. 29, 1888, Rome, Italy - d. July 30, 1961, Vatican City), Vatican secretary of state (1952-61). He was ordained on Sept. 20, 1912. After nine years as a theology professor at the Roman seminary he was named a consultor of the Congregation of Sacraments in December 1920, and the following year was made a clerk in the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. In March 1922 he became a papal chamberlain. In 1929 he was made a domestic prelate and promoted to the post of undersecretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Affairs. Elected a member of the Pontifical Academy of St. Thomas Aquinas and the Catholic Religion in 1932, he was appointed to membership on the Pontifical Commission for Russia in 1933 and later became its president. Named consultor to the Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Church in 1934, he was promoted to substitute secretary of state for ordinary affairs and made secretary of the Pontifical Commission for the Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law in 1935. Two years later he was named secretary for extraordinary affairs and secretary of the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Affairs. In 1952 he was appointed pro-secretary of state for extraordinary affairs and in 1958 pro-secretary of state and later secretary of state. After refusing a red hat in 1953 he was elevated to the College of Cardinals on Nov. 17, 1958.

Tardy de Montravel, Louis (Marie François) (b. Sept. 28, 1811, Vincennes, Val-de-Marne, France - d. Oct. 4, 1864, Elbeuf, Seine-Inférieure [now Seine-Maritime], France), commandant of New Caledonia (1854) and governor of French Guiana (1859-64).

Tariq ibn Taimur (al-Sa`id), (Sayyid) (b. June 30, 1921, Bombay [now Mumbai], India - d. 1980), prime minister of Oman (1970-72); brother of Sa`id ibn Taimur.

Tarlev

Tarlev, Vasile (Petru) (b. Oct. 9, 1963, Bascalia, Basarabeasca district, Moldavian S.S.R.), prime minister of Moldova (2001-08).

Tarradellas

Tarradellas i Joan, Josep (b. Feb. 19, 1899, Cervelló, Spain - d. June 10, 1988, Barcelona, Spain), Catalan political leader. A militant in a labour movement in Barcelona at age 15 and secretary of nationalist propaganda for a trade union at 17, he was one of the founders of the Republican Left Party of Catalonia in 1931. He held various posts in the Catalan Generalitat (its institution of self-government), including president of the Executive Council (1936-37) and finance councillor (1936-39). After Gen. Francisco Franco captured Barcelona and abolished the Generalitat, Tarradellas fled Spain (Feb. 9, 1939), vowing never to set foot in the country until Catalonian autonomy had been restored. During the first years of his exile in France, he was arrested at least 14 times by the Nazi Gestapo and the French police. In 1941 Franco requested his extradition from Nazi-occupied France, but because of a bureaucratic error Tarradellas managed to cross the French border into Switzerland. He was interned in Switzerland and later freed under the protection of the Mexican embassy. He again became president of the Executive Council in 1952, and he was elected president of the Generalitat by the surviving deputies gathered in Mexico City in 1954. Tarradellas moved to Saint-Martin-le-Beau near Tours, France, in 1956 and remained there until 1977. After Franco's death (1975) he refused to return to Spain until the Generalitat was restored. Upon his triumphal return to Barcelona Oct. 23, 1977, he stood on the balcony of the Generalitat assembly building and shouted in Catalan: "Ja sóc aquí!" ("Now I'm here!"). He was confirmed as president of the Generalitat, and in 1979 Catalonia received its statute of autonomy. He retired from politics in 1980.

Tasmagambetov

Tasmagambetov, Imangali (Nurgaliyevich) (b. Oct. 9, 1956, Novobogat village, Makhambet district, Guryev [now Atyrau] oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.), prime minister of Kazakhstan (2002-03). He has been head of Atyrau oblast (1999-2000) and of Almaty city (2004- ).

Tasso, Takuya (b. June 10, 1964, Morioka, Japan), governor of Iwate (2007- ).

Tatarescu, Gheorghe (I.), byname Guta Tatarescu (b. 1886, Târgu Jiu, western Romania - d. March 28, 1957, Bucharest, Romania), prime minister (1934-37, 1939-40) and foreign minister (1934, 1938, 1945-47) of Romania.

Tatham, David E(verard) (b. June 28, 1939), governor of the Falkland Islands (1992-95).

Taufa'ahau

Taufa'ahau Tupou IV (b. July 4, 1918, Nuku'alofa, Tonga - d. Sept. 10, 2006, Auckland, New Zealand [Sept. 11, Tonga time]), king of Tonga (1965-2006). The eldest of Queen Salote's three sons, he was named Siaosi Taufa'ahau Tupoulahi and became known as Crown Prince Tupouto'a Tungi (assuming the title of Tungi after the death of his father Uiliame Tupoulahi Tungi in 1941). He was the first Tongan king to receive a Western university education, and he was the first Tongan to gain a university degree, a B.A. and LL.B. from the University of Sydney. Before he became king, he was appointed by Queen Salote as minister of education in 1943, and in 1944 he became minister of health, then in 1949 he became premier. When Queen Salote died in 1965, Taufa'ahau became king. Tonga, which had become a British protectorate in 1905, achieved full independence in 1970 during his rule. Taufa'ahau and Queen Mata'aho had four children, the eldest being Crown Prince Tupouto'a, followed by their only daughter Princess Pilolevu, their second son Ma'atu, and third son Prince Lavaka Ata 'Ulukalala. All the royal children married, except for the heir to the throne. The king was a lay preacher of the Free Wesleyan Church, and held a special position in the church. Under certain circumstances he had the right to appoint an acting president of the church. A keen sportsman in his youth, the king enjoyed going out on exercise with members of the Royal Guard. He made international headlines in 1976 when he became the world's heaviest monarch, tipping the Tonga airport scales, the only scales in the country that could hold him, at 209 kg. Obesity was a major problem in the island kingdom. The last decade of his reign witnessed a series of financial scandals and increasingly louder demands for democratic reform.

Tauran, Jean-Louis (Pierre) Cardinal (b. April 5, 1943, Bordeaux, France), Vatican foreign minister (1990-2003).

Tausinga, Job Duddley (b. 1948, Tamaneke village, New Georgia Island, Western Province, Solomon Islands), foreign minister of the Solomon Islands (1993-94).

Tauwhare, Richard (David) (b. Nov. 1, 1959), governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands (2005- ).

Tavares, José Reinaldo Carneiro (b. 1939, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil), governor of Maranhão (2002-07).

Tavares e Silva, Alberto (b. Nov. 10, 1918), governor of Piauí (1971-75, 1987-91).

Tavernier, Jean (b. March 6, 1928), president of the Regional Council of Aquitaine (1988-92).

Taviani

Tavola

Taviani, Paolo Emilio (b. Nov. 6, 1912, Genoa, Italy - d. June 18, 2001, Rome, Italy), defense minister (1953-58), finance minister (1959-60), and interior minister (1962-63, 1963-68, 1973-74) of Italy.

Tavola, Kaliopate (b. Oct. 10, 1946, Dravuni island, Fiji), foreign minister of Fiji (2000-06).

Távora, Francisco de Assis, marquês de (b. Oct. 7, 1703 - d. [tortured to death] Jan. 13, 1759), viceroy of Portuguese India (1750-54).

Távora, Virgílio de Moraes Fernandes (b. Sept. 29, 1919, Fortaleza, Brazil - d. June 3, 1988, São Paulo, Brazil), governor of Ceará (1963-66, 1979-82).

Tawéma, Daniel (b. Dec. 31, 1947, Matéri, northwestern Dahomey [now Benin]), foreign minister (1989-90) and interior minister (1998-2003, 2003-05) of Benin. He was a presidential candidate in 2006, but won only 0.6% of the vote.

Tawfiq

Tawfiq Pasha (ibn Ismail ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Ali), Muhammad, also spelled Mohammed Tewfik Pasha (b. April 30, 1852, Cairo, Egypt - d. Jan. 7, 1892, Hulwan, Egypt), khedive of Egypt (1879-92); son of Ismail Pasha. He was prime minister for a few weeks in 1879 during the crisis which precipitated the deposition of Ismail Pasha. Summoned by the Ottoman sultan to succeed his father, he adopted a cooperative, if passive, attitude toward Anglo-French control of Egyptian state finances. Nationalist opposition to foreign influence increased from September 1881 when he faced a military mutiny. Having little domestic support, he was forced in February 1882 to accept a Nationalist ministry with Arabi Pasha as minister of war. Tawfiq Pasha's position in the capital having become intolerable, he retired to Alexandria where he stayed during the disorders and British naval bombardment in July. Arabi's popular support increased, and Tawfiq was forced to seek the protection of the British, who invaded Egypt in August and returned him to authority; on September 25 he returned to Cairo. Relying solely on the advice of Sir Evelyn Baring (later Earl of Cromer), the British representative, he acquiesced in the British occupation and in 1884 reluctantly agreed to the British request for Egyptian withdrawal from the Sudan. Tewfik Pasha took a special interest in irrigation, education, and justice. He showed little desire to keep up the unapproachable state of an Oriental ruler, and in many ways his manners were less Oriental than European. He was a strong advocate of monogamy.

Tay Son brothers, collective name (derived from their home village, Tay Son, central Vietnam) for Nguyen Hue (b. c. 1752 - d. Sept. 15, 1792), Nguyen Nhac (b. c. 1752 - d. Dec. 16, 1793), and Nguyen Lu (b. c. 1752 - d. 1792), Vietnamese rulers. In 1771 the brothers began an insurrection in their home region, supported largely by peasants; ultimately, in what became known as the Tay Son rebellion, they overthrew the imperial Le dynasty as well as the two rival feudal houses of the Nguyen in the south and the Trinh in the north. Led by Nguyen Hue (later Emperor Quang Trung), the youngest and most gifted of the brothers, they took the coastal city of Qui Nhon (1774), made a temporary alliance with the Trinh (1775) to defeat the Nguyen (1776-77), became dominant in central and southern Vietnam, defeated a large Siamese army (1785), and finally overcame the Trinh in the north (1786-87). The brothers each governed a portion of Vietnam. In 1788 the Le dynasty called on the Chinese to help expel the Tay Son, and Chinese troops were deployed to Vietnam for the first time since 1406. Nguyen Hue, who ruled in the north, formally declared the Le deposed and proclaimed himself emperor; he built a large army and, in 1789, drove the Chinese back into China. However, the reforms initiated by the brothers did not attack the fundamental problems of land ownership, causing disillusionment among their followers. After Nguyen Hue's death, he was succeeded by his 10-year-old son, under whom the country was unified in 1793, but the movement quickly lost its strength, and Nguyen Anh (later Emperor Gia Long), the last surviving member of the Nguyen dynasty, with the help of French armaments, ended the Tay Son rule in 1802.

Taya

Taya, Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed, Arabic Mu`awiya walad Sayyidi Ahmad Taya` (b. 1941, Atar, northeastern Mauritania), president of Mauritania (1984-2005). He joined the army after high school and rose through the ranks. In 1974, he went to Paris for two years of study at a military staff college, returning to become army chief of staff. When the army ousted the civilian government, Taya became defense minister (1978-79). In 1981 the ruling military council made him prime minister and defense minister, but fear of destabilization from Morocco prompted his dismissal in March 1984. In December 1984 Colonel Taya, seen as sympathetic to Morocco, seized power from Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla in a bloodless coup. He promised to install democracy, but said his plans were delayed by student unrest, an upsurge of protests by a black minority charging oppression by the dominant Moors, and alleged coup attempts. Opponents said Taya invented the coup plots as pretexts to eliminate possible rivals and that he purged the army of strong officers, leaving it with ineffective commanders unlikely to challenge him. Finally, in 1992, he won the country's first multiparty presidential election, condemned by the opposition as fraudulent. The 1997 election was boycotted by the opposition. In 2003 he defeated Haidalla and other challengers, who denounced the vote as an "electoral masquerade." He was strongly criticized by many Mauritanians for allying his overwhelmingly Muslim nation with the United States in the "war on terror" and for opening full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1999, one of only three Arab League nations to do so. Overthrown on Aug. 3, 2005, while he was in Saudi Arabia attending the funeral of King Fahd, he went first to Niger, then left for The Gambia on August 9 and on August 21 for Qatar where he was given political asylum.

Taylor, Bill, byname of William Leonard Taylor (b. Sept. 14, 1938, Toowoomba, Australia), administrator of Christmas Island and Cocos Islands (1999-2003).

C. Taylor

Taylor, (Ghankay) Charles (McArthur Dapkana) (b. Jan. 28, 1948, Arthington, near Monrovia, Liberia), president of Liberia (1997-2003). He became director of the General Services Administration under Pres. Samuel K. Doe. Accused by Doe of having embezzled nearly $1 million, Taylor fled to the U.S., where he was detained on a Liberian arrest warrant in 1984. Before he could be extradited, however, he escaped from a Massachusetts jail in 1985 and emerged in Libya to form the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), a militia that invaded Liberia in December 1989. His bid for power was checked by rival factions, who for the next seven years fought a bitter war, in which over 150,000 people were killed. Although Taylor's NPFL never took control of the capital, it was dominant in the countryside and plundered Liberia's natural resources. A 1996 peace pact led to a 1997 election, and Liberians elected as president the very man who had sparked the civil war that ravaged the country: Taylor won an overwhelming 75% of the vote. This was attributed to his monopoly of the formerly state-owned national radio station (on which he was referred to as "His Excellency") and his handouts to the largely impoverished electorate, and also to the fear that he would again resort to force if denied the victory. But the country was again gripped by civil war, and Taylor was also accused of supporting rebels in neighbouring Sierra Leone. Under international pressure he resigned and left the country in 2003, settling in Calabar, Cross River state, Nigeria. In March 2006 the Nigerian government agreed to hand him over to a UN Special Court; he was arrested and flown to Sierra Leone, then in June 2006 transferred to The Hague for a war crimes trial, which began in June 2007.

Taylor, David (George Pendleton) (b. July 5, 1933 - d. Nov. 8, 2007, London, England), governor of Montserrat (1990-93).

Derek Taylor

Taylor, Derek (Hugh) (b. Oct. 1, 1951, Grand Turk, Turks and Caicos Islands), chief minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1995-2003).

Taylor, Sir Henry (Milton) (b. Nov. 4, 1903 - d. Feb. 14, 1994), governor-general of The Bahamas (1988-92); knighted 1980.

Taylor, John W(ilkinson) (b. Sept. 26, 1906, Covington, Ky. - d. Dec. 11, 2001, Denver, Colo.), acting director-general of UNESCO (1952-53).

M. Taylor

Taylor, Morry, byname of Maurice Manning Taylor, Jr. (b. Aug. 28, 1944, Detroit, Mich.), U.S. political figure. The president and CEO of Titan Wheel Int. (from 1983) was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 1996.

Z. Taylor

Taylor, Zachary (b. Nov. 24, 1784, Montebello, Va. - d. July 9, 1850, Washington, D.C.), president of the United States (1849-50). He first volunteered for military service in 1806 and was given a commission as first lieutenant in 1808. He served in the army almost continuously thereafter, commanding troops in the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War (1832), and the Second Seminole War in Florida (1835-42) in which he acquired the nickname "Old Rough and Ready." Even before the United States formally declared war on Mexico on May 13, 1846, Taylor had defeated the Mexicans at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, victories for which he was promoted to major general. Taylor then led his troops across the Rio Grande and in September captured Monterrey. When he wrote a letter, which found its way into the press, criticizing Pres. James K. Polk and his secretary of war, Polk ordered Taylor to remain on the defensive and transferred Taylor's best troops to Gen. Winfield Scott. Taylor disobeyed this order, however, in February 1847 when he marched south to the vicinity of Buena Vista, where, although outnumbered 4 to 1, his force won a brilliant victory and secured the north of Mexico. Taylor, who early in the war had already been seen by Whig politicians as a presidential possibility, now emerged as a hero. In 1848 he gained the Whig nomination on the fourth ballot and then went on to defeat the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, in the general election. The most perplexing problem of his administration was the controversy over the status of the new territories acquired from Mexico. He advocated statehood for California and New Mexico, but he encountered resistance by Southerners in Congress who opposed the admission of California as a free state. He died only 16 months after taking office.

Tazhin

Tchoungui

Tazhin, Marat (Mukhanbetkaziyevich) (b. April 8, 1960, Aktyubinsk, Kazakh S.S.R. [now Aktobe, Kazakhstan]), foreign minister of Kazakhstan (2007- ).

Tchitchelle, (Robert) Stéphane (b. Jan. 12, 1915, Yaya, Kouilou region, Middle Congo [now Congo (Brazzaville)] - d. October 1984), interior minister (1958-59) and foreign minister (1960-63) of Congo (Brazzaville).

Tchoungui, Simon Pierre (b. Oct. 28, 1916, Nkolmending, Cameroon - d. July 1997), prime minister of East Cameroon (1965-72).

Te Ata-i

Te Ata-i Rangi-Kahu Koroki Te Rata Mahuta Tawhiao Potatau Te Wherowhero, also spelled Te Atairangikaahu, original name Piki Mahuta (b. July 23, 1931, Huntly, New Zealand - d. Aug. 15, 2006, Ngaruawahia, New Zealand), queen of the Maori (1966-2006); daughter of Koroki Te Rata Mahuta Tawhiao Potatau Te Wherowhero. She was made a Dame Commander of the British Empire in 1970 and a member of the Order of New Zealand in 1987. She was the first female and the longest-serving Maori monarch.

Teach

Teach, Edward (also spelled Thatch, Tache, or Tatch), byname Blackbeard (b. c. 1680, Bristol?, England - d. Nov. 22, 1718, Ocracoke Inlet, North Carolina), English pirate. Little is known about his early life. It is reported that he served as a privateer out of Jamaica during Queen Anne's War (1702-13). Named Blackbeard after his most prominent physical characteristic, he began his pirating sometime after 1713, sailing with, or possibly under the command of, Benjamin Hornigold, using the Bahamas as a base. In November 1717 they captured the French merchant vessel Concorde; Teach was placed in command of the ship and renamed it Queen Anne's Revenge. Adding more guns from ships plundered shortly thereafter, the pirate soon commanded a floating fortress reportedly mounting as many as forty cannon. He sailed the Caribbean and the Atlantic along coastal waters of American colonies, torturing merchant ship crewmen and passengers, stealing valuable cargo, and leaving destruction in his wake. In 1718, he moved to North Carolina, where he struck a deal with Gov. Charles Eden, paying him a percentage of his profits. Virginia Gov. Alexander Spotswood finally sent a small brigade, led by Robert Maynard, to depose the pirate king. Maynard ended up killing Teach in a long, bloody battle. Blackbeard received a reported five musketball wounds and more than 20 sword lacerations before dying. He had captured over 40 ships during his piratical career, and his death virtually represented the end of an era in the history of piracy in the New World. He was rumoured to have left great treasure buried at many sites, but nothing has ever been found.

Teannaki, Teatao (b. 1939, Nonouti, Gilbert and Ellice Islands [now in Kiribati]), president of Kiribati (1991-94). In 1974 he was elected to the House of Assembly (Maneaba ni Maungatabu) for the constituency of Abaiang and served as a member of the Public Accounts Committee. He became vice president in 1979, also subsequently holding the posts of minister of finance; education, training and culture; home affairs and decentralization; and finance and economic planning. When Kiribati set out to elect a new president in 1991, it took two months to obtain a final vote because of a constitution designed to maximize participation by the citizenry, ensure that the president has popular support, and prevent anyone from being in power so long that they become entrenched. Former president Ieremia Tabai stepped down because under the constitution no president could serve more than three four-year terms in a row. The voting to find Tabai's replacement began in May 1991, when the republic went to the polls to elect new members of parliament. The new parliament then decided that no more than four but no fewer than three of its members were to stand in the national vote to elect the president. Teannaki, who was reelected to the House of Assembly, was one of four candidates selected by the House to run for president. He won the presidential elections on July 3 and was sworn in as president on July 4. His main rival was his brother-in-law, Roniti Teiwaki, though his lead was never substantial. Teannaki got his boost when results from the heavily populated South Tarawa and his home island of Abaiang put him ahead. The final votes were Teannaki 10,123, Teiwaki more than 9,000, and the other two candidates trailing significantly behind. He was forced to resign when he received a no-confidence vote on May 24, 1994.

Teardo, Alberto (b. 1937, Venice, Italy), president of Liguria (1981-83).

Teirac, Guillaume (Léonard) de Bellecombe, seigneur de (b. Feb. 20, 1728, Bellecombe village, near Perville [now in Tarn-et-Garonne département], France - d. Feb. 28, 1792, Montauban, Tarn-et-Garonne), governor of Île Bourbon (1767-73) and French India (1777-82) and governor-general of Saint-Domingue (1782-85).

Teixeira, Mauro Borges (b. Feb. 15, 1920, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil), governor of Goiás (1961-64); son of Pedro Ludovico Teixeira.

Teixeira, Pedro Ludovico (b. 1891, Goiás, Goiás, Brazil - d. Aug. 17, 1979, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil), governor of Goiás (1930-45, 1951-54).

Tejan-Sie, Sir Banja (b. Aug. 7, 1917, Moyamba, Southern province, Sierra Leone - d. Aug. 8, 2000, Willesden, England), governor-general of Sierra Leone (1968-71); knighted 1970.

Tejera (Penson), (Juan Nepomuceno Publio Escipión) Emiliano (b. Sept. 21, 1841, Santo Domingo, Haiti [now in Dominican Republic] - d. Jan. 9, 1923, Santo Domingo), member of the Council of Secretaries of State of the Dominican Republic (1905).

Tejera, Emilio, byname of Juan Nepomuceno Scipio Emiliano Tejera Bonetti (b. 1880 - d. 19...), member of the Council of Secretaries of State of the Dominican Republic (1911); son of Emiliano Tejera.

Tejera París

Tejera París, Enrique (b. April 29, 1919, Caracas, Venezuela), foreign minister of Venezuela (1989). He was also governor of Sucre state (1959-61), ambassador to the United States (1963-68) and Spain (1996-98), and permanent representative to the Organization of American States (1963-67) and the United Nations (1994-96).

Teleki

Teleki (de Szék), Pál gróf (Count) (b. Nov. 1, 1879, Budapest, Hungary - d. April 3, 1941, Budapest), foreign minister (1920, 1920-21) and prime minister (1920-21, 1939-41) of Hungary. He entered the Hungarian parliament as early as 1905, but acquired international distinction first as a geographer. After World War I he went to Trianon to plead with the Allies against the amputation of large regions of Hungary but failed. He became prime minister in 1920 but resigned in 1921 after the abortive attempt of ex-emperor Karl to regain the Hungarian crown. He withdrew from party politics, in which he never greatly believed, holding the true functions of government to be educative and moral. In 1925 he served on the commission appointed by the League of Nations to investigate the disputed question of the frontier between Turkey and Iraq. He was also head of the Hungarian Boy Scouts Association. He returned to office as minister of education in May 1938 and became prime minister again in February 1939. He dissolved various Fascist organizations and affirmed his attachment to parliamentary institutions, but allowed the "Jewish Statute," which limited Jewish employment in proportion to Jewish numbers, to stand. Against his personal inclinations events drove his government more and more to the German side. Passionately convinced of the justice of Hungary's claim for a revision of the Treaty of Trianon, he supported the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia and Romania's forced cession of northern Transylvania, but he also concluded a treaty of eternal friendship with Yugoslavia (December 1940). In 1941 Germany invaded that country and demanded Hungary's help, while Britain threatened dire consequences if Hungary gave it; in what has been seen as a desperate act to demonstrate his and his nation's honour, he shot himself.

Telito, Sir Filoimea, governor-general of Tuvalu (2005- ); knighted 2007.

Telle, Édouard (Émile Léon) (b. Sept. 2, 1859, Paris, France - d. 19...), governor of New Caledonia (1900-01 [acting], 1902), acting commissioner-general of French Congo (1905-06), and acting lieutenant governor of Gabon (1907-09).

Telli, (Elhadj Boubacar) Diallo (b. 1925, Porédaka, Guinea - d. March 1, 1977, Camp Boiro, near Conakry, Guinea), secretary-general of the Organization of African Unity (1964-72). He was arrested on July 18, 1976, for allegedly plotting against Pres. Ahmed Sékou Touré's regime. Deprived of food and water, he died of starvation.

Tellier, Théophile Antoine Pascal (b. Sept. 3, 1872, Boulogne-sur-Seine, near Paris, France - d. Aug. 25, 1955, Paris), governor of Guadeloupe (1928-31) and Dahomey (1931-32) and lieutenant governor of Niger (1931-33).

Temaru

Temaru, Oscar (Manutahi) (b. Nov. 1, 1944, Faa'a, Tahiti, French Settlements in Oceania [now French Polynesia]), president of French Polynesia (2004, 2005-06, 2007-08).

Tembo, Christon (b. May 24, 1944, Kasempa, Northern Rhodesia [now Zambia]), foreign minister (1995-96) and vice president (1997-2001) of Zambia.

Temizel

Temizel, Zekeriya (b. 1948, Tokat, Turkey), Turkish politician. The mastermind of the Mesut Yilmaz government's tax reforms which were seen by Turkish business as a harsh crackdown on financial markets, Temizel has a solid reputation for financial competence and honesty. He is a left-winger who, as finance minister from 1997, approved privatizations that perhaps ran against the grain. His package of reforms was tweaked following market criticism and was then seen as one of the government's biggest achievements. He was retained in the government of Bülent Ecevit formed in January 1999, but he resigned in February to run for mayor of Istanbul.

Temkin, Anatoly (Arkadyevich) (b. July 11, 1955), acting governor of Perm oblast (2004).

Tenet

Tenet, George (John) (b. Jan. 5, 1953, Queens, New York City), CIA director (1996-2004).

Tenorio, Froilan C(ruz) (b. 1939), governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (1994-98); nephew of Pedro P. Tenorio. His long interest in public issues led to his first bid for public office in 1979. He won a Senate seat in the Second Commonwealth Legislature representing Saipan. After completing his term, he was elected to serve as Resident Representative to the United States. For the following six years (1984-90), he represented the Commonwealth in the United States. He returned to Saipan and ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1989. He was elected governor in 1993 as the first Democrat in 12 years.

P.P. Tenorio

Tenorio, Pedro P(angelinan) (b. April 18, 1934, Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands), governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (1982-90, 1998-2002). In government service, he first served in the House of Representatives of the Congress of Micronesia and became a member of the Marianas District Legislature. In 1978, when the Northern Marianas became a commonwealth of the United States, Tenorio was elected vice president of the Senate. He became president of the Senate in 1980. A Republican, he was elected governor in 1981 and reelected in 1985. He was elected to a third term in 1997.

Teo, Sir Fiatau Penitala (b. July 23, 1911, Funafuti, Gilbert and Ellice Islands [now in Tuvalu] - d. Nov. 25, 1998, Funafuti), governor-general of Tuvalu (1978-86); knighted 1979.

Teoctist, original name Toader Arapasu (b. Feb. 7, 1915, Tocileni, Botosani county, Romania - d. July 30, 2007, Bucharest, Romania), patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Romania (1986-2007). After the fall of the Communist government, he resigned his post on Jan. 18, 1990, but was reinstated on April 5 by the Holy Synod, which declared that he had not resigned in January, merely withdrawn temporarily on health grounds.

Tep Phan (b. Sept. 10, 1905 - d. 1978, Nogent-sur-Marne, Val-de-Marne, France), defense minister (1954), foreign minister (1954-55, 1960-61), and interior minister (1954-55) of Cambodia.

Ter-Petrosyan

Ter-Petrosyan, Levon (Hakobi), Russian Levon Akopovich Ter-Petrosyan (b. Jan. 9, 1945, Aleppo, Syria), president of Armenia (1991-98).

Terán Terán, Edgar (b. July 18, 1939), foreign minister of Ecuador (1984-87). He was also ambassador to the United States (1992-96).

H. Terán

Terán Terán, Héctor (b. April 3, 1931, Moctezuma, Sonora, Mexico - d. Oct. 4, 1998, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico), governor of Baja California (1995-98). A lifelong member of the National Action Party, he served in the Baja California legislature and the federal congress, and as a member of the party's national committee, before he was elected with 54% of the vote in 1995 for a six-year term as governor. He died in office.

Terata, Sukeshiro (b. June 19, 1940), governor of Akita (1997- ).

Terauchi

Terauchi, Masatake, in full Hakushaku (Count) Masatake Terauchi, original name (before adoption) Tada Jusaburo (b. Feb. 5, 1852, Yamaguchi, Japan - d. Nov. 3, 1919, Oiso, Japan), prime minister of Japan (1916-18). He entered the army at an early age and was injured and lost the use of his right arm during the Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. A protégé of Aritomo Yamagata, he became army minister (1902-11) and displayed great organizational talent during the war with Russia (1904-05), being rewarded with the title of viscount. In May 1910 he was concurrently appointed resident-general in Korea. He quickly stationed Japanese soldiers in every province, and in August 1910 the work of annexation was complete. He then became governor-general and ruled the Koreans with a firm hand; he was also raised to the rank of count. At Yamagata's insistence, he was called by the emperor to become prime minister in 1916, in the course of a passionate struggle between the forces of representative government and those of the Japanese bureaucracy. He faced defeat in parliament but the emperor forestalled a confidence vote by dissolving the house; new elections in 1917 resulted in a victory for him. To increase Japanese influence in China he financially supported pro-Japanese warlords, and agreed to aid Great Britain and its allies during World War I only in exchange for secret agreements (later validated at the Treaty of Versailles in 1919) providing for Japanese rights on the Chinese mainland. In 1918 he initiated Japanese intervention in Siberia, with a view to gaining control of the Trans-Siberian Railway and thus strengthening the Japanese position in Manchuria. Rice riots in Tokyo brought about the fall of his cabinet later that year.

Terboven

Terboven, Josef (Antonius Heinrich) (b. May 23, 1898, Essen, Germany - d. [suicide] May 8, 1945, Skaugum, near Oslo, Norway), German Reichskommissar of Norway (1940-45).

Terenzi

Terenzi, Gian Franco (b. Jan. 2, 1941, San Marino), captain-regent of San Marino (1987-88, 2000-01, 2006).

Tereshchenko, Sergey (Aleksandrovich) (b. March 30, 1961, Chimkent region, Kazakh S.S.R.), prime minister of Kazakhstan (1991-94).

Ternay, Charles (Henri) Louis d'Arsac, chevalier de (b. Jan. 31, 1723, Ternay [now in Vienne département], France - d. Dec. 15, 1780, Newport, R.I.), governor-general of the Mascarene Islands (1772-76).

Terra (Leivas), Gabriel (b. Aug. 1, 1873, Montevideo, Uruguay - d. Sept. 15, 1942, Montevideo), president of Uruguay (1931-38). In his early career a member of the Colorado Party under the leadership of José Batlle y Ordóñez, Terra served in several political and diplomatic posts. He suspended congress in 1933, disbanded the Council of Administration (a body created by the constitution of 1919 as a check on executive power), and abolished the constitution. After a new constitution, promulgated in 1934, restored presidential authority, Terra was reelected and ruled largely by dictatorial decree. He suppressed a serious revolt in 1935. During his administration, however, the socialization of the republic, begun by Batlle, was continued. He was succeeded by an elected president, Alfredo Baldomir.

Terrade, Jean (Benjamin) (b. Oct. 4, 1920, Aubenas, Ardèche, France - d. Aug. 13, 1996), prefect of Martinique (1970-73).

Terragno

Terragno, Rodolfo (Héctor) (b. Nov. 16, 1943, Buenos Aires, Argentina), public works minister (1987-89) and cabinet chief (1999-2000) of Argentina.

Terrasson de Fougères, Jean Henri (d. [accident] 1930), governor of French Sudan (1921-30).

Terteling-Payne, Carolyn (Ann) (b. Dec. 20, 1936, Buhl, Idaho), mayor of Boise (2003-04).

Teruzzi, Attilio (b. May 5, 1882, Milan, Italy - d. April 26, 1950, Precida, Italy), governor of Cyrenaica (1926-28).

Terzic

Terzic, Adnan (b. April 5, 1960, Zagreb, Croatia), governor of Central Bosnia canton (1997-98) and prime minister of Bosnia and Hercegovina (2002-07).

Tesfaye Gebre Kidan (b. 1935, Gursum, Hararge, Ethiopia - d. June 2, 2004, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), acting president of Ethiopia (1991). A longtime defense minister (1980-87) and then vice president, he was acting president for seven days after Marxist dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam fled the country in May 1991. When rebel forces rumbled into the capital, he took refuge in the Italian embassy, where he remained for the next 13 years. The former army colonel was tried in absentia for genocide and human rights violations committed during Mengistu's rule. Unconfirmed reports said Tesfaye died after a fight with Berhanu Bayih, a former foreign minister who had also taken refuge at the embassy. "It seems Tesfaye was hit on the head with a bottle. There were gashes on his head," said a hospital source.

Tesfaye Tadesse (b. Nov. 11, 1943, Kaffa region, Ethiopia), foreign minister of Ethiopia (1991). Earlier he was permanent representative to the United Nations.

Testard, Jules Marcelin Albert (b. Nov. 17, 1814, Plougastel-Daoulas, Finistère, France - d. [killed] 1861, near Saigon, Cochinchina [now Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam]), acting commandant of New Caledonia (1855-56).

Teufel

Teufel, Erwin (b. Sept. 4, 1939, Rottweil, Württemberg [now in Baden-Württemberg], Germany), minister-president of Baden-Württemberg (1991-2005).

Teuira, Jacques, byname Jacky Teuira (b. Dec. 14, 1933), president of French Polynesia (1987).

Tewodros

Tewodros II, English Theodore II, original name Kassa Haile Mariam (b. c. 1818, Quara, near Lake Tana, Ethiopia - d. April 13, 1868, Magdala [now Amba Mariam], Ethiopia), emperor of Ethiopia (1855-68). He spent the early 1840s as a shifta (bandit) in the Tana region, before becoming governor of Quara province and later of the regions north and west of Lake Tana. In 1852, he launched a military campaign to gain control of Ethiopia. Having defeated his main rivals, he proclaimed himself emperor in 1855. Although he later made claims of Solomonic descent, he probably did not belong to the previously ruling dynasty. He deprived many local kings and princes of their power and appointed loyal administrators in their place in an effort to unify the country, but he continued to face rebellions. He created a professional national army for the first time and pressed European missionaries to establish an arms industry. He also clashed with the Ethiopian church. In 1862 he wrote a letter to Queen Victoria that remained unanswered for some time. Feeling insulted, he imprisoned some British missionaries and a British consul in 1863. An envoy was sent to obtain the captives' release but he was held up for more than a year and ultimately he and his two aides also ended up jailed. Meanwhile Tewodros had lost control of much of the country and had apparently decided to exploit the hostages to gain more British support. In 1867, however, Britain sent a military expedition to rescue the prisoners. In the ensuing Anglo-Ethiopian War, the British were aided by rebellious nobles and attacked Tewodros' stronghold at Magdala on April 10, 1868. He refused to surrender and, with the fortress about to be stormed, shot himself.

Teziyev, Oleg (Dzherikhanovich) (b. 1948), prime minister of South Ossetia (1991-93).

Thabane

Thabane, Tom, byname of Motsoahae Thomas Thabane (b. May 28, 1939, Maseru, Basutoland [now Lesotho]), Lesotho politician. In 1966-70 he was first clerk assistant to the Senate and deputy to the clerk of the Senate in the parliament of Lesotho. In 1970-72 he worked in the ministries of health and education as assistant secretary (administration). He served as principal secretary in various ministries, including justice (1972-76), health (1978-83), foreign affairs (1983-85), and interior (1985-86). He was secretary to the ruling Military Council and also political adviser to the military in 1986-88. In 1988-90 he was the government secretary. In 1990-91 he was minister of foreign affairs, information and broadcasting. He escaped to South Africa after a military coup in April 1991, but returned following the April 1993 democratic elections. From March to June 1994, he joined the Independent Electoral Commission as provincial office administrator for the Free State in South Africa. From 1995 to 1998 he was a special political adviser to Prime Minister Ntsu Mokhehle. He was elected member of parliament for the Abia constituency in the 1998 general elections, and appointed foreign minister. He travelled extensively worldwide. In 2002 he became home affairs minister, serving until 2004 when he became communications minister. In October 2006 he resigned and crossed the floor with 17 other members of the ruling Lesotho Congress for Democracy, forming the All Basotho Convention.

Thabit

Thaçi

Thakkar

Thabit, Ayub, Arabic Ayyub Thabit (b. 1884 - d. 1951), acting president of Lebanon (1943).

Thaçi, Hashim (b. April 24, 1969, Broja [Burojë] village, near Srbica [Skënderaj], Kosovo, Serbia), prime minister of Kosovo (2008- ).

Thakkar, C(hunilal) K(arsandas) (b. Nov. 10, 1943), acting governor of Maharashtra (2002).

Thaksin

Thaksin Shinawatra (b. July 26, 1949, Chiang Mai, Thailand), prime minister of Thailand (2001-06). He joined the police force in 1973; after having attained the rank of lieutenant colonel, he left the force in 1987 to concentrate on his businesses. He was granted several exclusive telecommunications concessions, which enabled him to rapidly acquire a vast fortune. He served for three months as foreign minister in 1994-95 and in May 1995 assumed leadership of the Palang Dharma Party after winning a legislative seat in Bangkok. On the party's entrance into Prime Minister Banharn Silpa-archa's government coalition, he served briefly as deputy prime minister, and he held that post a second time under Chavalit Yongchaiyudh in 1997. In 1998 he formed the Thai Rak Thai (Thais Love Thais) party. One of Thailand's richest men, he promised to use his business savvy to restore Thailand's fortunes after the 1997 Asian financial crisis. He led his party to a convincing win in the elections on Jan. 6, 2001, and was appointed prime minister on February 9. On April 3 the National Countercorruption Commission prosecuted him before the Constitutional Court for failure to disclose his assets fully, but he was acquitted by an 8-7 vote on August 3. Adopting a CEO-style approach to governing, he nurtured his core constituency in the countryside with virtually free health care, a three-year debt suspension program for farmers, and low-interest loans for poor villages. In 2005 he won a landslide reelection. Allegations that he used his premiership to boost the fortunes of his business empire and enrich his family were a major factor in his ouster in a 2006 military coup, which followed months of street demonstrations calling for him to step down. He lived in exile in England (where he bought the Manchester City football club) until returning in February 2008.

K. Thakur

R. Thakur

Thakur, (Jan Nayak) Karpoori (b. Jan. 24, 1924, Pitaunjhia, Samastipur district, Bihar, India - d. Feb. 18, 1988), chief minister of Bihar (1970-71, 1977-79).

Thakur, Rameshwar (b. July 28, 1927, Godda district, Bihar, India), governor of Orissa (2004-07), Andhra Pradesh (2006-07), and Karnataka (2007- ).

Than Shwe

Than Shwe (b. Feb. 2, 1933, Kyaukse, Burma [now Myanmar]), chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council (1992-97) and the State Peace and Development Council (1997- ) and prime minister (1992-2003) of Myanmar. At age 20, he enlisted as an officer-cadet in the Burmese army. He first saw combat fighting ethnic rebels, before being posted to a roving psychological-warfare unit. In 1962, after Burma's first military dictator Ne Win seized power, Than Shwe was chosen to head the Central School of Political Science at Phaunggyi. He returned to active service four years later and rose through the ranks. When pro-democracy unrest broke out in 1988, Ne Win fell from power and a military junta, the State Law and Order Restoration Council, took control. Than Shwe became its vice-chairman and a trusted right-hand man of its chairman, Gen. Saw Maung. Elections were held in 1990, which to the military's great surprise were won by the upstart National League for Democracy (NLD), headed by Aung San Suu Kyi. The military never allowed the NLD to take power, and after Than Shwe became the junta's leader in 1992, he officially voided the election results; he has kept Suu Kyi under house arrest most of the time since. Than Shwe, who soon after taking over assumed the rank of senior general, was equally ruthless with his rivals within the military. In 2004 he sacked Gen. Khin Nyunt, prime minister and powerful chief of the pervasive military intelligence organization. Than Shwe dismantled the entire military intelligence network, placed Khin Nyunt under house arrest, and imprisoned or purged hundreds of his followers. He secretly built a new capital near the once-obscure logging town of Pyinmana and moved his government there in 2006 in a clear expression of his desire to rule in total secrecy and isolation.

Thanat Khoman (b. May 9, 1914), foreign minister of Thailand (1959-71).

Thanin

Thanin Kraivichien (b. April 5, 1927, Bangkok, Siam [now Thailand]), prime minister of Thailand (1976-77).

Thanom

Thanom Kittikachorn (b. Aug. 11, 1911, Ban Nhong Ploung, Tak province, Siam [now Thailand] - d. June 16, 2004, Bangkok, Thailand), defense minister (1957-71, 1972-73), prime minister (1958, 1963-73), and foreign minister (1971-73) of Thailand. Graduating from the Royal Thai Military Academy in 1929, he was a major general by 1951. He assisted Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat in his 1957 coup against Plaek Pibulsongkram and became defense minister and temporarily prime minister before Sarit took over the government. After Sarit's death in 1963, Thanom succeeded him as prime minister and soon after assumed the rank of field marshal. He ruled the country mostly under martial law at a time when the country was a staunch ally of the United States during the Vietnam War. He is best known for staging a bloodless coup in 1971 against his own elected government, which had faced growing opposition in parliament. Thanom and his powerful deputy, Field Marshal Prapass Charusathira, were ousted in 1973 after weeks of bloody pro-democracy street protests in Bangkok. On Oct. 14, 1973, more than 70 protesters died in clashes with soldiers, prompting revered King Bhumibol Adulyadej to intervene in politics for the first time and push the ruling generals into exile. The two field marshals and Thanom's son Col. Narong Kittikachorn were branded by pro-democracy students as "the Tyrant Trio." Thanom's quiet return to Thailand in 1976 as a Buddhist monk after a three-year exile in the United States triggered bloody clashes between pro-democracy and right-wing students that ended in another military coup. His appointment as an honorary member of the royal guard in 1999 again sparked off heavy protests; Thanom refused the appointment under public pressure.

Thant

Thant (b. Jan. 22, 1909, Pantanaw, Burma [now Myanmar] - d. Nov. 25, 1974, New York City), secretary-general of the United Nations (1962-71). In 1942 he was a member of educational committees in the government of Japanese-occupied Burma. After World War II he was persuaded by Nu and Gen. Aung San, leaders of the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League, to enter government service. He became press director in 1947, director of broadcasting in 1948, and secretary in the Ministry of Information in 1949. He was a member of the Burmese delegation to the UN in 1952-53, and after holding various posts back in Rangoon, returned to the UN as Burma's permanent representative in 1957. In 1959 he served as vice president of the UN General Assembly. After the death of Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld, he was elected acting secretary-general (as a compromise choice acceptable to both superpowers) on Nov. 3, 1961, and permanent secretary-general on Nov. 30, 1962; he was reelected on Dec. 2, 1966, for a term ending Dec. 31, 1971. Neutralist by practice as well as inclination, he criticized at different times both West and East for actions he considered inimical to world peace. He continued the Hammarskjöld tradition by exercising discretion, by keeping himself available to all national representatives, and by trying to forestall problems before they became insurmountable; like his predecessor, he considered the UN to be first and last a world instrument for sustained negotiation. After his death his body was seized by Rangoon university students and monks on Dec. 5, 1974, and buried in a hastily built mausoleum at the university, in protest against the simple burial that was planned; police retrieved it by force on December 11, causing rioting and a declaration of martial law by the military regime.

Thapa, Bhekh Bahadur (b. March 4, 1937, Kathmandu, Nepal), finance minister (1975-78) and foreign minister (2004) of Nepal.

Thapa, Kamal (b. Aug. 4, 1955), foreign minister (1997-98) and home minister (2005-06) of Nepal. After King Gyanendra had to give up his absolute rule, Thapa and other former ministers of the royalist government were arrested on May 12, 2006. He was released Feb. 14, 2007.

S.B. Thapa

Thapa, Surya Bahadur (b. March 21, 1928, Muga village, Dhankuta district, Nepal), prime minister (1963-64, 1965-69, 1979-83, 1997-98, 2003-04) and foreign minister (1981-82, 2003-04) of Nepal. In 1958, he was elected to the assembly and became chairman of the advisory council. In 1959, he was elected to the upper house. He was appointed minister of agriculture, forest, and industry in 1960 and minister of finance and economic affairs in 1962. In 1963, he was appointed prime minister for the first time. In 1967, he released B.P. Koirala, who was in jail for seven years. In October 1972, he was arrested when he demanded democratic reform in a 13-point resolution; he spent two years in jail. When he became prime minister again in 1979, he provided amnesty to all exiled political leaders. In 1990, a multiparty system came into being. Thapa started the National Democratic Party (Rastriya Prajatantra Party; RPP) and became the president of the party, while his former royalist colleague Lokendra Bahadur Chand was chosen leader of the party's parliamentary wing. This division of responsibilities evolved into a deep political divide and, eventually, a full-blooded power struggle. In a 1994 by-election, he was elected to the House of Representatives. In 1995, his party actively supported Congress to form a coalition government. In 1997 Thapa, accusing Chand of being a pawn in the hands of communists, walked out with 13 supporters from the six-month-old coalition headed by Chand, which was dominated by the United Marxist-Leninist party. Thapa became prime minister again, leading a coalition government of the RPP, the Nepali Congress, and the Nepal Sadbhavana Party. In 2003 he was appointed by the king against the preference of the main political parties. In 2005 he founded the National People's Power Party (Rastriya Janashakti Party).

Tharawadi Min, Tharawadi also spelled Tharrawaddy (b. March 14, 1787, Amarapura, Kingdom of Awa [now Myanmar] - d. Nov. 17, 1846, Amarapura), king of Awa (1837-46). He raised a rebellion on Feb. 24, 1837, and conquered Awa on April 7. He became king after the abdication on April 15 of his elder brother Bagyidaw, who had been obliged to sign the humiliating Treaty of Yandabo that ceded the provinces of Arakan and Tenasserim to the British. One of Tharawadi's earliest public acts was to repudiate the treaty. He was determined to rid Burma of the British resident, a symbol of its humiliation. Henry Burney was forced to leave in June 1837, and Tharawadi did not recognize his successor, Richard Benson, because he too was a representative of the government of India, and Tharawadi demanded the right to deal with a direct representative of the British monarch. The residency was withdrawn in 1840, and diplomatic relations remained broken. In 1841 Tharawadi sailed to Rangoon at the head of a large flotilla of war-boats for a pilgrimage to the Shwedagon pagoda. War was only avoided because the Indian governor-general's attention at the time was concentrated on Afghanistan, as it was later by other problems, so that the Awa question was neglected although Tharawadi caused the British authorities considerable uneasiness. His sabre-rattling appeared to be intended to compel the British to negotiate about the lost territories; at the same time he was careful not to be overly provocative. In his later years he became increasingly subject to mental instability and was finally placed under restraint; his son Pagan Min, who had taken control of the government, succeeded as king after Tharawadi's death.

Thatcher, Maurice H(udson) (b. Aug. 15, 1870, Chicago, Ill. - d. Jan. 6, 1973, Washington, D.C.), governor of the Panama Canal Zone (1910-13).

Thatcher

Thatcher of Kesteven, Margaret (Hilda) Thatcher, Baroness, née Roberts (b. Oct. 13, 1925, Grantham, Lincolnshire, England), British prime minister (1979-90). She first stood for Parliament in 1950 but was not successful until 1959, when she was selected to fight the relatively "safe" Conservative constituency of Finchley, in north London. She was joint parliamentary secretary to the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance (1961-64) and secretary of state for education and science (only the second woman ever to become a Conservative cabinet minister) under Prime Minister Edward Heath (1970-74). She succeeded Heath as Conservative leader in 1975 after the party's loss of two general elections in 1974. The Conservatives' decisive victory in the 1979 general elections elevated her to the prime ministry; she was Europe's first woman prime minister. She earned the appellation of "Iron Lady" by her strict dominance over the ministers of her cabinet, the pursuance of a strong monetarist policy, increased subjection of trade unions to legal constraints, and privatization of state-owned enterprises. Her term in office saw the growth of a substantial underclass. In 1982 Britain successfully recaptured the Falkland Islands following a 10-week Argentine occupation. Her leadership during that conflict helped give her a landslide victory in the 1983 elections. In 1987 she became the first British prime minister in the 20th century to win three consecutive terms. But her position grew increasingly fragile after the introduction of the unpopular "poll tax," and Gallup polls found that she had become the least popular British prime minister on record. She had to resign in 1990 when she lost support in her own party. In 1992 she was made a baroness.

Thawan

Thawi

Thawan Thamrongnawasawat (b. Nov. 21, 1901, Ayutthaya province, Siam [now Thailand] - d. Dec. 3, 1988), interior minister (1939-41), prime minister (1946-47), and foreign minister (1947) of Thailand.

Thawi Bunyaket (b. Nov. 10, 1904, Bangkok, Siam [now Thailand] - d. Nov. 3, 1971), prime minister of Thailand (1945).

Thayeb, (H. Teuku) Hadi (b. Sept. 14, 1922, Peureulak, Aceh, Netherlands East Indies [now Indonesia]), governor of Aceh (1981-86).

Thein Sein

Thein Sein (b. May 11, 1945), prime minister of Myanmar (2007- ). A former regional commander in northern Myanmar, he was appointed to the position of secretary-2 in the junta in August 2001. He was promoted to secretary-1 in October 2004 after the then-secretary-1 Soe Win was appointed prime minister. He became acting prime minister for several months in 2007 when Soe Win was confined to illness, and succeeded the latter after he died; he was then promoted to general. He also held the high-profile position of chairman of the National Convention Convening Commission.

Thémereau

Thémereau, Marie-Noëlle, née Billet (b. May 18, 1950, Darnets, Corrèze, France), president of the government of New Caledonia (2004-07).

Themptander, (Oscar) Robert (b. Feb. 14, 1844, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Jan. 30, 1897, Stockholm), prime minister of Sweden (1884-88) and governor of Stockholm (1888-96).

Théodore, (Joseph) Davilmar (b. 1847, Fort Liberté, Haiti - d. Jan. 12, 1917, Port-au-Prince, Haiti), president of Haiti (1914-15).

Théodore, René (b. June 23, 1940, Ouanaminthe, Haiti - d. June 1, 2003, Miami, Fla.), Haitian politician; grandson of Davilmar Théodore. An active member of the Haitian Unified Communist Party, he was forced into exile in 1967 during the 29-year dictatorship of François and Jean-Claude Duvalier. Théodore lived in France and in the Soviet Union, where he worked as an anchorman for Radio Moscow's Creole news broadcasts. In 1979 he became the Communist Party's secretary-general in exile and he returned to Haiti in 1986 when a popular uprising ousted Jean-Claude Duvalier. Having garnered a wide following among Haitian youth and the urban poor, he founded a new party, the Movement for National Reconstruction, but quickly lost support when he unsuccessfully opposed Jean-Bertrand Aristide, then a popular Catholic priest, for the presidency in December 1990. Aristide won in a landslide, and the communist party disintegrated. When the army ousted Aristide in a bloody coup in September 1991, the United States backed Théodore's 1992 attempt to become prime minister and work out a compromise with the military. The effort failed after soldiers attacked a meeting he was attending and fatally shot his bodyguard. U.S. troops intervened in 1994 and restored Aristide to power. Accusing Aristide of trying to establish one-party rule, Haiti's opposition was at loggerheads with the president since his Lavalas Family party swept flawed elections in 2000. Théodore, who began his 47-year activist career in high school, performed his last political act in December 2002 by co-signing an opposition declaration calling for Aristide's resignation.

Theodosius

Theodosius, original name Theodore Lazor (b. Oct. 27, 1933, Canonsburg, Pa.), metropolitan of America (1977-2002). In 1961 he took monastic vows and was ordained to the deaconate and priesthood. In 1961-66 he served as rector of the Nativity of the Holy Virgin Church, Madison, Ill., and as an assistant military chaplain. On May 6, 1967, while secretary to Metropolitan Ireney, he was elevated to the episcopacy at the Cathedral of the Holy Virgin Protection in New York City, and given the title of Bishop of Washington, D.C. - at the time an Auxiliary See. That same year he was elected Bishop of the Diocese of Alaska, a position he held until 1972. During his tenure in the church's oldest diocese, he was credited with the revival of parish life. He also oversaw the costly and monumental task of rebuilding Sitka's historic Archangel Michael Cathedral, the work of Saint Innocent Veniaminov, which had sustained immense damage in a fire. With the Moscow Patriarchate's proclamation of autocephaly, he headed the delegation from America which traveled to Moscow in May 1970 to formally accept the Tomos of Autocephaly - the decree of self-governance - from the Russian Orthodox Church. As Bishop of Alaska, he hosted one of the first official acts of the new autocephalous church: the solemn canonization of Father Herman of Spruce Island, one of the original missionaries who began their ministry on Kodiak Island in 1794. The Holy Synod transferred Theodosius to the Diocese of Pittsburgh in 1972. After Ireney's retirement, Bishop Theodosius was elected Archbishop of New York and Metropolitan of All America and Canada in 1977. After the Holy Synod's 1980 decision to establish a new diocese as the seat of the American Primate, Metropolitan Theodosius bore the title of Archbishop of Washington, D.C.

Theotokis, Georgios (Nikolaou-Andrea) (b. 1844 - d. 1916), prime minister of Greece (1899-1901, 1903, 1903-04, 1905-09).

Theotokis, Ioannis (Georgiou) (b. 1880 - d. June 6, 1961, Corfu, Greece), prime minister of Greece (1950).

Theotokis, Spyros (Ioannou) (b. 1908, Corfu, Greece - d. Sept. 6, 1988), foreign minister (1955-56), finance minister (1961-63), and interior minister (1967) of Greece; son of Ioannis Theotokis; grandson of Georgios Theotokis.

Thériault

Thériault, Camille (Henri) (b. Feb. 25, 1955, Baie-Sainte-Anne, N.B.), premier of New Brunswick (1998-99). He was first elected to the New Brunswick Legislative Assembly on Oct. 13, 1987, as MLA for Kent South. He served as chairperson of the Public Accounts Committee and was a member of the Standing Committee on Estimates. Reelected Sept. 23, 1991, he became Minister of Fisheries and Aquaculture on Oct. 9, 1991. He was a member of the Board of Management cabinet committee and chairperson of the Select Committee on Representation and Electoral Boundaries. He co-chaired the Ministerial Committee on Creating New Options. On April 27, 1994, he became Minister of Advanced Education and Labour. He was also a member of the cabinet committee on Policy and Priorities. Following his reelection on Sept. 11, 1995, he was appointed Minister of Economic Development and Tourism. He also assumed responsibility for the Information Highway Secretariat. He became leader of the provincial Liberal Party on May 2, 1998, and was sworn in as the 29th premier of New Brunswick on May 14. But in the following year he never put his mark on the government. He sensed that voters were stinging from the years of austerity under Premier Frank McKenna, but could only distance himself so far when he had been a senior cabinet minister while the cuts were made. And he could not reproduce the camera-friendly, high-energy style of his predecessor. The Liberals were defeated in the 1999 election.

Theux de Meylandt, Barthélemy Théodore, chevalier (from 1840, comte) de (b. Feb. 27, 1794, Sint-Truiden, Austrian Netherlands [now Belgium] - d. Aug. 21, 1874, Heusden, Belgium), cabinet chief of Belgium (1834-40, 1846-47).

Thiam, Habib (b. Jan. 21, 1933, Dakar, Senegal), prime minister of Senegal (1981-83, 1991-98). He was president of the National Assembly in 1983-84.

Thibaudeau, Léon Emmanuel (b. Sept. 18, 1883, Parançay, Charente-Inférieure [now Charente-Maritime], France - d. July 1946, Bordeaux, France), resident-superior of Cambodia (1936-41).

Thibault

Thibault, Lise, née Trudel (b. April 2, 1939, Saint-Roch-de-l'Achigan, Quebec), lieutenant governor of Quebec (1997-2007). She made an outstanding contribution to public life in Quebec in many different fields. From 1979 to 1984 she was the moderator of a television program on family life for Radio-Canada and Télé-Métropole. She was the first person to serve as Vice-President, Client Relations, at the Quebec Occupational Health and Safety Board, from 1987 to 1993. From 1993 to 1995, she was chair and director-general of the Quebec Office for Persons with Disabilities. Thibault has been involved in many community organizations, including the United Way and the Red Cross. In recognition of her contributions to community life and the advancement of women, she was named a Woman of Merit by the Montreal YWCA in 1994.

Thibaw Min, Thibaw also spelled Theebaw (b. Jan. 1, 1859, Ratnapura, Kingdom of Awa [now in Myanmar] - d. Dec. 15, 1916, Ratnagiri Fort [now in Maharashtra], India), king of Awa (1878-85). He was a younger son of King Mindon Min and was chosen for the succession by the Council of State, with the backing of Mindon's most senior wife (who later married her daughter Supayalat to Thibaw); Mindon himself did not designate a new heir apparent after his first choice was assassinated in 1866. At the beginning of his reign Thibaw was more or less a puppet of his ministers. Supayalat and her mother, resenting the constraints placed on royal power, influenced him to reassert his authority. This was effected largely by the execution of 40 of his siblings in 1879. The existence of the country being threatened by the British, who had already annexed Lower Burma during his father's reign, an attempt was made to create French interests to balance the British. His government sent a mission to Paris in 1883 and a treaty was concluded in 1884, providing for a French representative in Mandalay. When the French were about to be granted valuable economic concessions, British Indian officials demanded immediate annexation of Upper Burma. A pretext was furnished by a dispute about some teak wood between the British-owned Bombay-Burmah Trading Corporation and Thibaw who demanded from the company a fine of £100,000. An ultimatum sent by the Indian viceroy, Lord Dufferin, to Mandalay in October 1885 was not complied with by Thibaw, and on November 14 the British invaded, capturing Mandalay on November 28. The next day Thibaw was deposed and sent to exile in India. Upper Burma was annexed to British Burma on Jan. 1, 1886, and the kingdom of Awa ceased to exist.

Thielen, Jacob Achilles Petrus (b. Aug. 11, 1871, Aruba - d. July 13, 1942, Curaçao), acting administrator of Saba (1907-08) and administrator of Bonaire (1910-20).

Thierry d'Argenlieu

Thierry d'Argenlieu, Georges (Louis Marie) (b. Aug. 7, 1889, Brest, Finistère, France - d. Sept. 7, 1964, Le Relecq-Kerhuon, Finistère), high commissioner of French Indochina (1945-47). As head of the French Carmelite monks, he was known as Père Louis de la Trinité.

Thiers

Thiers, (Marie Joseph Louis) Adolphe (b. April 18, 1797, Marseille, France - d. Sept. 3, 1877, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, France), president of France (1871-73). As the first signatory of a journalists' protest preceding the revolution of 1830 which overthrew King Charles X, he took refuge in a Paris suburb during the revolution, then returned to win support for Louis-Philippe, duc d'Orléans. During King Louis-Philippe's rule, he was a deputy for Aix-en-Provence and served as undersecretary of state for the treasury (1830), minister of the interior (1832, 1834-36), minister of trade and public works (1833-34), and premier and foreign minister (1836, 1840). He was appointed premier again on Feb. 24, 1848, but revolution forced the king to abdicate the same day. He was responsible for the choice of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte as a candidate for the presidency of the Second Republic (December 1848), but when Bonaparte carried out his coup of 1851, Thiers was exiled until 1853. As a deputy under the Second Empire from 1863, he did much to arouse in his countrymen a nationalistic and militarist frame of mind. During the quarrel with Prussia in 1870, however, he changed his views and opposed an aggressive policy. He stayed out of the national defense government set up after the fall of the Empire (September). Becoming "head of the executive power" in February 1871, he negotiated a peace treaty with Otto von Bismarck and, in concert with the Germans, used severe measures to defeat the Paris Commune (May), destroying for many years the strength of French workers' movements. In August he became the first president of the Third Republic. He thought the republican system would divide France the least, being confronted with three monarchist parties (Legitimists, Orleanists, Bonapartists), but he did not win their support and resigned in 1873.

Thilén, Theodor (Sebastian Gustaf) (b. Aug. 26, 1818, Leppävirta, Finland - d. Sept. 7, 1887, Helsinki, Finland), governor of Mikkeli (1863-69) and Uusimaa (1869-73).

Thinley, Lyonpo Jigme (Yoeser) (b. 1952, Bumthang, Bhutan), prime minister (1998-99, 2003-04, 2008- ), foreign minister (1998-2003), and home affairs minister (2003-07) of Bhutan.

Tholance, Auguste (Eugène Ludovic) (b. July 16, 1878 - d. June 15, 1938, Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, France), acting